Farm management
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Questions and Answers

Match

Disinfectant = chemical used to inhibit or prevent the growth of microbes on inanimate objects Antiseptic = chemical used to inhibit or prevent the growth of microbes on living tissue

  • = - =

To sanitize is to reduce the number of microbes to a safe level

True

Match

Ad libitum = offered free-choice, allowing animals to eat as much as they desire Balanced ration = 24-hr feed allowance providing an animal with appropriate amounts and proportions of nutrients for a given level of performance Digestibility = a measure of the extent a feed is digested; expressed as a percent Palatability = appeal and acceptability of feed—taste, odor, texture & temperature

10 acres of grazing land required per cow/calf

<p>Midwest</p> Signup and view all the answers

100 acres of grazing land required per cow/calf

<p>Southwest</p> Signup and view all the answers

#1 grass used for Hay

<p>Timothy</p> Signup and view all the answers

#1 legume used for hay

<p>Alfalfa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match

<p>Timothy = 0.79Mcal/lb Alfalfa = 0.99Mcal/lb Clover = 0.87Mcal/lb</p> <ul> <li>= -</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

How many cuttings in a harvesting

<p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is hay cured for

<p>Until moisture content is &lt;40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Facilitates drying, prevents mold

<p>Raking</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increases drying rate, less nutrient loss; permits baling sooner

<p>Crimping</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if there is excessive moisture content in a bale of hay

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

When storing hay, what should the moisture content be

<p>18-22%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Allow hay to be harvested at higher than normal moisture contents by preventing the microbial activity responsible for spoilage

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

match

<p>Bale = A storage unit, can be any size Flake = A subunit of a bale, size and nutritional content are variable Haylage/silage = Plant crops preserved through fermentation (anaerobic storage) Concentrates = Feedstuff high in energy, low in fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

Benefits of haylage/silage

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disadvantages of haylage/silage

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match

<p>Oats = 1.22 Mcal/lb Corn = 1.59 Mcal/lb <code>=</code></p> <ul> <li>= -</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Advantages of sweet feed

<p>Increased palatability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disadvantages of sweet feed

<p>Insect attraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Solubility

<p>Water soluble vitamins = Bs and C Fat soluble vitamins = A D E K</p> <ul> <li>= - <code>=</code> </li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Sweet feed and pellets

<p>Variable energy source</p> Signup and view all the answers

Advantages of pellets/extruded feeds

<p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-digestible, pure fiber

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match

<p>Water soluble vitamins = Cannot be stored in the body - if an animal requires supplementation, it requires it daily Intestinal rumen microbes produce = B vitamins Synthesized by the liver = Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Excreted in the urine = Excess water soluble vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match

<p>Vitamin A = Carotene Vitamin D = Cholecalciferol Vitamin E = Tocopherol Vitamin K = Menadione</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match

<p>Vitamin A = Source: green feeds - grass, good quality hay Vitamin D = Source: sun cured hays Vitamin E = Source: grains, green forage, hay Vitamin K = Source: green leafy hay or pasture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Animals can synthesize vitamin K in the liver

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match

<p>Probiotic = live microbial feed supplements purported to increase growth rate and feed conversion Ionophore = antibiotic inhibits the growth of (some) gram positive bacteria - increasing growth rate and feed conversion Melangestrol acetate = hormone added to feedlot heifers diets to suppress estrus and improve feed efficiency and growth rate</p> <ul> <li>= -</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of feed storage

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carotene is rapidly broken down; the curing process for hay often consumes 90%. Of the remaining 10%, 75% breaks down in how long?

<p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin E utilization in the body is closely tied to selenium. Selenium deficiency can result in Vitamin E deficiency even if adequate Vitamin E is present in the diet

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin D utilization in the body is closely tied to selenium. Selenium deficiency can result in Vitamin D deficiency even if adequate Vitamin D is present in the diet

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Animals can produce vitamin D if exposed to the suns ultraviolet radiation

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Animals can produce vitamin A if exposed to the suns ultraviolet radiation

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A healthy animal of a reasonable diet with reasonable management should not experience vitamin deficiencies

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A healthy animal of a reasonable diet with reasonable management could still experience vitamin deficiencies

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using sand as bedding

<p>Sand colic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match bedding

<p>Straw = made from plant material after the grain crop is harvested Shavings = more popular in urban/suburban areas Sand = popular in southwest Miscellaneous = newspaper, pelleted straw, clay litter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sterilization = Eliminate or kill microbes Disinfection = Inhibition or prevention of the growth of microbes on inanimate objects Antisepsis = Inhibition of prevention of the growth of microbes on living tissue Sanitization = Reduction of the number of microbes to a safe level</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match - roughages; types

<p>Fresh = Pasture, green chop, wilted forage Hay = Dry &gt;DM, legume versus grass Silage = Wet, DM 30-50%, fermented for storage (grass, legume, grain/forage) Straw/fodder = Plant residue after harvest of grain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match

<p>Whole plant - silage = Early stage of maturity Pick ears and or shell the grain (ear corn, shell corn) = Full maturity Corn fodder - residue after combining (after picking ear corn) = Residue Leaves and stalk. (stalk, the leaf, husk, and cop; residue after shelling corn) = Corn stover</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match harvest of forage

<p>Energy cost of the animal = Animal grazing Daily green chop and feed fresh each day = Wet Silage/balage = Wilted Hay = Dry</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lignin correlates to to plant rigidity, the higher the lignin content the lower the digestibility

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Chemical changes during ensiling] At what temperature does it heat up during the first 2 days

<p>80-100 F</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Chemical changes during ensiling] when does the product become stable

<p>3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Chemical changes during ensiling] At what pH level does bacteria die

<p>&lt; 5.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following corresponds to Bad silage production

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match - Feeds - by-products of processing

<p>Milling industry = Flour, starch - gluten, middlings, bran, gern Ethanol industry = Alcohol, beer Rendering industry = Meat - blood, meat and bone, bone, feather, fish meals, tallow (fat) Vegetable, nut, fruit = Sweet corn silage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match - protein supplements

<p>Soybean meal, canola meal = By-products of oil industry Corn gluten meal = By-products of milling industry Distillers dried grains, brewers grains = By-products of distilling industry Flood, feather, fish, meat and bone meals = By-products of rendering industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sanitizing and Grazing Land

  • Sanitizing reduces the number of microbes to a safe level
  • 10 acres of grazing land are required per cow/calf

Hay Production

  • 100 acres of grazing land are required per cow/calf
  • The #1 grass used for hay is not specified
  • The #1 legume used for hay is not specified
  • Hay typically undergoes 3-4 cuttings in a harvesting
  • Hay is cured for 3-4 weeks
  • Curing facilitates drying, prevents mold, increases drying rate, and reduces nutrient loss
  • Hay with excessive moisture content can spoil or mold

Hay Storage

  • Hay should be stored with a moisture content of 15% or lower
  • Excessive moisture content in a bale of hay can lead to spoilage

Haylage/Silage

  • Haylage/silage allows for higher moisture content during harvesting
  • Benefits of haylage/silage: prevents microbial activity, permits baling sooner
  • Disadvantages of haylage/silage: not specified

Animal Feed

  • Sweet feed has advantages: non-specified
  • Disadvantages of sweet feed: not specified
  • Pellets/extruded feeds have advantages: non-specified
  • Non-digestible, pure fiber is not utilized by animals
  • Animals can synthesize vitamin K in the liver

Vitamins and Minerals

  • Carotene is rapidly broken down; 90% is lost during the curing process
  • 75% of the remaining 10% of carotene breaks down in 2-3 months
  • Vitamin E utilization is closely tied to selenium; deficiency can result in Vitamin E deficiency
  • Vitamin D utilization is closely tied to selenium; deficiency can result in Vitamin D deficiency
  • Animals can produce vitamin D when exposed to sunlight
  • A healthy animal on a reasonable diet with reasonable management should not experience vitamin deficiencies

Bedding and Lignin

  • A disadvantage of using sand as bedding is not specified
  • Lignin correlates to plant rigidity; higher lignin content means lower digestibility

Silage Production

  • Chemical changes during ensiling: temperatures rise during the first 2 days
  • Silage becomes stable after 2-3 weeks
  • Bacteria die at a pH level of 4.5
  • Bad silage production corresponds to high temperatures and pH levels

Feeds and By-Products

  • Feeds: roughages; types not specified
  • Harvest of forage: not specified
  • By-products of processing: not specified
  • Protein supplements: not specified

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