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Questions and Answers
What is the maximum number of primary partitions supported by the MBR system?
What is the maximum number of primary partitions supported by the MBR system?
- 8
- 2
- 4 (correct)
- 16
In the context of secondary storage media, what is the purpose of partitioning a hard drive?
In the context of secondary storage media, what is the purpose of partitioning a hard drive?
- Allocating sectors and clusters to files or partitions (correct)
- Handling hard drive formatting
- Creating a master boot record
- Overwriting existing data
Which system has a storage limit that can handle disks larger than 2TB?
Which system has a storage limit that can handle disks larger than 2TB?
- GUID Partition Table (GPT) (correct)
- Legacy System (MBR)
- UEFI Specification
- BIOS-based systems
What is the significance of understanding the physical size of storage media in forensic examination?
What is the significance of understanding the physical size of storage media in forensic examination?
What property must a hash algorithm have to be considered secure?
What property must a hash algorithm have to be considered secure?
What is the main purpose of hashing in data security?
What is the main purpose of hashing in data security?
What is the role of acquired computer memory in forensic examination?
What is the role of acquired computer memory in forensic examination?
Why is RAM considered a good evidence source in forensic examination?
Why is RAM considered a good evidence source in forensic examination?
In little-endian order of storage, where is the least significant byte of a word stored?
In little-endian order of storage, where is the least significant byte of a word stored?
Which operating system architecture typically runs on little-endian systems?
Which operating system architecture typically runs on little-endian systems?
Which CPU architecture is widely used in smartphones, tablets, and personal computers and can operate in both big-endian and little-endian mode?
Which CPU architecture is widely used in smartphones, tablets, and personal computers and can operate in both big-endian and little-endian mode?
Which forensic tool can be used to extract and analyze Windows registry hives?
Which forensic tool can be used to extract and analyze Windows registry hives?
Which part of the Windows registry contains user-specific information such as browser settings and application data?
Which part of the Windows registry contains user-specific information such as browser settings and application data?
Which cryptographic technique involves the use of same key to transform data into ciphertext and vice-versa?
Which cryptographic technique involves the use of same key to transform data into ciphertext and vice-versa?
What does hashing employ one-way functions for?
What does hashing employ one-way functions for?
What is important about a hash function's property of being one-way?
What is important about a hash function's property of being one-way?
Which HW architecture pairs both use big-endian architecture?
Which HW architecture pairs both use big-endian architecture?
What kind of network byte order is commonly used in TCP/IP networks?
What kind of network byte order is commonly used in TCP/IP networks?
What does the 'trim' technology do, particularly in SSDs?
What does the 'trim' technology do, particularly in SSDs?
Where is the Master File Table (MFT) located?
Where is the Master File Table (MFT) located?
What happens when a file is deleted?
What happens when a file is deleted?
What does big-endian format refer to in terms of data ordering?
What does big-endian format refer to in terms of data ordering?
What defines resident files in NTFS?
What defines resident files in NTFS?
What distinguishes non-resident files in NTFS from resident files?
What distinguishes non-resident files in NTFS from resident files?
What is significant about compound files when it comes to forensic examination?
What is significant about compound files when it comes to forensic examination?
What does the hexadecimal representation of data signify?
What does the hexadecimal representation of data signify?
Which is true for the GUID partitioning when it comes to compatibility?
Which is true for the GUID partitioning when it comes to compatibility?
What makes hard drives potentially recoverable even after being reformatted?
What makes hard drives potentially recoverable even after being reformatted?
What type of information does EXIF data NOT provide for forensic examiners?
What type of information does EXIF data NOT provide for forensic examiners?
What type of information is included in file system metadata?
What type of information is included in file system metadata?
What type of event is tracked by Event ID 4624?
What type of event is tracked by Event ID 4624?
Where can log files from applications be found for forensic examination?
Where can log files from applications be found for forensic examination?
What type of information can log files from applications provide for forensic examination?
What type of information can log files from applications provide for forensic examination?
Which event tracks time changes and describes the name of the user account that changed the time settings?
Which event tracks time changes and describes the name of the user account that changed the time settings?
Where are the log files located for Event Viewer on a computer used for analysis?
Where are the log files located for Event Viewer on a computer used for analysis?
Where can USB device connection events be found apart from registry and event logs?
Where can USB device connection events be found apart from registry and event logs?
What is the purpose of examining the Windows registry key called 'MountedDevices'?
What is the purpose of examining the Windows registry key called 'MountedDevices'?
Which folder contains the log file setupapi.dev.log?
Which folder contains the log file setupapi.dev.log?
What type of event does Event ID 4634 track?
What type of event does Event ID 4634 track?
In which folder can log files from applications (that do not use the Windows event management system) be found?
In which folder can log files from applications (that do not use the Windows event management system) be found?
Where is the prefetch data stored?
Where is the prefetch data stored?
Which tool is often used for inspecting Windows shellbags?
Which tool is often used for inspecting Windows shellbags?
What do .lnk files contain details about?
What do .lnk files contain details about?
What can MRU keys provide insights into?
What can MRU keys provide insights into?
Where are shellbags stored?
Where are shellbags stored?
Which area does prefetching aim to enhance?
Which area does prefetching aim to enhance?
What purpose do Prefetch files serve from a forensics perspective?
What purpose do Prefetch files serve from a forensics perspective?
What can shellbags serve as evidence of?
What can shellbags serve as evidence of?
Besides criminal forensics, where can shellbags be useful?
Besides criminal forensics, where can shellbags be useful?
What is the significance of .lnk files in forensic analysis?
What is the significance of .lnk files in forensic analysis?
What kind of information does the 'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Map Network Drive MRU' key track?
What kind of information does the 'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Map Network Drive MRU' key track?
What does the 'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\ComDlg32\OpenSavePidlMRU' key record?
What does the 'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\ComDlg32\OpenSavePidlMRU' key record?
What type of data does the 'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\ComDlg32\LastVisitedPidlMRU' key track?
What type of data does the 'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\ComDlg32\LastVisitedPidlMRU' key track?
What type of data does the 'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\RunMRU' key track?
What type of data does the 'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\RunMRU' key track?
What is the primary functionality of Thumbcache in Windows folders?
What is the primary functionality of Thumbcache in Windows folders?
What happens to Thumbcache entries when the actual images are deleted from the system?
What happens to Thumbcache entries when the actual images are deleted from the system?
'MRUList' and 'MRUListEx' in MRU keys describe what aspect of the events?
'MRUList' and 'MRUListEx' in MRU keys describe what aspect of the events?
How are events recorded in 'MRUListEx' keys different from those in regular 'MRUList' keys?
How are events recorded in 'MRUListEx' keys different from those in regular 'MRUList' keys?
What is the purpose of hashing in forensic examination?
What is the purpose of hashing in forensic examination?
What is the main focus of decryption attacks in forensic examination?
What is the main focus of decryption attacks in forensic examination?
What is the purpose of creating a text index in digital forensics?
What is the purpose of creating a text index in digital forensics?
What is the primary advantage of live searches in digital forensics?
What is the primary advantage of live searches in digital forensics?
What is the main challenge associated with index searches in digital forensics?
What is the main challenge associated with index searches in digital forensics?
What role does the indexing and searching techniques play in digital forensic investigations?
What role does the indexing and searching techniques play in digital forensic investigations?
What is the purpose of IOMMU and VT-d technologies?
What is the purpose of IOMMU and VT-d technologies?
How do cold boot attacks differ from other memory collection techniques?
How do cold boot attacks differ from other memory collection techniques?
What is the physical property of RAM modules that allows data remanence in cold boot attacks?
What is the physical property of RAM modules that allows data remanence in cold boot attacks?
What is the function of the Inception FPGA?
What is the function of the Inception FPGA?
What are the limitations of most DMA attacks?
What are the limitations of most DMA attacks?
What does cooling RAM modules achieve in cold boot attacks?
What does cooling RAM modules achieve in cold boot attacks?
What is the purpose of GPUs in password cracking?
What is the purpose of GPUs in password cracking?
What is the purpose of Uncovering Patterns and Behaviors in Password Creation?
What is the purpose of Uncovering Patterns and Behaviors in Password Creation?
What is the significance of Collecting Volatile Memory (RAM) Dumps?
What is the significance of Collecting Volatile Memory (RAM) Dumps?
What is the goal of DMA Attacks?
What is the goal of DMA Attacks?
What is file carving in the context of computer forensics?
What is file carving in the context of computer forensics?
What do JPEG files start with and end with, based on their file type characteristics?
What do JPEG files start with and end with, based on their file type characteristics?
What are the key components of a JPEG file's structure?
What are the key components of a JPEG file's structure?
What does the term 'JPEG' stand for?
What does the term 'JPEG' stand for?
What is the primary purpose of the BMP file format?
What is the primary purpose of the BMP file format?
Which version of the GIF format supports features like background transparency and delay times?
Which version of the GIF format supports features like background transparency and delay times?
What do PNG files support in terms of color and transparency?
What do PNG files support in terms of color and transparency?
What is the main advantage of PDF files in terms of device independence?
What is the main advantage of PDF files in terms of device independence?
Where does the hex value of a GIF image file start?
Where does the hex value of a GIF image file start?
What type of compression does JPEG use?
What type of compression does JPEG use?
What is the purpose of the RGBQUAD array in BMP files?
What is the purpose of the RGBQUAD array in BMP files?
What do GIF files contain?
What do GIF files contain?
What does PNG stand for?
What does PNG stand for?
Which organization created the JPEG standard?
Which organization created the JPEG standard?
What do BMP files always have as the first characters in a hexadecimal representation?
What do BMP files always have as the first characters in a hexadecimal representation?
What hexadecimal values represent the signature for a PDF file?
What hexadecimal values represent the signature for a PDF file?
What does the xref table in a PDF file allow?
What does the xref table in a PDF file allow?
What is the signature format for old MS Office document formats (1997-2003)?
What is the signature format for old MS Office document formats (1997-2003)?
What is the structure of the new MS Office document formats (2007-present)?
What is the structure of the new MS Office document formats (2007-present)?
What does the hex signature starting with 50 4B 03 04 indicate in MS Office document formats?
What does the hex signature starting with 50 4B 03 04 indicate in MS Office document formats?
What does the old MS Office Excel Spreadsheet format (.xls) have in common with Word Document (.doc) and PowerPoint Presentation (.ppt) formats?
What does the old MS Office Excel Spreadsheet format (.xls) have in common with Word Document (.doc) and PowerPoint Presentation (.ppt) formats?
Study Notes
Partitioning and Storage Systems
- MBR system supports a maximum of four primary partitions.
- Partitioning a hard drive enables better organization, data management, and partition separation for different operating systems or data types.
- GPT system can handle disks larger than 2TB.
- Understanding the physical size of storage media is vital for forensic examination as it influences data integrity, retrieval, and potential evidence.
Cryptography and Hashing
- A secure hash algorithm must exhibit pre-image resistance, meaning it's infeasible to reverse the hash to find the original input.
- Hashing serves to ensure data integrity and create fixed-size representation of variable-length input.
- In forensic examination, acquired computer memory provides critical evidence, including data that has not yet been written to disk.
RAM and Evidence
- RAM is a reliable evidence source as it can contain user activities, transient data, and information not saved on disk.
- In little-endian order, the least significant byte of a word is stored at the lowest memory address.
System Architecture
- x86 architecture typically runs on little-endian systems.
- ARM architecture operates in both big-endian and little-endian modes, widely used across smartphones, tablets, and personal computers.
Forensic Tools and Windows Registry
- Registry analysis tools are utilized to extract and inspect Windows registry hives.
- The 'Software' hive contains user-specific information such as browser settings and application data.
- Symmetric cryptography uses the same key for encryption and decryption of data.
- Hashing functions employ one-way algorithms, ensuring data cannot be reverted.
File Systems and Storage Techniques
- Resident files in NTFS are stored within the Master File Table (MFT), while non-resident files point to disk blocks for storage.
- Compound files can be significant in forensic examination as they encapsulate multiple data types in a single file.
- Hexadecimal representation of data is crucial in digital forensics for interpreting binary information.
File Recovery and Evidence
- GUID partitioning supports compatibility across various operating systems.
- Hard drives may be recoverable even after reformatting due to residual data left on the disk.
- EXIF data does not include information on the actual content of files, focusing instead on metadata relating to image files.
Log Files and Events
- Event ID 4624 tracks successful user logins.
- Application log files store information valuable for forensic analysis and can be found within the Event Viewer.
- Event ID 4634 monitors user logoff activities.
- The 'MountedDevices' registry key helps examine USB device connectivity.
Prefetching and Shellbags
- Prefetch technology in Windows enhances system performance by storing data for quick access.
- Shellbags serve as evidence by tracking folder access and modifications in user navigation.
- .lnk files detail shortcuts to files and programs, aiding in understanding user interaction with the system.
MRU Lists and Key Tracking
- MRUList and MRUListEx in MRU keys catalog the most recently used items, assisting in user behavior analysis.
- Hashing plays a role in forensic examination by confirming data integrity and detecting unauthorized changes.
Digital Forensics Techniques
- IOMMU and VT-d technologies ensure effective memory management and security in virtualized environments.
- Cold boot attacks exploit data remanence in frozen RAM to recover sensitive information.
- File carving retrieves files based on their structure without relying on file system metadata.
Graphical File Formats and Signatures
- JPEG files begin with hex values 0xFF D8 and end with 0xFF D9, compressed using lossy techniques.
- PNG format supports transparency and is designed for high-quality images and graphics.
- PDF offers device-independent file presentation, enhancing cross-platform usability.
- Old MS Office document formats share similar hex signatures with Excel, Word, and PowerPoint, indicating competitive compatibility.
Conclusion
- Understanding various storage techniques, file properties, and forensic methodologies is essential for effective data recovery and legal evidence gathering.
- Knowledge of data structures and signatures assists forensic analysts in identifying and interpreting file types and their origins.
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