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Questions and Answers
What is the most common cause of accidental toxicity, especially in children?
What is the most common cause of accidental toxicity, especially in children?
- Subcutaneous administration
- Inhalation
- Dermal absorption
- Oral ingestion (correct)
Which route of administration generally results in higher toxicity levels?
Which route of administration generally results in higher toxicity levels?
- Subcutaneous
- Dermal
- Oral
- Inhalational (correct)
How does the probability of toxicity change as the dose of a poison increases?
How does the probability of toxicity change as the dose of a poison increases?
- The probability decreases
- The probability fluctuates
- The probability increases (correct)
- The probability remains constant
Which characteristic makes poisons more likely to be absorbed dermally?
Which characteristic makes poisons more likely to be absorbed dermally?
What type of effects are produced by poisons that possess both local and remote effects?
What type of effects are produced by poisons that possess both local and remote effects?
What effect does Atropine have when taken orally?
What effect does Atropine have when taken orally?
Which type of toxin is mainly proteinaceous, has a high virulence, and requires a small lethal dose?
Which type of toxin is mainly proteinaceous, has a high virulence, and requires a small lethal dose?
What is the common cause of food poisoning that also leads to Toxic Shock Syndrome, especially affecting women?
What is the common cause of food poisoning that also leads to Toxic Shock Syndrome, especially affecting women?
Which substance is a common ingredient in rubbing alcohol and has a very toxic limit of 120 mL?
Which substance is a common ingredient in rubbing alcohol and has a very toxic limit of 120 mL?
Which toxin causes Tetany and originates from Clostridium tetani bacteria?
Which toxin causes Tetany and originates from Clostridium tetani bacteria?
What is the main effect of Hydrogen sulfide exposure on workers in tunnels?
What is the main effect of Hydrogen sulfide exposure on workers in tunnels?
Which substance is a common dough improver and can act as a neutralizer in cold waves, but can also induce vomiting and collapse when ingested?
Which substance is a common dough improver and can act as a neutralizer in cold waves, but can also induce vomiting and collapse when ingested?
What does LD50 represent in toxicology?
What does LD50 represent in toxicology?
In the context of toxicology, what is the primary focus of Clinical Toxicology?
In the context of toxicology, what is the primary focus of Clinical Toxicology?
What does TLV (threshold limit value) indicate in toxicology?
What does TLV (threshold limit value) indicate in toxicology?
In the field of toxicology, what is the difference between intoxication and poisoning?
In the field of toxicology, what is the difference between intoxication and poisoning?
What defines Ecotoxicology as a branch of toxicology?
What defines Ecotoxicology as a branch of toxicology?
What aspect does Regulatory Toxicology mainly focus on?
What aspect does Regulatory Toxicology mainly focus on?
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Study Notes
Exotoxins
- Mostly produced by Gram-positive bacteria
- Proteinaceous, high virulence, and require a small lethal dose
- Examples:
- Botulinum toxin: produced by C. botulinum, causes neuromuscular poisoning
- Tetanospasmin: produced by C. tetani, causes tetany
- Cytotoxin: produced by C. perfringens, causes gas gangrene
- Enterotoxin: produced by Staphylococcus aureus, causes food poisoning and Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
Endotoxins
- Mostly produced by Gram-negative bacteria
- Lipoidal, low toxicity, and require a high dose to be lethal
- Examples:
- Typhoid: caused by Salmonella typhosa
- Proteus: causes urinary tract infections (UTI)
- E. coli: causes traveler's diarrhea
Poisons and Toxins
- HCl (muriatic acid): found in bathroom disinfectants, causes white burns
- H2SO4 (oil of vitriol): found in fertilizers, causes brown-black burns
- HNO3 (aqua fortis): found in fertilizers, causes yellow burns
- Phenol (carbolic acid): causes bleaching white burns
- NaOH (lye): found in detergents, forms hard soaps
- KOH (caustic potash): found in detergents, forms soft soaps
Synthetic Poisons
- Isopropyl alcohol: found in rubbing alcohol, very toxic (120 mL limit)
- Ethylene oxide: used in aeronautics, anti-freeze liquid
- Picric acid: colorant in textile industries
- Aniline: found in crayons, treated with methylene blue
- Nitrobenzene: found in shoe polish, treated with sodium nitrite
Other Toxins
- Carbon disulfide: used in textile industry, causes RBC hemolysis
- Hydrogen sulfide: found in petroleum refineries, causes "gas eye"
- Asbestos: fire retardant, causes silicosis and lung cancer
- Naphthalene: found in moth balls, toilet bowl deodorant
- Aluminium chlorohydrate: found in deodorants
- Boric acid: antiseptic and fungistatic agent, causes "boiled lobster" appearance
- Tannic acid: carcinogen found in iced tea
- Aspartame: artificial sweetener
- Saccharin: artificial sweetener
- Tartrazine: food colorant and preservative, vasodilator
- MSG: monosodium glutamate, causes Chinese restaurant syndrome
- Potassium bromate: dough improver, neutralizer in cold waves
- BHA/BHT: butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene, carcinogenic and antioxidant
Toxicology
- Idiosyncrasy: genetic defects may lead to toxicity
- Local effects: the impression made by the poison to the body part it contacted
- Remote effects: the effect is produced or developed in an area other than that of the site of application
- Combined effects: the poison possesses both local and remote effects
- Parent compound poison: poison that requires metabolism to become toxic
- Patient-related factors affecting poisoning effects: age, route of administration, concentration/dose, and solubility
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