Cell Biology and Mycology Basics
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

  • Protein synthesis
  • Storage and transport of molecules
  • Sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins (correct)
  • Oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids

    • What is the name of the scientific discipline that deals with the study of fungi?

  • Botany
  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Mycology (correct)

    • What is the term for diseases caused by fungi?

  • Fungemia
  • Mycotoxicosis
  • Mycoses (correct)
  • Fungal infections

    • What is the term for the web-like structure of hyphae?

    <p>Mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of substrate mycelia?

    <p>Nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the structure of fungi?

    <p>Morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the basic element of filamentous fungi?

    <p>Hypha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fungi obtain their nutrition in the saprophytic mode?

    <p>By feeding on dead organic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification system of fungi is based on geographic distribution?

    <p>Geographic grouping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of nutrition of fungi that obtains their nutrition by living on other living organisms?

    <p>Parasitic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of fungi is classified based on the mode of transmission of fungal diseases?

    <p>Epidemiologic grouping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which fungi produce spores?

    <p>Reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a fungus that obtains its nutrition by feeding on dead organic substances?

    <p>Rhizopus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many divisions are fungi classified into based on morphologic and cultural characteristics?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component that 10-20% KOH dissolves in a skin scraping specimen?

    <p>Keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fungi is responsible for causing Pityriasis versicolor?

    <p>Malassezia furfur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of incubating fungal cultures for 2-3 weeks?

    <p>To allow for fungal growth and maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the agar medium used to support fungal growth in the laboratory?

    <p>Potato dextrose agar (PDA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a specimen type used in laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding KOH to a skin scraping specimen?

    <p>To dissolve keratin and cellular material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fungi causes Black piedra?

    <p>Piedraia hortae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of relationship do symbiotic fungi have with other species?

    <p>Mutually beneficial interdependent relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fungi in mycorrhizal relationships?

    <p>To improve nutrient uptake by plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fungi has a symbiotic association with algae?

    <p>Lichens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the hyphae in Zygomycetes?

    <p>They are without septa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sexual spores in Ascomycetes?

    <p>Ascospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fungi is known as sac fungi?

    <p>Ascomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of asexual reproduction in Basidiomycetes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae in lichens?

    <p>Fungi provide shelter to algae and algae synthesize carbohydrates for fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of fungi based on?

    <p>Spore formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of classifying fungi based on epidemiologic grouping?

    <p>To understand how fungal diseases are transmitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do fungi in the Ascomycota division include?

    <p>Yeasts and sac fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fungi in the saprophytic mode obtain their nutrition?

    <p>By feeding on dead organic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of nutrition of fungi that obtain their nutrition by living on other living organisms?

    <p>Parasitic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many divisions are fungi classified into based on morphologic and cultural characteristics?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mode of nutrition of fungi that obtain their nutrition by feeding on dead organic substances?

    <p>Saprophytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of fungi based on geographic distribution?

    <p>Geographic grouping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

    <p>Modifying proteins and synthesizing lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of mycelium?

    <p>A network of fungal threads or hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of peroxisomes?

    <p>To break down fatty acids and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the morphology of a hypha?

    <p>A branched, tubular structure with a width of 2-10 um</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do fungi obtain their nutrition?

    <p>From the nutrient substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of vesicles and vacuoles?

    <p>To store and transport cellular materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for scientists who study fungi?

    <p>Mycologists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of 10-20% KOH in a skin scraping specimen?

    <p>To digest keratin and cellular material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fungi is responsible for causing Pityriasis versicolor?

    <p>Malassezia furfur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of incubating fungal cultures for 2-3 weeks?

    <p>To allow for fungal growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of relationship do symbiotic fungi have with other species?

    <p>Mutually beneficial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the hyphae in Zygomycetes?

    <p>They are without septa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of agar medium is used to support fungal growth in the laboratory?

    <p>Potato dextrose agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of a skin scraping specimen that is digested by 10-20% KOH?

    <p>Keratin and cellular material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fungi in mycorrhizal relationships?

    <p>They improve nutrient uptake by plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a KOH mount in laboratory diagnosis?

    <p>To digest keratin and cellular material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sexual spores in Ascomycetes?

    <p>Ascospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a specimen type used in laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fungi is known as sac fungi?

    <p>Ascomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of asexual reproduction in Basidiomycetes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae in lichens?

    <p>Fungi provide shelter and algae synthesize carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of fungi based on?

    <p>Spore formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fungi has a symbiotic association with algae?

    <p>Lichens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Biology

    • Endoplasmic reticulum: modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids
    • Golgi apparatus: sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins
    • Peroxisomes: small, round organelles that break down fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxify poisons
    • Vesicles and vacuoles: membrane-bound sacs for storage and transport

    Mycology

    • Mycology: scientific discipline dealing with fungi
    • Myco: fungus
    • Mycoses: diseases caused by fungi
    • Medical mycology: study of mycoses and their causes
    • Mycologists: scientists who study fungi

    Morphology

    • Hypha: basic element of filamentous fungi, branched, tubular structure, 2-10 um in width
    • Mycelium: web or mat-like structure of hyphae, with crosswalls that form compartments (± cells)

    Reproduction

    • Single spore can develop into a mycelium
    • Fruiting bodies of fungi, such as mushrooms, can sprout from a mycelium
    • Spores dispersed widely by wind or water, germinate in a moist place

    Classification of Fungi

    • Geographic grouping: classification by geographic distribution
    • Epidemiologic grouping: concerned with how fungal disease is transmitted
    • Taxonomy grouping: scientific grouping according to morphologic and cultural characteristics
    • Divisions: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota

    Classification of Fungi (continued)

    • Based on mode of nutrition:
      • Saprophytic: obtain nutrition by feeding on dead organic substances
      • Parasitic: obtain nutrition by living on other living organisms
      • Symbiotic: live in a mutually beneficial relationship with other species

    Fungal Disease

    • Black piedra: caused by Piedraia hortae
    • White piedra: caused by Trichosporon beigelii
    • Pityriasis versicolor: caused by Malassezia furfur
    • Tinea nigra: caused by Phaeoannellomyces werneckii
    • Candidosis: caused by Candida albicans and Trichophyton
    • Dermatophytosis: caused by Microsporum and Epidermophyton

    Laboratory Diagnosis

    • Specimens: skin scrapings, nail clippings, hairs, scrapings from mucous membrane, tissue biopsy, blood, CSF, etc.
    • Microscopy: KOH mount, KOH dissolves keratin and cellular material, leaving fungi intact
    • Fungal growth: cultures incubated for 2-3 weeks, examined macroscopically for colony morphology, and microscopically for fungal morphology

    Classification of Fungi (continued)

    • Based on spore formation:
      • Zygomycetes: formed by fusion of two cells, asexual spores are sporangiospores, hyphae are without septa
      • Ascomycetes: also called sac fungi, sexual spores are ascospores, asexual reproduction occurs by conidiospores
      • Basidiomycetes: mushrooms, sexual reproduction occurs by basidiospores, asexual reproduction occurs by conidia, budding, or fragmentation

    Cell Biology

    • Endoplasmic reticulum: modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids
    • Golgi apparatus: sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins
    • Peroxisomes: small, round organelles that break down fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxify poisons
    • Vesicles and vacuoles: membrane-bound sacs for storage and transport

    Mycology

    • Mycology: scientific discipline dealing with fungi
    • Myco: fungus
    • Mycoses: diseases caused by fungi
    • Medical mycology: study of mycoses and their causes
    • Mycologists: scientists who study fungi

    Morphology

    • Hypha: basic element of filamentous fungi, branched, tubular structure, 2-10 um in width
    • Mycelium: web or mat-like structure of hyphae, with crosswalls that form compartments (± cells)

    Reproduction

    • Single spore can develop into a mycelium
    • Fruiting bodies of fungi, such as mushrooms, can sprout from a mycelium
    • Spores dispersed widely by wind or water, germinate in a moist place

    Classification of Fungi

    • Geographic grouping: classification by geographic distribution
    • Epidemiologic grouping: concerned with how fungal disease is transmitted
    • Taxonomy grouping: scientific grouping according to morphologic and cultural characteristics
    • Divisions: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota

    Classification of Fungi (continued)

    • Based on mode of nutrition:
      • Saprophytic: obtain nutrition by feeding on dead organic substances
      • Parasitic: obtain nutrition by living on other living organisms
      • Symbiotic: live in a mutually beneficial relationship with other species

    Fungal Disease

    • Black piedra: caused by Piedraia hortae
    • White piedra: caused by Trichosporon beigelii
    • Pityriasis versicolor: caused by Malassezia furfur
    • Tinea nigra: caused by Phaeoannellomyces werneckii
    • Candidosis: caused by Candida albicans and Trichophyton
    • Dermatophytosis: caused by Microsporum and Epidermophyton

    Laboratory Diagnosis

    • Specimens: skin scrapings, nail clippings, hairs, scrapings from mucous membrane, tissue biopsy, blood, CSF, etc.
    • Microscopy: KOH mount, KOH dissolves keratin and cellular material, leaving fungi intact
    • Fungal growth: cultures incubated for 2-3 weeks, examined macroscopically for colony morphology, and microscopically for fungal morphology

    Classification of Fungi (continued)

    • Based on spore formation:
      • Zygomycetes: formed by fusion of two cells, asexual spores are sporangiospores, hyphae are without septa
      • Ascomycetes: also called sac fungi, sexual spores are ascospores, asexual reproduction occurs by conidiospores
      • Basidiomycetes: mushrooms, sexual reproduction occurs by basidiospores, asexual reproduction occurs by conidia, budding, or fragmentation

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