Anatomy: Head and Neck Part 1
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Questions and Answers

Which foramen is situated near the Greater palatine foramen?

  • Incisive foramen (correct)
  • Foramen spinosum
  • Jugular foramen
  • Inferior orbital fissure

    • What is the name of the bone that has a part called the Petrous part?

  • Palatine bone
  • Temporal bone (correct)
  • Occipital bone
  • Sphenoid bone

    • What is the name of the foramen that is close to the Stylomastoid foramen?

  • Jugular foramen
  • Foramen spinosum
  • Incisive foramen
  • Carotid canal (correct)

    • Which bone has a part called the Squamous part?

    <p>Temporal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that has a protuberance?

    <p>External occipital protuberance is not a bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is situated near the Spine of sphenoid?

    <p>Foramen spinosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the plate that is paired with the Lateral pterygoid plate?

    <p>Medial pterygoid plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foramen is situated near the Superior nuchal line?

    <p>Jugular foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many maxillae bones are present in the facial skeleton?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the frontal air sinuses?

    <p>To lighten the facial skeleton and act as voice resonators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone forms the lower border of the nasal cavity?

    <p>Maxilla bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many frontal bones are present in the facial skeleton?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nasal bones?

    <p>To form the bridge of the nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is NOT part of the facial skeleton?

    <p>Etlunold bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone articulates with the zygomatic bone laterally?

    <p>Frontal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the inferior conchae?

    <p>To warm and humidify the air we breathe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the tympanic plate on section?

    <p>C-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the anterior clinoid process?

    <p>Gives attachment to the tentorium cerebelli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boundary of the foramen lacerum?

    <p>The sharp lesser wing of the sphenoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the suprameatal crest?

    <p>Forms the bony part of the external auditory meatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the petrous part of the temporal bone and the basilar part of the occipital bone?

    <p>They together form the foramen lacerum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the suprameatal triangle?

    <p>Triangular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the chorda tympani nerve?

    <p>Exits the tympanic cavity through the medial end of the fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mandibular fossa?

    <p>Forms the upper articular surfaces for the temporomandibular joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?

    <p>Hypoglossal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the sigmoid sinus before it becomes the internal jugular vein?

    <p>Between petrous part of temporal and condylar part of occipital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery passes through the lacerum?

    <p>Internal carotid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nerves does NOT pass through the jugular foramen?

    <p>Facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which age group are skull fractures less common?

    <p>Infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ethmoid bone may be damaged in anterior cranial fossa fractures?

    <p>Cribiform plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

    <p>Vestibulocochlear nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that contains the medulla oblongata?

    <p>Foramen magnum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process that is located anterior to the mandibular notch?

    <p>Coronoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle attaches onto the anterior and medial aspects of the coronoid process?

    <p>Temporalis muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that connects the articular tubercle and the head of the mandible?

    <p>Temporomandibular joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the foramen that is located on the lateral surface of the body of the mandible?

    <p>Mental foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle attaches onto the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible?

    <p>Masseter muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bony structure that separates the coronoid and condyloid processes?

    <p>Mandibular notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the depression located on the base of the mandible, on either side of the symphysis menti?

    <p>Digastric fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the joint that connects the articular tubercle and the head of the mandible?

    <p>Temporomandibular joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the skin over the back of the scalp and reaches as high as the vertex of the skull?

    <p>Occipital artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve does the posterior auricular artery ascend with?

    <p>Auriculotemporal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the external carotid artery ascends behind the auricle to supply the scalp?

    <p>Potterl or auricular artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone forms the lateral orbital margin?

    <p>Zygomatic bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the nerve that serves the region developed from the frontonasal process?

    <p>Ophthalmic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery does the upper terminal branch of the external carotid artery ascend in front of the auricle with?

    <p>Auriculotemporal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve does the occipital artery ascend with?

    <p>Greater occipital nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bone that contains the maxillary air sinus?

    <p>Maxilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that completes the nose anteriorly?

    <p>Hyline cartilage and small cartilages of the ala nasi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the scalp above and behind the auricle?

    <p>Potterl or auricular artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone forms the medial orbital margin above?

    <p>Frontal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve does the upper terminal branch of the external carotid artery ascend with?

    <p>Auriculotemporal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bone that forms the lower third of the face?

    <p>Mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery ascends over the forehead in company with the supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves?

    <p>Ophthalmic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the skin of the face?

    <p>It has numerous sweat and sebaceous glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone articulates with the zygomatic bone laterally?

    <p>Maxilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is the orbicularis oculi?

    <p>Sphincter muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the buccinator muscle?

    <p>Forming the muscle layer of the cheek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for depressing the angle of the mouth?

    <p>Depressor anguli oris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is the levator labii superioris?

    <p>Elevator muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corrugator muscle?

    <p>Acting on the orbit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the buccinator muscle?

    <p>The alveolar margins of the maxilla and mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the buccinator muscle fibers at the angle of the mouth?

    <p>They decussate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the buccinator muscle and the orbicularis oris muscle?

    <p>They blend together to form a single muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fold of dura mater that roofs over the posterior cranial fossa?

    <p>Tentorium cerebelli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cartilage that forms the arch of the cricoid cartilage?

    <p>Thyroid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sinus located near the Agger nasi?

    <p>Frontal sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that separates the middle and inferior conchae?

    <p>Superior concha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the membrane that connects the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage?

    <p>Cricothyroid ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that forms the floor of the posterior cranial fossa?

    <p>Occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the ventricle located in the brain?

    <p>Fourth ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fold of dura mater that separates the cerebrum and cerebellum?

    <p>Tentorium cerebelli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of arachnoid villi in the superior sagittal sinus?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of substances between the cerebrospinal fluid and the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the inferior sagittal sinus lie?

    <p>In the free lower margin of the falx cerebri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site where the cerebrospinal fluid diffuses into the bloodstream?

    <p>Arachnoid villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that forms a sheath for the optic nerve and extends into the orbital cavity?

    <p>Arachnoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the point of convergence where the superior sagittal and straight sinuses join?

    <p>Confluence of sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sinus that lies at the junction of the falx cerebri with the tentorium cerebelli?

    <p>Straight sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that produces the cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>Choroid plexuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the arachnoid fuse with the epineurium of the cranial nerves?

    <p>At the point of exit from the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of extradural hemorrhage?

    <p>Damage to the meningeal arteries or veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

    <p>Sudden onset of symptoms, including severe headache and stiffness of the neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of burr holes in the skull?

    <p>To remove a blood clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the artery that is commonly damaged in extradural hemorrhage?

    <p>Anterior division of the middle meningeal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the chronic form of subdural hemorrhage?

    <p>Gradual formation of a hemorrhagic cyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method used to establish the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

    <p>Lumbar puncture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the enlarging blood clot in extradural hemorrhage?

    <p>Increases intracranial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the fracture of the skull that can cause damage to the middle meningeal artery?

    <p>Region of the pterion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual location of the hemorrhage in subdural hemorrhage?

    <p>Between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of intracranial hemorrhage in an infant?

    <p>Excessive molding of the head during birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of rupture of the thin-walled lenticulostriate artery on the middle cerebral artery?

    <p>Cerebral hemorrhage involving vital corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of tearing of the superior cerebral vein at its point of entrance into the superior sagittal sinus?

    <p>Subdural hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of excessive anteroposterior compression of the head?

    <p>Tearing of the anterior attachment of the falx cerebri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route for the spread of infection from the face to the cavernous sinus?

    <p>Through the facial vein and then the superior ophthalmic vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve travels through the cavernous sinus?

    <p>Cranial nerve VI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of rupture of the lenticulostriate artery?

    <p>Cerebral hemorrhage involving vital corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bony structure that protects the pituitary gland?

    <p>Sella turcica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cerebral hemorrhage on the patient?

    <p>The patient experiences hemiplegia on the opposite side of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of intracranial hemorrhage in infants?

    <p>It is more common than middle meningeal hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sinus drains into the transverse sinus through the superior petrosal llnua?

    <p>Cavernous sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that connects the cavernous sinus to the vertebral venous plexus?

    <p>Bulbar sinus plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is located in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?

    <p>Cranial nerve IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pituitary gland?

    <p>To produce hormones that regulate growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that attaches the pituitary gland to the undersurface of the brain?

    <p>Infundibulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers supply the dilator pupillae?

    <p>Sympathetic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball?

    <p>Aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sphincter pupillae?

    <p>To constrict the pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the layer that consists of the outer pigmented layer and the inner nervous layer?

    <p>Retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition that results from obstruction to the drainage of the aqueous humor?

    <p>Glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the long ciliary nerves?

    <p>To supply the dilator pupillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure where the aqueous humor is drained away?

    <p>Canal of Schlemm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the layer that is insensitive to light and is referred to as the blind apol?

    <p>Optic disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the external jugular vein?

    <p>From the posterior division of the retromandibular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a tributary of the external jugular vein?

    <p>Posterior auricular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the external jugular vein?

    <p>Across the angle of the mandible to the middle of the clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the course of the anterior jugular vein?

    <p>Down the neck close to the midline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the anterior jugular veins of the two sides unite?

    <p>Just above the suprasternal notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the trunk that unites the anterior jugular veins of the two sides?

    <p>Jugular arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a tributary of the external jugular vein?

    <p>Facial vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the posterior auricular vein?

    <p>From the posterior part of the scalp and neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the platysma muscle?

    <p>First pharyngeal arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for the innervation of the platysma muscle?

    <p>Facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance of the platysma muscle in relation to scars?

    <p>It can pull on the scar tissue, resulting in broad, unsightly scars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the extent of the great auricular nerve's supply?

    <p>The skin over the angle of the mandible, on the parotid gland, and on both surfaces of the auricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the lesser occipital nerve emerge from?

    <p>Behind the middle of the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the extent of the lesser occipital nerve's supply?

    <p>The skin on the anterior and lateral surfaces of the neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the platysma muscle be clinically identified?

    <p>By having the patient clench his or her jaws firmly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the course of the great auricular nerve?

    <p>It ascends across the sternocleidomastoid muscle and divides into branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the ligament that connects the styloid process to the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone?

    <p>Stylohyoid ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which triangle contains the submental lymph nodes and the anterior jugular vein?

    <p>Submental triangle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the muscle contained in the muscular triangle?

    <p>Infrahyoid muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of the maxillary artery after it bifurcates from the external carotid artery?

    <p>It passes forward across the infratemporal fossa and then deep, through the pterygomaxillary fissure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is contained in the carotid triangle?

    <p>Common carotid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary destination of the maxillary nerve branches?

    <p>The pterygopalatine ganglion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for supplying the pharyngeal region?

    <p>Pharyngeal nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the ligament that connects the hamular process of the medial pterygoid plate to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line of the mandible?

    <p>Pterygomandibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the canal through which the maxillary teeth and sinus are supplied?

    <p>Infraorbital canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which triangle contains the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

    <p>Muscular triangle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the mandibular nerve is responsible for supplying the muscles of mastication?

    <p>Motor branches to the muscles of mastication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the layer of deep fascia that surrounds the trachea and esophagus?

    <p>Pretracheal layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the foramen through which the maxillary nerve passes?

    <p>Inferior orbital fissure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which triangle contains the submandibular gland?

    <p>Submandibular triangle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for supplying the nasal cavity?

    <p>Nuopalatine nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of the superficial temporal artery after it bifurcates from the external carotid artery?

    <p>It runs upward into the temporal fossa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the vertebral artery turn downward and drain into?

    <p>The beginning of the left brachiocephalic vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is located behind the subclavian artery in the root of the neck?

    <p>The cervical dome of the pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a penetrating wound above the medial end of the clavicle?

    <p>Involvement of the apex of the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the subclavian artery and the apices of the lung?

    <p>The subclavian artery is medial to the apices of the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that covers the cervical dome of the pleura and the apices of the lung?

    <p>The euprapleural membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the apices of the lung in the root of the neck?

    <p>Behind the subclavian artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the right subclavian artery?

    <p>Brachiocephalic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the ophthalmic artery in relation to the internal carotid artery?

    <p>It arises from the internal carotid artery as it emerges from the cavernous sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the course of the subclavian artery?

    <p>It arches upward and laterally over the pleura and through the interscalene triangle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the central artery of the retina?

    <p>It is the only blood supply to the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the origin of the left subclavian artery and the aorta?

    <p>The left subclavian artery arises from the arch of the aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the subclavian artery at the outer border of the first rib?

    <p>It becomes the axillary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch of the internal carotid artery that passes forward between the optic nerve and the olfactory tract?

    <p>Anterior cerebral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the path of the posterior communicating artery?

    <p>It runs posteriorly to join the posterior cerebral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of descent of the internal thoracic artery?

    <p>Vertically, one fingerbreadth lateral to the sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the walls of the dural venous sinuses?

    <p>They are thick and have no valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What divisions does the internal thoracic artery divide into in the sixth intercostal space?

    <p>Superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the second part of the subclavian artery?

    <p>Behind the scalenus anterior muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch of the second part of the subclavian artery that runs backward over the dome of the pleura?

    <p>Costocervical trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the diploic veins?

    <p>Within the bones of the vault of the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the internal thoracic artery in the thorax?

    <p>It descends vertically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tributary of the dural venous sinuses?

    <p>Tributaries from the brain, the skull bones, the orbit, and the internal ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which canal does the nerve enter the facial canal?

    <p>Internal acoustic meatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the ganglion formed by the nerve in the middle ear?

    <p>Geniculate ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is supplied by the mylohyoid nerve?

    <p>Mylohyoid muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the roots of the nerve pass laterally in the posterior cranial fossa?

    <p>With the vestibulocochlear nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the lingual nerve?

    <p>Infratemporal fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of the lingual nerve?

    <p>Forward from the infratemporal fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the nerve frequently runs from the inferior alveolar nerve to the lingual nerve?

    <p>Communicating branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the lingual nerve in relation to the superior constrictor muscle?

    <p>Beneath the origin of the superior constrictor muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the stylopharyngeus muscle?

    <p>It assists in swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for the general sensation and taste from the posterior third of the tongue and pharynx?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is NOT innervated by the cranial root of the accessory nerve?

    <p>Trapezius muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vagus nerve in the alimentary tract?

    <p>It is involved in the involuntary muscle movement of the alimentary tract from the pharynx to the splenic flexure of the colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foramen do the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves pass through?

    <p>Jugular foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vagus nerve in the heart?

    <p>It is involved in the involuntary muscle movement of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Facial Skeleton

    • Consists of the following bones: 2 temporal bones, 1 sphenoid bone, 1 ethmoid bone, 2 zygomatic bones, 2 nasal bones, 2 lacrimal bones, 1 vomer, 2 palatine bones, and 1 mandible
    • The frontal bone articulates with the frontal processes of the maxillae and nasal bones medially, and with the zygomatic bone laterally

    Frontal Bone

    • Contains two hollow spaces lined with mucous membrane, the frontal air sinuses, which communicate with the nose and serve to lighten the facial skeleton and act as voice resonators
    • The orbital margins are bounded by the frontal bone superiorly, the zygomatic bone laterally, the maxilla inferiorly, and processes of the maxilla and frontal bone medially

    Temporal Bone

    • The mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the articular tubercle form the upper articular surfaces for the temporomandibular joint
    • The tympanic plate is a part of the temporal bone and forms the bony part of the external auditory meatus
    • The chorda tympani nerve exits the tympanic cavity through the medial end of the tympanomastoid fissure
    • The suprameatal crest, suprameatal triangle, and suprameatal spine are located on the lateral surface of the squamous part of the temporal bone

    Sphenoid Bone

    • The greater wing of the sphenoid forms the foramen lacerum with the petrous part of the temporal bone
    • The medial end of the lesser wing of the sphenoid forms the anterior clinoid process on each side, which gives attachment to the tentorium cerebelli

    Mandible

    • The mandible consists of a body and two rami, which unite at the angle of the mandible
    • The mandibular fossa is a depression on the base of the skull, which forms the upper articular surface of the temporomandibular joint
    • The mandible has a digastric fossa, a small roughened depression on the base, on either side of the symphysis menti
    • The anterior bellies of the digastric muscles attach to these fossae

    Temporomandibular Joint

    • The temporomandibular joint is a synovial articulation between the articular tubercle and the anterior portion of the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone above and the head (condylar process) of the mandible below

    Arterial Supply to the Scalp

    • The posterior auricular artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, supplies the scalp above and behind the auricle.
    • The occipital artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, ascends from the apex of the posterior triangle and supplies the skin over the back of the scalp.
    • The superficial temporal artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, ascends in front of the auricle and supplies the scalp in company with the auriculotemporal nerve.

    Nerve Supply to the Scalp

    • The supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves, branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, ascend over the forehead in company with the supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries.
    • The zygomaticotemporal nerve, a branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve, supplies the scalp above and in front of the auricle.
    • The occipital nerve, a branch of the cervical spinal nerve, supplies the scalp over the back of the head.

    Bones of the Face

    • The zygomatic bone forms the lateral orbital margin.
    • The maxilla forms the inferior orbital margin and contains the maxillary air sinus.
    • The nasal bone forms the root of the nose.
    • The frontal bone forms the medial orbital margin.

    Muscles of the Face

    • The orbicularis oculi is the sphincter muscle of the eyelids.
    • The corrugator and procerus muscles also act on the orbit.
    • The buccinator muscle originates from the outer surface of the alveolar margins of the maxilla and mandible and forms the muscle layer of the cheek.
    • The risorius, zygomaticus, and buccinator muscles move the lips and mouth.

    Venous Drainage

    • The scalp drains into the vertebral veins or the internal jugular vein.
    • The overlap of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve is slight compared to the considerable overlap of dermatomes of the trunk and limbs.

    Head and Neck

    • The tentorium cerebelli is a crescent-shaped fold of dura mater that roofs over the posterior cranial fossa.
    • The arachnoid villi and granulations project into the lacunae.
    • The superior sagittal sinus receives the superior cerebral veins.
    • The inferior sagittal sinus lies in the free lower margin of the falx cerebri and runs backward to join the great cerebral vein to form the straight sinus.
    • The confluence of sinuses overlies the internal occipital protuberance.

    Cerebrospinal Fluid

    • The arachnoid fuses with the epineurium of the cranial nerves at their point of exit from the skull.
    • The arachnoid forms a sheath for the optic nerve that extends into the orbital cavity.
    • The subarachnoid space extends around the optic nerve as far as the eyeball.
    • The choroid plexuses within the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles of the brain produce the cerebrospinal fluid.

    Cavernous Sinus

    • Drains posteriorly into the transverse sinus through the superior petrosal llnua and into the sigmoid sinus
    • Connects to the vertebral venous plexus through the foramen magnum
    • Has several emissary vein connections through the floor of the middle cranial fossa into the pterygoid and pharyngeal venous plexuses
    • Drains into the bulbar plexus, which connects to the vertebral venous plexus
    • Connects to the facial vein and superior ophthalmic vein, allowing for the spread of infection from the face

    Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis Cerebri)

    • A small, oval organ attached to the undersurface of the brain by the infundibulum
    • Located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
    • Vital to life and protected by its location
    • Internal carotid artery and abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI) travel through it

    Intracranial Hemorrhage

    • Can result from trauma or cerebral vascular lesions
    • Four varieties: extradural, subdural, subarachnoid, and cerebral
    • Extradural (epidural) hemorrhage results from injuries to the meningeal arteries or veins
    • Subdural hemorrhage results from tearing of the superior cerebral veins at their point of entrance into the superior sagittal sinus
    • Subarachnoid hemorrhage results from leakage or rupture of a congenital aneurysm on the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis) or from an angioma
    • Cerebral hemorrhage results from rupture of the thin-walled lenticulostriate artery, a branch of the middle cerebral artery

    Clinical Notes

    • Intracranial hemorrhage may produce acute symptoms, including severe headache, stiffness of the neck, and loss of consciousness
    • Diagnosis is established by withdrawing heavily blood-stained cerebrospinal fluid through a lumbar puncture
    • Rupture of the thin-walled lenticulostriate artery generally causes cerebral hemorrhage, involving the vital corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers in the internal capsule and producing hemiplegia on the opposite side of the body

    Orbit and Eye

    • Postganglionic fibers pass forward to the eyeball in the short ciliary nerves, making the optic disc insensitive to light, referred to as the blind apo.
    • The dilator pupillae is supplied by sympathetic fibers, which pass forward to the eyeball in the long ciliary nerves, and dilates the pupil in the presence of low-intensity light or excessive sympathetic activity.
    • The sphincter pupillae constricts the pupil in the presence of bright light and during accommodation.

    Aqueous Humor

    • Aqueous humor is a clear fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball.
    • It is believed to be a secretion from the ciliary processes and enters the posterior chamber, then flows into the anterior chamber through the pupil.
    • The aqueous humor is drained away through the spaces at the iridocorneal angle into the canal of Schlemm.

    Nervous Coat

    • The inner nervous (sensory) coat consists of the retina, which consists of an outer pigmented layer and an inner nervous layer.
    • The outer surface of the retina is in contact with the choroid and sclera of the orbit.

    Maxillary Nerve Branches

    • Ganglionic branches to the pterygopalatine ganglion
    • Zygomatic nerve
    • Posterior superior alveolar nerve
    • Infraorbital nerve
    • Greater and lesser palatine nerves
    • Nasopalatine nerve
    • Pharyngeal nerve

    Arteries

    • The external carotid artery terminates at approximately the neck of the mandible by bifurcating into the superficial temporal and maxillary arteries.
    • The superficial temporal artery is the smaller branch and runs upward into the temporal fossa.
    • The maxillary artery is the larger branch, passes forward across the infratemporal fossa, and then deep into the pterygopalatine fossa.

    Mandibular Nerve Branches

    • Meningeal (spinal) nerve
    • Motor branches to the muscles of mastication, tensor veli palatini, and tensor tympani

    Platysma

    • The platysma is a thin, broad, clinically important muscular sheet embedded in the superficial fascia.
    • It is located mainly in the neck, but is one of the facial muscles derived from the first pharyngeal arch and innervated by the facial nerve.
    • The platysma can be seen as a thin sheet of muscle just beneath the skin by having the patient clench their jaws firmly.

    Veins

    • The external jugular vein has the following tributaries:
      • Posterior auricular vein
      • Posterior division of the retromandibular vein
      • Posterior external jugular vein
      • Transverse cervical vein
      • Suprascapular vein
      • Anterior jugular vein

    Cervical Ligaments

    • Stylohyoid ligament: Connects the styloid process to the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone.
    • Stylomandibular ligament: Connects the styloid process to the angle of the mandible.
    • Sphenomandibular ligament: Connects the spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingula of the mandible.
    • Pterygomandibular ligament (raphe): Connects the hamular process of the medial pterygoid plate to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line of the mandible.

    Triangles of the Neck

    • Occipital triangle: Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, inferior belly of omohyoid
    • Omoclavicular (subclavian) triangle: Sternocleidomastoid, inferior belly of omohyoid, clavicle
    • Major triangle contents:
      • Muscular triangle: Infrahyoid muscles, thyroid and parathyroid glands
      • Carotid triangle: Common carotid artery, carotid sinus, carotid body
      • Submental triangle: Submental lymph nodes, anterior jugular vein
      • Submandibular triangle: Submandibular gland

    Subclavian Artery

    • The subclavian artery turns downward and drains into the beginning of the left brachiocephalic vein at the medial border of the scalenus anterior.
    • It may also end in the terminal part of the subclavian or internal jugular veins.

    Pleura and Lung Injuries in the Root of the Neck

    • The cervical dome of the pleura and the apices of the lung extend up into the root of the neck on each side.
    • They are covered by the euprapleural membrane and lie behind the subclavian artery.
    • A penetrating wound above the medial end of the clavicle may involve the apex of the lung.

    Main Arteries of the Head and Neck

    • The ophthalmic artery arises from the internal carotid artery and passes forward into the orbital cavity through the optic canal.
    • It distributes throughout the orbit and gives off the central artery of the retina, which enters the optic nerve and runs forward to enter the eyeball.
    • The central artery is an end artery and the only blood supply to the retina.

    Subclavian System

    • The subclavian system consists of the paired subclavian arteries and their branches.
    • The right subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery, behind the right sternoclavicular joint.
    • It arches upward and laterally over the pleura and through the interscalene triangle between the scalenus anterior and medius muscles.
    • The left subclavian artery arises from the arch of the aorta in the thorax and ascends to the root of the neck.

    Internal Thoracic Artery

    • The internal thoracic artery descends into the thorax behind the first costal cartilage and in front of the pleura.
    • It descends vertically one fingerbreadth lateral to the sternum and divides into the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries in the sixth intercostal space.

    Dural Venous Sinuses

    • The dural sinuses are situated between the endothelial and meningeal layers of the dura mater.
    • They have thick, fibrous walls but possess no valves.
    • They receive tributaries from the brain, the skull bones, the orbit, and the internal ear.

    Cranial Nerves

    • The vagus nerve has motor and sensory functions, including constriction of the pharynx and larynx, involuntary muscles of the trachea and bronchi, and taste from the epiglottis and vallecula.
    • The accessory nerve has motor functions, including muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx, as well as the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
    • The hypoglossal nerve has motor functions, including the muscles of the tongue.

    Clinical Notes

    • Lingual nerve injury may occur as it passes forward into the submandibular region from the infratemporal fossa.
    • Pleura and lung injuries may occur in the root of the neck due to penetrating wounds above the medial end of the clavicle.

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    Description

    Learn about the bones of the facial skeleton and their articulations, including the frontal bone and its features.

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