Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of vitamins require fat for absorption?
Which type of vitamins require fat for absorption?
What is a common symptom of Vitamin A deficiency?
What is a common symptom of Vitamin A deficiency?
Which vitamin deficiency can cause Ricketts in children and Osteomalacia in adults?
Which vitamin deficiency can cause Ricketts in children and Osteomalacia in adults?
What condition is associated with Vitamin E deficiency?
What condition is associated with Vitamin E deficiency?
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Which vitamin is commonly found in spinach, liver, and butter?
Which vitamin is commonly found in spinach, liver, and butter?
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What is a symptom of Vitamin C deficiency?
What is a symptom of Vitamin C deficiency?
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Study Notes
Vitamin Deficiencies
- Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency: caused by lack of folic acid, found in leafy green vegetables, orange juice, and avocado
- Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency: leads to pernicious anemia, found in salmon, yogurt, and milk
Minerals
- Potassium, sodium, and chloride: necessary for fluid balance and nerve conduction
- Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium: necessary for muscle contraction and heartbeat regulation
- Phosphorus: necessary for kidney function and heartbeat regularity
- Magnesium: necessary for blood pressure and heartbeat regulation
- Iron, magnesium, copper, zinc, iodine, and fluoride: essential trace minerals
Metabolism
- Anabolism: build-up of simple materials to complex substances
- Catabolism: breakdown of complex substances into simple substances
- Basic metabolic rate (BMR): minimum energy required to maintain bodily functions at rest while awake
- Factors increasing BMR: growth, infections, fever, emotional tension, extreme environmental temperature
- Factors decreasing BMR: aging, prolonged fasting, sleep
Nutrition
- Absorption: movement of smaller elements through digestive tract walls into the blood
- Psychologic factors affecting food habits: stage of development, state of health, medications, psychosocial, and sociocultural factors
- Nutritional assessment: health history, dysphagia (aided by chin-on-chest position)
Malnutrition
- Imbalance in nutrient intake and body's needs
- Types: taking less than what the body needs (malnutrition), taking more than what the body needs (obesity)
Classes of Nutrients
- Macronutrients (energy-supplying): carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
- Micronutrients (regulating body processes): vitamins and minerals
Carbohydrates
- 4 kcal/gram, 45-65% of total calories
- Classification: simple (broken down quickly) and complex (takes longer to break down)
Proteins
- 4 kcal/gram, 0.8g/kg recommended intake
- Composed of amino acids, complete or incomplete proteins
- Essential amino acids: cannot be produced by the body
Lipids
- 9 kcal/gram
- Classification: saturated (animal fats, raises cholesterol) and unsaturated (vegetables)
Vitamins
- Fat-soluble: A, D, E, and K, require fat for absorption
- Water-soluble: B complex and C, easily destroyed, must be ingested daily
- Deficiencies:
- Vitamin A: Xerophthalmia, night blindness, and cornea drying
- Vitamin D: Ricketts and Osteomalacia
- Vitamin E: Peripheral Neuropathy, Ataxia, and Decreased Immune Function
- Vitamin K: increased risk of bleeding
- Vitamin C: scurvy
- B Vitamins: various deficiencies, e.g., beriberi, Pellagra, anemia, and peripheral neuropathy
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Description
Test your knowledge on essential vitamins and minerals like Vitamin B9, Vitamin B12, Potassium, Iron, and more. Learn about their functions and food sources to prevent deficiencies.
