60 Questions
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
Sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins
What is the name of the scientific discipline that deals with the study of fungi?
Mycology
What is the term for diseases caused by fungi?
Mycoses
What is the term for the web-like structure of hyphae?
Mycelium
What is the function of substrate mycelia?
Nutrition
What is the term for the study of the structure of fungi?
Morphology
What is the term for the basic element of filamentous fungi?
Hypha
How do fungi obtain their nutrition in the saprophytic mode?
By feeding on dead organic substances
Which classification system of fungi is based on geographic distribution?
Geographic grouping
What is the mode of nutrition of fungi that obtains their nutrition by living on other living organisms?
Parasitic
Which group of fungi is classified based on the mode of transmission of fungal diseases?
Epidemiologic grouping
What is the process by which fungi produce spores?
Reproduction
Which of the following is an example of a fungus that obtains its nutrition by feeding on dead organic substances?
Rhizopus
How many divisions are fungi classified into based on morphologic and cultural characteristics?
Four
What is the primary component that 10-20% KOH dissolves in a skin scraping specimen?
Keratin
Which of the following fungi is responsible for causing Pityriasis versicolor?
Malassezia furfur
What is the primary purpose of incubating fungal cultures for 2-3 weeks?
To allow for fungal growth and maturation
What is the name of the agar medium used to support fungal growth in the laboratory?
Potato dextrose agar (PDA)
Which of the following is NOT a specimen type used in laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections?
Urine
What is the purpose of adding KOH to a skin scraping specimen?
To dissolve keratin and cellular material
Which of the following fungi causes Black piedra?
Piedraia hortae
What type of relationship do symbiotic fungi have with other species?
Mutually beneficial interdependent relationship
What is the role of fungi in mycorrhizal relationships?
To improve nutrient uptake by plants
Which type of fungi has a symbiotic association with algae?
Lichens
What is the characteristic of the hyphae in Zygomycetes?
They are without septa
What is the name of the sexual spores in Ascomycetes?
Ascospores
Which type of fungi is known as sac fungi?
Ascomycetes
What is the mode of asexual reproduction in Basidiomycetes?
All of the above
What is the characteristic of the symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae in lichens?
Fungi provide shelter to algae and algae synthesize carbohydrates for fungi
What is the classification of fungi based on?
Spore formation
What is the purpose of classifying fungi based on epidemiologic grouping?
To understand how fungal diseases are transmitted
What do fungi in the Ascomycota division include?
Yeasts and sac fungi
How do fungi in the saprophytic mode obtain their nutrition?
By feeding on dead organic substances
What is the mode of nutrition of fungi that obtain their nutrition by living on other living organisms?
Parasitic
How many divisions are fungi classified into based on morphologic and cultural characteristics?
Four
What is the term for the mode of nutrition of fungi that obtain their nutrition by feeding on dead organic substances?
Saprophytic
What is the classification of fungi based on geographic distribution?
Geographic grouping
What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?
Modifying proteins and synthesizing lipids
What is the characteristic of mycelium?
A network of fungal threads or hyphae
What is the function of peroxisomes?
To break down fatty acids and amino acids
What is the morphology of a hypha?
A branched, tubular structure with a width of 2-10 um
Where do fungi obtain their nutrition?
From the nutrient substrate
What is the function of vesicles and vacuoles?
To store and transport cellular materials
What is the term for scientists who study fungi?
Mycologists
What is the primary function of 10-20% KOH in a skin scraping specimen?
To digest keratin and cellular material
What type of fungi is responsible for causing Pityriasis versicolor?
Malassezia furfur
What is the purpose of incubating fungal cultures for 2-3 weeks?
To allow for fungal growth
What type of relationship do symbiotic fungi have with other species?
Mutually beneficial
What is the characteristic of the hyphae in Zygomycetes?
They are without septa
What type of agar medium is used to support fungal growth in the laboratory?
Potato dextrose agar
What is the primary component of a skin scraping specimen that is digested by 10-20% KOH?
Keratin and cellular material
What is the role of fungi in mycorrhizal relationships?
They improve nutrient uptake by plants
What is the primary function of a KOH mount in laboratory diagnosis?
To digest keratin and cellular material
What is the name of the sexual spores in Ascomycetes?
Ascospores
Which of the following is a specimen type used in laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections?
All of the above
Which type of fungi is known as sac fungi?
Ascomycetes
What is the mode of asexual reproduction in Basidiomycetes?
All of the above
What is the characteristic of the symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae in lichens?
Fungi provide shelter and algae synthesize carbohydrates
What is the classification of fungi based on?
Spore formation
Which type of fungi has a symbiotic association with algae?
Lichens
Study Notes
Cell Biology
- Endoplasmic reticulum: modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids
- Golgi apparatus: sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins
- Peroxisomes: small, round organelles that break down fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxify poisons
- Vesicles and vacuoles: membrane-bound sacs for storage and transport
Mycology
- Mycology: scientific discipline dealing with fungi
- Myco: fungus
- Mycoses: diseases caused by fungi
- Medical mycology: study of mycoses and their causes
- Mycologists: scientists who study fungi
Morphology
- Hypha: basic element of filamentous fungi, branched, tubular structure, 2-10 um in width
- Mycelium: web or mat-like structure of hyphae, with crosswalls that form compartments (± cells)
Reproduction
- Single spore can develop into a mycelium
- Fruiting bodies of fungi, such as mushrooms, can sprout from a mycelium
- Spores dispersed widely by wind or water, germinate in a moist place
Classification of Fungi
- Geographic grouping: classification by geographic distribution
- Epidemiologic grouping: concerned with how fungal disease is transmitted
- Taxonomy grouping: scientific grouping according to morphologic and cultural characteristics
- Divisions: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota
Classification of Fungi (continued)
- Based on mode of nutrition:
- Saprophytic: obtain nutrition by feeding on dead organic substances
- Parasitic: obtain nutrition by living on other living organisms
- Symbiotic: live in a mutually beneficial relationship with other species
Fungal Disease
- Black piedra: caused by Piedraia hortae
- White piedra: caused by Trichosporon beigelii
- Pityriasis versicolor: caused by Malassezia furfur
- Tinea nigra: caused by Phaeoannellomyces werneckii
- Candidosis: caused by Candida albicans and Trichophyton
- Dermatophytosis: caused by Microsporum and Epidermophyton
Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimens: skin scrapings, nail clippings, hairs, scrapings from mucous membrane, tissue biopsy, blood, CSF, etc.
- Microscopy: KOH mount, KOH dissolves keratin and cellular material, leaving fungi intact
- Fungal growth: cultures incubated for 2-3 weeks, examined macroscopically for colony morphology, and microscopically for fungal morphology
Classification of Fungi (continued)
- Based on spore formation:
- Zygomycetes: formed by fusion of two cells, asexual spores are sporangiospores, hyphae are without septa
- Ascomycetes: also called sac fungi, sexual spores are ascospores, asexual reproduction occurs by conidiospores
- Basidiomycetes: mushrooms, sexual reproduction occurs by basidiospores, asexual reproduction occurs by conidia, budding, or fragmentation
Cell Biology
- Endoplasmic reticulum: modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids
- Golgi apparatus: sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins
- Peroxisomes: small, round organelles that break down fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxify poisons
- Vesicles and vacuoles: membrane-bound sacs for storage and transport
Mycology
- Mycology: scientific discipline dealing with fungi
- Myco: fungus
- Mycoses: diseases caused by fungi
- Medical mycology: study of mycoses and their causes
- Mycologists: scientists who study fungi
Morphology
- Hypha: basic element of filamentous fungi, branched, tubular structure, 2-10 um in width
- Mycelium: web or mat-like structure of hyphae, with crosswalls that form compartments (± cells)
Reproduction
- Single spore can develop into a mycelium
- Fruiting bodies of fungi, such as mushrooms, can sprout from a mycelium
- Spores dispersed widely by wind or water, germinate in a moist place
Classification of Fungi
- Geographic grouping: classification by geographic distribution
- Epidemiologic grouping: concerned with how fungal disease is transmitted
- Taxonomy grouping: scientific grouping according to morphologic and cultural characteristics
- Divisions: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota
Classification of Fungi (continued)
- Based on mode of nutrition:
- Saprophytic: obtain nutrition by feeding on dead organic substances
- Parasitic: obtain nutrition by living on other living organisms
- Symbiotic: live in a mutually beneficial relationship with other species
Fungal Disease
- Black piedra: caused by Piedraia hortae
- White piedra: caused by Trichosporon beigelii
- Pityriasis versicolor: caused by Malassezia furfur
- Tinea nigra: caused by Phaeoannellomyces werneckii
- Candidosis: caused by Candida albicans and Trichophyton
- Dermatophytosis: caused by Microsporum and Epidermophyton
Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimens: skin scrapings, nail clippings, hairs, scrapings from mucous membrane, tissue biopsy, blood, CSF, etc.
- Microscopy: KOH mount, KOH dissolves keratin and cellular material, leaving fungi intact
- Fungal growth: cultures incubated for 2-3 weeks, examined macroscopically for colony morphology, and microscopically for fungal morphology
Classification of Fungi (continued)
- Based on spore formation:
- Zygomycetes: formed by fusion of two cells, asexual spores are sporangiospores, hyphae are without septa
- Ascomycetes: also called sac fungi, sexual spores are ascospores, asexual reproduction occurs by conidiospores
- Basidiomycetes: mushrooms, sexual reproduction occurs by basidiospores, asexual reproduction occurs by conidia, budding, or fragmentation
Learn about the functions of cell organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and peroxisomes, as well as the basics of mycology, the study of fungi and fungal diseases.
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