GGR Final

Time-Space Compression

• Technological advances in transport and communication have shrunk the world unevenly.
• It explains the growing urban interconnectedness
• It explains how cities impact mobility differently based on the existing infrastructure.
• The Calais crossing shows how elite travelers move freely, while asylum seekers face restrictions.

Dish With One Spoon Wampum

• A treaty between Indigenous nations symbolizes shared land, care, and sustainability.
• It involves using one spoon to ensure resources are sustained.
• It promotes Indigenous values of relational governance and mutual care.
• It challenges colonial ideas of land ownership.
• It reappears in Week 11 when the topic of sustainable ecosystems and ethical urban development is discusses.

The Three Cities Model

• Hulchanski's model divides Toronto into City #1 and City #2.
• City #1 is characterized as being growing and rich.
• City #2 is characterized as shrinking and middle income.
• It highlights urban inequality and racialized poverty within Toronto's geography.

Wealth vs. Income

• Income refers to earnings from work.
• Wealth refers to accumulated assets like property or inheritance.
• Wealth can be inherited and isn't captured in census data.
• The lack of capture in census data hides deep structural inequality.
• Redlining in Canada and the U.S. has prevented Black families from building generational wealth.

Precarious Work

• Insecure, low-wage, and often part-time employment with no benefits.
• It disproportionately affects racialized and gendered individuals.
• It reflects economic restructuring under globalization and deepens inequality.
• It has significance in urban studies.

Cooperatives

• Businesses are owned and run collectively by members like workers, customers, and residents.
• They provide equitable, community-based alternatives to precarious work.
• The East Scarborough Storefront supports job training and integrated services as a cooperative solution.

Use and Exchange Value

• Use Value refers to the benefit a space provides, such as a music venue.
• Exchange Value refers to the monetary profit potential of a space.

Growth Coalition

• A network of developers, politicians, and elites promote urban growth for profit.
• They often sideline community interests.
• They can fuel displacement and inequality by prioritizing profit over use value.
• The transformation of Mirvish Village from a cultural space into luxury condos illustrates this.

Gentrification

• It is the redevelopment of disinvested areas, which leads to increased property values.
• It leads to the displacement of existing communities.
• It illustrates how economic and cultural shifts change who belongs where in the city.
• The displacement of Little Jamaica due to transit-related development without adequate support is an example.

Automobility

• A system where cities prioritize cars in design and infrastructure shapes how people move and live.
• It marginalizes other forms of transit and contributes to environmental and spatial injustice.
• The proposed bike lane removals, which prioritize car flow over sustainable alternatives, are an example of this in Toronto.

St. Lawrence Neighbourhood

• A mixed-income housing development in downtown Toronto prioritizes affordability and community needs.

Curitiba

• Curitiba is a Brazilian city that pioneered Bus Rapid Transit (BRT).
• The city pioneered integrated transit planning into urban growth.
• It models sustainable, equitable urban development through transit-centered growth.
• Its 1974 BRT system used dedicated lanes and affordable fares to improve accessibility.

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

• A cost-effective, high-speed bus system, featuring dedicated lanes and quick boarding.
• It provides accessible, efficient transit in underserved or growing areas without the cost of subways.
• The Bus Riders Union in LA fought for expanded BRT lanes and fair fares for underserved communities.
• BRT is important for cities as it allows for accessible efficient transit in growing areas.

Brain Drain

• The emigration of highly skilled workers from the Global South to the Global North creates shortages back home.
• Canada's recruitment of Filipino nurses, contributing to a health crisis in the Philippines, is an example.
• It highlights global inequality in education, health, and opportunity.

Segregation Wall

• A physical barrier between Israel and Palestine symbolizes control, restriction, and resistance.
• It represents how urban infrastructure is weaponized against marginalized populations.
• Palestinian art murals and light projections challenging occupation and injustice are a form of resistance.

Food Desert

• An urban area where there is limited access to affordable, nutritious food access, often in low-income neighborhoods.
• Inner suburbs like parts of Scarborough lack grocery access and face transit barriers.
• Food deserts expose inequality in infrastructure, mobility, and public health.