Psychopathology: Diagnosis and Symptoms

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Questions and Answers

A client experiences hallucinations and disorganized speech for 5 days, then recovers. Which diagnosis is most likely?

  • Brief Psychotic Disorder (correct)
  • Schizophreniform Disorder
  • Delusional Disorder
  • Schizoaffective Disorder

A woman avoids intimacy and lacks sexual interest, causing distress. This aligns with:

  • Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder (correct)
  • Sexual Desire Discrepancy
  • Genito-Pelvic Pain Disorder
  • Female Sexual Arousal Disorder

Which symptom is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

  • Avolition
  • Flat affect
  • Alogia
  • Delusions of reference (correct)

A person is aroused by rubbing against strangers. This meets criteria for:

<p>Frotteuristic Disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A man believes he is being poisoned, but functions well. No hallucinations. Best diagnosis?

<p>Delusional Disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flattened emotion, limited speech, and reduced motivation are examples of:

<p>Negative symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is most likely to include command hallucinations?

<p>Schizophrenia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A man ejaculates within 40 seconds of penetration in 80% of encounters and is distressed. This is:

<p>Premature Ejaculation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person repeats everything you say word-for-word. This behavior is called:

<p>Echolalia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates tardive dyskinesia?

<p>Eye blinking and lip smacking due to antipsychotic use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnosis requires BOTH psychotic and mood symptoms?

<p>Schizoaffective Disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person cannot recall their sentence mid-speech. This example describes:

<p>Blocking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person is sexually aroused by humiliation and being tied up. Behavior causes relationship issues. Diagnosis?

<p>Sexual Masochism Disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is not required for a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

<p>Anhedonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major concern with long-term use of antipsychotic medications?

<p>Tardive Dyskinesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A woman experiences arousal from non-consenting people seeing her genitals. What diagnosis fits this?

<p>Exhibitionistic Disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is most linked to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

<p>Dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a symptom where a person mimics the movements of others?

<p>Echopraxia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A man believes his thoughts are being stolen out of his head. This is a delusion of:

<p>Withdrawal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child insists for 6+ months that they are the other gender and becomes distressed when misgendered. Best fit?

<p>Gender Dysphoria in Children (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient holds an unusual pose for hours; their arm stays in position if moved. This is called:

<p>Waxy Flexibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A man believes that the radio is sending him secret codes. This is an example of:

<p>Delusion of reference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is defined by rubbing or touching non-consenting individuals in crowded spaces?

<p>Frotteuristic Disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following most clearly reflects a negative symptom?

<p>Flat affect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person creates new words that only they understand, such as “zorkling” or “fletzon.” This symptom is:

<p>Neologism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Holding an unusual posture for extended periods, like hours, is called:

<p>Waxy Flexibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Believing a common source, like a radio, is sending personal messages specifically to you is an example of:

<p>Delusion of reference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder involves touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person?

<p>Frotteuristic Disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a negative symptom in schizophrenia?

<p>Flat affect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Creating and using new words that have meaning only to the individual is:

<p>Neologism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recurrent sexual urges directed toward nonhuman objects or body parts that do not cause distress is:

<p>Fetishistic Interest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the prodromal phase of schizophrenia?

<p>Gradual social withdrawal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy involves non-demanding touch exercises to help with intimacy?

<p>Sensate Focus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A man is sexually aroused by wearing women's clothing, which is the primary way he experiences arousal. This is:

<p>Transvestic Disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves involuntary vaginal muscle contractions, making intercourse painful or impossible?

<p>Vaginismus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Speaking in rhyming words that do not make sense or connect logically is:

<p>Clang Association (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by sexual arousal from inflicting pain or suffering on others?

<p>Sexual Sadism Disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main difference between schizophreniform disorder and schizophrenia is:

<p>Duration of symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sexual dysfunction is associated with low estrogen levels, relationship issues, or insufficient stimulation?

<p>Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is true about delusional disorder?

<p>Delusions are persistent but otherwise normal function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person is shouting and making random movements that seem wild and without purpose. This describes:

<p>Catatonic Excitement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a paraphilic disorder diagnosis, the person must act on urges and experience:

<p>Distress or impairment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Showing little to no emotion and avoiding eye contact describes which symptom?

<p>Flat affect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the sexual response cycle does muscle tension and blood flow increase?

<p>Plateau (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dopamine hypothesis states that schizophrenia is linked to:

<p>Excessive dopamine activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A man has urges to expose himself to strangers, feels guilty, but continues the behavior, causing him distress and police warning. What diagnosis best fits?

<p>Exhibitionistic Disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A college student avoids classes, isolates, shows flattened emotions, speaks in fragmented sentences, and claims a chip was implanted in his brain. This is likely:

<p>Schizophreniform Disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A woman experiences intense sexual arousal observing strangers undress without their knowledge and acts on these urges using hidden cameras. Most likely diagnosis?

<p>Voyeuristic Disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A man with schizophrenia shows no interest in hygiene, doesn’t speak unless spoken to, and rarely reacts emotionally. These symptoms reflect:

<p>Negative symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After a breakup, a woman experiences hallucinations and paranoid delusions for 4 days. No prior psychiatric history, and symptoms disappear on their own. Best diagnosis?

<p>Brief Psychotic Disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A man reports sexual excitement from being insulted and restrained during intercourse. These preferences interfere with his relationship and cause distress. Best represents:

<p>Sexual Masochism Disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A teenager suddenly begins mumbling in rhyme, makes up nonsense words, and laughs inappropriately when no one else is talking. Which symptom category does this reflect?

<p>Positive Symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A man diagnosed with schizophrenia exhibits sudden agitation, fever, muscle rigidity, and confusion after a medication change. This reaction is most consistent with:

<p>Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient repeatedly claims that government drones are recording her through her microwave. No other symptoms are present. She works and socializes normally. The best diagnosis is:

<p>Delusional Disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A woman complains of pain during penetration, involuntary vaginal tightening, and fear of intercourse. Her partner is supportive, but she avoids sexual activity. This best fits:

<p>Vaginismus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A man reports arousal from thinking of himself as a woman. He feels shame and distress after these fantasies, but continues to cross-dress in secret. Best diagnosis?

<p>Transvestic Disorder with autogynephilia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client frequently uses made-up words that only make sense to him, such as “smorking” and “greetum.” This is an example of:

<p>Neologisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 26-year-old woman who once loved painting now feels no pleasure from it. She also avoids socializing and has no desire to engage in hobbies. These are best described as:

<p>Anhedonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person shows repetitive lip smacking, tongue rolling, and blinking after years on antipsychotic medication. This motor issue is:

<p>Tardive Dyskinesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A man believes aliens are controlling his actions through invisible wires implanted in his brain. This is most clearly:

<p>Delusion of control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is most specific to catatonia?

<p>Wax-like posture maintenance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A woman has vivid dreams that the police are following her. She begins avoiding certain streets and reports hearing them whisper her name. What symptom is most concerning?

<p>Auditory hallucination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A man insists his wife is cheating despite clear evidence she is not. He tracks her, reads her messages, and misinterprets facial expressions. He’s socially functional but distressed. This is:

<p>Delusional Disorder – Jealous Type (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person laughs and says, “I’m the king of purple stardust… clocks jump sideways when I talk too loud.” Which term fits best?

<p>Word Salad (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A teen begins socially withdrawing, showing flat affect, and dressing inappropriately for the weather for a few months. These are likely signs of:

<p>The prodromal phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Brief Psychotic Disorder

Psychotic symptoms (hallucinations, disorganized speech) lasting less than one month with full return to prior level of functioning.

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

Persistent or recurrent lack of sexual interest or arousal, causing distress.

Delusions of reference

False beliefs that others are referring to you specifically.

Frotteuristic Disorder

Intense arousal from rubbing against a non-consenting person.

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Delusional Disorder

Persistent delusions without other psychotic symptoms or significant impairment in functioning.

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Avolition

Decreased motivation to engage in purposeful actions.

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Negative Symptoms

Flat affect, alogia, avolition

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Command hallucinations

Hearing voices that tell you to do something.

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Premature Ejaculation

Ejaculation that occurs sooner than desired, typically within one minute of penetration.

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Echolalia

Repeating the speech of another person.

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Tardive dyskinesia

Involuntary, repetitive movements, often involving the face, due to long-term antipsychotic use.

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Schizoaffective Disorder

A combination of psychotic symptoms AND mood episodes (mania or depression).

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Blocking

Inability to finish a thought or sentence.

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Sexual Masochism Disorder

Sexual arousal from being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer.

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Anhedonia

Reduced expression of emotions.

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Exhibitionistic Disorder

Involves sexual arousal from exposing one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger.

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Dopamine

Excessive dopamine leads to hallucinations and delusions.

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Echopraxia

Mimicking another person's movements.

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Delusion of withdrawal

Belief that thoughts are being removed from one's mind.

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Gender Dysphoria in Children

Distress due to incongruence between experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender.

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Waxy Flexibility

Maintaining a rigid, unusual posture.

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Delusion of reference

Believing that common things relate specifically to oneself.

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Frotteuristic Disorder

Sexual urges involving touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person.

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Flat affect

Reduced emotional expression; emotionless

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Neologism

Creating new, nonsensical words.

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Sexual Sadism Disorder

Involves sexual arousal from inflicting physical or psychological suffering on another person.

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Clang Association

Rapidly shifting speech between rhyming words that lack logical connection.

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Prodromal Phase

A phase marked by a gradual decline in functioning and social withdrawal before a psychotic episode.

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Catatonic Excitement

Characterized by catatonic symptoms of wild, seemingly aimless excess motor activity.

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Female Orgasmic Disorder

Loss of or inability to achieve orgasm despite adequate arousal.

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Fetishistic Interest

Sexual arousal focused on nonliving objects or specific body parts.

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Word Salad

Unintelligible speech consisting of a random string of words.

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Transvestic Disorder

A paraphilia that is characterized by the wearing of clothes of the opposite sex for sexual arousal.

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Vaginismus

Recurrent or persistent involuntary contraction of the muscles surrounding the outer third of the vagina.

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Sensate Focus

A group of techniques focused on gentle caressing to increase intimacy and reduce anxiety about sex.

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Schizophreniform Disorder

A disorder with similar symptoms to schizophrenia, but lasting between 1-6 months.

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Dyspareunia

Sexual dysfunction characterized by genital pain associated with sexual intercourse.

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Dopamine Hypothesis

Overactivity of dopamine pathways in the brain.

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Paraphilic Disorder

Persistent sexual interest that causes distress or impairment to the individual.

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Voyeuristic Disorder

Sexual arousal from observing unsuspecting people undressing or engaging in sexual activity.

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Catatonia

A state marked by abnormal motor behavior, such as rigidity, agitation, or posturing.

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Delusion of Control

False beliefs that are fixed and not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence.

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Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

Sudden agitation, fever, muscle rigidity, and confusion, typically after a medication change.

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Loose Associations

Rhyming or incoherent speech

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Mood Congruent Psychosis

Hallucinations or delusions that align with a person's mood (depressed or manic).

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Study Notes

  • Sudden onset hallucinations and disorganized speech lasting 5 days, then resolving, aligns with Brief Psychotic Disorder.
  • Lack of sexual interest/fantasies and avoidance of intimacy for over 6 months, causing distress, indicates Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder.
  • Delusions of reference are a positive symptom of schizophrenia.
  • Intense arousal from rubbing against strangers on a crowded train meets criteria for Frotteuristic Disorder.
  • Fixed belief of being poisoned by the government, without hallucinations or speech issues, and maintained functioning suggests Delusional Disorder.
  • Flattened emotional expression, limited speech, and reduced motivation are examples of negative symptoms.
  • Schizophrenia is most likely to include command hallucinations.
  • Ejaculation within 40 seconds of penetration in 80% of encounters for 7 months with reported distress is suggestive of Premature Ejaculation.
  • Repeating everything someone says word-for-word is called echolalia.
  • Eye blinking and lip smacking due to antipsychotic use illustrates tardive dyskinesia.
  • Schizoaffective Disorder requires both psychotic and mood symptoms.
  • Being unable to recall what was being said mid-sentence is an example of blocking.
  • Sexual arousal from humiliation and being tied up, causing relationship issues, indicates Sexual Masochism Disorder.
  • Anhedonia is not required for diagnosing schizophrenia.
  • A major concern with long-term use of antipsychotic medications is tardive dyskinesia.
  • Sexual arousal from non-consenting people seeing one's genitals is called Exhibitionistic Disorder.
  • Dopamine is the neurotransmitter most linked to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
  • Mimicking the movements of others is defined as echopraxia.
  • The belief that thoughts are being stolen out of one's head is a delusion of withdrawal.
  • Insisting for 6+ months on being the other gender and distress when misgendered in a child indicates Gender Dysphoria in Children.
  • Holding an unusual pose for hours, with limbs staying in position when moved, is called waxy flexibility.
  • The belief that the radio is sending secret codes is an example of a delusion of reference.
  • Frotteuristic disorder is defined as rubbing or touching non-consenting individuals in crowded spaces.
  • Flat affect most clearly reflects a negative symptom.
  • Creating new words that only the individual understands is a neologism.
  • Recurrent sexual urges toward objects or body parts that cause no distress is a fetishistic interest.
  • Gradual withdrawal and emotional flattening best describes the prodromal phase of schizophrenia.
  • Sensate focus is a technique that involves non-demand touching to reduce anxiety around intimacy.
  • Sexual arousal from cross-dressing being the only way one can feel sexual is transvestic disorder.
  • Avoiding sex due to extreme pain and involuntary muscle contractions in the vagina is most likely vaginismus.
  • Rapid speech using rhyming words that make no sense together is clang association.
  • Sexual arousal from inflicting pain or suffering is sexual sadism disorder.
  • The duration of symptoms distinguishes schizophreniform disorder from schizophrenia.
  • The sexual dysfunction most associated with low estrogen, trauma, or ineffective stimulation is Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder.
  • Delusions are persistent, but other symptoms are absent in delusional disorder.
  • Wild, purposeless movements and incoherent shouting for hours describes catatonic excitement.
  • Paraphilic disorder requires distress or dysfunction and acting on non-consenting urges for diagnosis.
  • Minimal emotion, lack of conversation initiation, and avoidance of eye contact best fits flat affect.
  • The plateau phase of the sexual response cycle involves increased muscle tension and blood flow.
  • The dopamine hypothesis suggests schizophrenia symptoms arise from overactivity of dopamine pathways.
  • Intense urges to expose oneself to strangers in public, guilt, distress, and police warning fits Exhibitionistic Disorder.
  • Avoiding classes, isolating, flattened emotions for two months, fragmented speech, and claiming a brain implant indicates Schizophreniform Disorder.
  • Intense arousal from observing strangers undress, acting on urges with hidden cameras, characterizes Voyeuristic Disorder.
  • No interest in hygiene, not speaking unless spoken to, rarely reacting emotionally, are examples of negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
  • Hallucinations and paranoid delusions for 4 days after a breakup, with no prior history, that resolve on their own, is Brief Psychotic Disorder.
  • Sexual excitement from being insulted and restrained during intercourse, causing relationship issues and distress, is Sexual Masochism Disorder.
  • Mumbling in rhyme, making up nonsense words, and inappropriate laughter are positive symptoms.
  • Sudden agitation, fever, muscle rigidity, and confusion after a medication change in a schizophrenia patient suggests Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome.
  • Claiming government drones are recording her through her microwave, with no other symptoms, while functioning normally, is Delusional Disorder.
  • Pain during penetration, involuntary vaginal tightening, and fear of intercourse points to Vaginismus.
  • Arousal from thinking of oneself as a woman, with shame and distress after fantasies, and secret cross-dressing, fits Transvestic Disorder with autogynephilia.
  • Frequently using made-up words that only make sense to oneself is a neologism.
  • No pleasure from painting (anhedonia), avoiding socializing, and no desire to engage in hobbies signifies anhedonia.
  • Repetitive lip smacking, tongue rolling, and blinking after years on antipsychotics points to Tardive Dyskinesia.
  • Believing aliens are controlling actions through invisible wires implanted in the brain is a delusion of control.
  • Wax-like posture maintenance is specific to catatonia.
  • Vivid dreams of being followed and reporting hearing whispers is an auditory hallucination.
  • Insisting a wife is cheating without evidence, tracking her, reading messages, and misinterpreting expressions, with social functionality, is Delusional Disorder – Jealous Type.
  • Laughing and saying, “I’m the king of purple stardust… clocks jump sideways when I talk too loud” describes Word Salad
  • Socially withdrawing, showing flat affect, and dressing inappropriately for the weather are likely signs of the prodromal phase.

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