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Questions and Answers
What is a condition for fair market exchange?
What is a condition for fair market exchange?
What is an example of market failure?
What is an example of market failure?
What is information asymmetry?
What is information asymmetry?
What is an externality?
What is an externality?
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What is the purpose of government intervention in the health sector?
What is the purpose of government intervention in the health sector?
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What is a characteristic of monopsony?
What is a characteristic of monopsony?
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What is the result of market failure due to information asymmetry?
What is the result of market failure due to information asymmetry?
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What is one of the limitations of focusing on a country’s level of performance?
What is one of the limitations of focusing on a country’s level of performance?
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What is one way to evaluate equity in health outcomes?
What is one way to evaluate equity in health outcomes?
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Why do countries need to set priorities in moving toward the goals of UHC?
Why do countries need to set priorities in moving toward the goals of UHC?
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What is meant by efficiency in the context of resource allocation?
What is meant by efficiency in the context of resource allocation?
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What is the concept of equity in the context of resource allocation?
What is the concept of equity in the context of resource allocation?
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What is an example of a principal-agent relationship in the health sector?
What is an example of a principal-agent relationship in the health sector?
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What is a result of regulatory capture?
What is a result of regulatory capture?
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What is the goal of improving public sector effectiveness in health reforms?
What is the goal of improving public sector effectiveness in health reforms?
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What is the argument for consumer sovereignty?
What is the argument for consumer sovereignty?
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What is an example of a government failure?
What is an example of a government failure?
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What is the goal of enhancing accountability in health reforms?
What is the goal of enhancing accountability in health reforms?
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What is the principle behind the 'entitlement theory'?
What is the principle behind the 'entitlement theory'?
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Establishing a legal framework is a basic government function.
Establishing a legal framework is a basic government function.
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Market exchange can be considered fair only when the buyer and seller have unequal bargaining positions.
Market exchange can be considered fair only when the buyer and seller have unequal bargaining positions.
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Monopoly refers to a situation where there are many buyers of a good or service.
Monopoly refers to a situation where there are many buyers of a good or service.
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Information asymmetry occurs when both producers and consumers have equal access to information.
Information asymmetry occurs when both producers and consumers have equal access to information.
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Externalities can be either beneficial or harmful to third parties affected by a transaction.
Externalities can be either beneficial or harmful to third parties affected by a transaction.
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Government intervention is required in the health sector to correct market failures.
Government intervention is required in the health sector to correct market failures.
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Efficiency and equity are mutually exclusive goals in health care provision.
Efficiency and equity are mutually exclusive goals in health care provision.
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Government failures can occur in the health sector, leading to inefficient allocation of resources.
Government failures can occur in the health sector, leading to inefficient allocation of resources.
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Focusing on a country's level of performance is enough to address equity concerns.
Focusing on a country's level of performance is enough to address equity concerns.
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All countries can provide all the healthcare that their citizens need.
All countries can provide all the healthcare that their citizens need.
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Efficiency and equity are always mutually exclusive goals in healthcare provision.
Efficiency and equity are always mutually exclusive goals in healthcare provision.
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Ethical considerations play no role in health care provisions.
Ethical considerations play no role in health care provisions.
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Countries do not need to set priorities in moving towards the goals of Universal Health Coverage (UHC).
Countries do not need to set priorities in moving towards the goals of Universal Health Coverage (UHC).
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Equity is about ensuring fairness in the distribution of society's resources.
Equity is about ensuring fairness in the distribution of society's resources.
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Tradeoffs are necessary when designing government policies that aim to balance efficiency and equity.
Tradeoffs are necessary when designing government policies that aim to balance efficiency and equity.
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Public goods are characterized by being non-excludable and non-rivalrous.
Public goods are characterized by being non-excludable and non-rivalrous.
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In a principal-agent relationship, the government acts as the principal and the people act as the agent.
In a principal-agent relationship, the government acts as the principal and the people act as the agent.
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Regulatory capture is a type of government failure where regulatory agencies prioritize the public interest over the interests of industries they regulate.
Regulatory capture is a type of government failure where regulatory agencies prioritize the public interest over the interests of industries they regulate.
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The case for consumer sovereignty argues that individuals should have limited freedom to make their own choices about goods and services.
The case for consumer sovereignty argues that individuals should have limited freedom to make their own choices about goods and services.
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Market failures, such as public goods and externalities, are reasons for government intervention in the health sector.
Market failures, such as public goods and externalities, are reasons for government intervention in the health sector.
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Government intervention is only necessary in cases of market failures.
Government intervention is only necessary in cases of market failures.
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One-stop shops are a way to improve public sector effectiveness in health reforms.
One-stop shops are a way to improve public sector effectiveness in health reforms.
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The entitlement theory argues that individuals have a right to certain goods and services, based on the principles of justice in acquisition and transfer of holdings.
The entitlement theory argues that individuals have a right to certain goods and services, based on the principles of justice in acquisition and transfer of holdings.
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Bundled choices, such as referendums and elections, are a type of government failure.
Bundled choices, such as referendums and elections, are a type of government failure.
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Study Notes
The Interaction between Market and Government in the Health Sector
- Basic government functions:
- Providing legal framework and services for society
- Establishing "rules of the game"
- Creating and protecting property rights
- Providing contractual rights and enforcing them
- Ensuring fairness in market exchange
Market Exchange and Market Failures in the Health Sector
- Conditions for fair market exchange:
- Buyer and seller have equal bargaining positions
- Buyer and seller are both fully informed
- Buyer and seller can exclude non-subjects of exchange
- Object of exchange is divisible into exchangeable units
- Consequences of exchange are internalized
- Conditions of exchange are consistent with social consensus of fairness
- Reasons for market failure:
- Market power (monopoly or monopsony)
- Information asymmetry
- Externalities (positive or negative)
- Public goods (non-excluded, non-rivalrous)
Ethical and Equity Considerations in Health Care Markets
- Market distributes goods according to willingness to pay
- Some sectors of society may not have the ability to pay for goods they need
- Society regards health care as an entitlement or right
- Ethical and equity questions arise in health care markets
Government Interventions and Government Failures in the Health Sector
- Policy instruments used by government to intervene in the market:
- Based on level of state involvement
- Principal-agent relationship:
- Government acts as perfect agent when it fully internalizes people's welfare
- Government failure occurs when it fails to achieve its intended outcomes
- Types of government failures:
- Problems with collective decisions
- Intensity and ranking of preferences not reflected in voting process
- Bundled choice
- Problems concerning the agent
- Regulatory capture
- Bureaucratic capture
Efficiency and Equity Concerns in Health
- The case for consumer sovereignty:
- Economic efficiency
- Personal satisfaction
- Individual fairness
- The case for government intervention:
- Market failures
- Equity
- The role of equity:
- Equity is a basis for judging the distribution of health outcomes
- Focus on health outcomes for disadvantaged groups
- The role of priority setting:
- Countries cannot provide all health care their citizens need
- Resources are limited, and health competes with other sectors for funds
- Nations need to set priorities in moving toward Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
Ethics, Equity, and Priority Setting
- Arguments about equity and priority setting often invoke ethical questions
- Understanding and exploring underlying ethical considerations can help clarify arguments and positions in health care provisions
- Ethical considerations:
- Deciding which conditions and groups to focus on first
- Tradeoffs between efficiency and equity
- Efficiency vs. equity:
- Efficient use of scarce resources
- Fair distribution of resources among individuals
- Tradeoffs between efficiency and equity
The Interaction between Market and Government in the Health Sector
- Basic government functions:
- Providing legal framework and services for society
- Establishing "rules of the game"
- Creating and protecting property rights
- Providing contractual rights and enforcing them
- Ensuring fairness in market exchange
Market Exchange and Market Failures in the Health Sector
- Conditions for fair market exchange:
- Buyer and seller have equal bargaining positions
- Buyer and seller are both fully informed
- Buyer and seller can exclude non-subjects of exchange
- Object of exchange is divisible into exchangeable units
- Consequences of exchange are internalized
- Conditions of exchange are consistent with social consensus of fairness
- Reasons for market failure:
- Market power (monopoly or monopsony)
- Information asymmetry
- Externalities (positive or negative)
- Public goods (non-excluded, non-rivalrous)
Ethical and Equity Considerations in Health Care Markets
- Market distributes goods according to willingness to pay
- Some sectors of society may not have the ability to pay for goods they need
- Society regards health care as an entitlement or right
- Ethical and equity questions arise in health care markets
Government Interventions and Government Failures in the Health Sector
- Policy instruments used by government to intervene in the market:
- Based on level of state involvement
- Principal-agent relationship:
- Government acts as perfect agent when it fully internalizes people's welfare
- Government failure occurs when it fails to achieve its intended outcomes
- Types of government failures:
- Problems with collective decisions
- Intensity and ranking of preferences not reflected in voting process
- Bundled choice
- Problems concerning the agent
- Regulatory capture
- Bureaucratic capture
Efficiency and Equity Concerns in Health
- The case for consumer sovereignty:
- Economic efficiency
- Personal satisfaction
- Individual fairness
- The case for government intervention:
- Market failures
- Equity
- The role of equity:
- Equity is a basis for judging the distribution of health outcomes
- Focus on health outcomes for disadvantaged groups
- The role of priority setting:
- Countries cannot provide all health care their citizens need
- Resources are limited, and health competes with other sectors for funds
- Nations need to set priorities in moving toward Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
Ethics, Equity, and Priority Setting
- Arguments about equity and priority setting often invoke ethical questions
- Understanding and exploring underlying ethical considerations can help clarify arguments and positions in health care provisions
- Ethical considerations:
- Deciding which conditions and groups to focus on first
- Tradeoffs between efficiency and equity
- Efficiency vs. equity:
- Efficient use of scarce resources
- Fair distribution of resources among individuals
- Tradeoffs between efficiency and equity
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Description
Understand the roles of government and market exchange in the healthcare sector, including their interactions and potential failures. Learn about the conditions necessary for fair market exchange and how governments provide a legal framework for society.
