Cognitive Development and Piaget's Theory
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Questions and Answers

What is cognition according to Piaget?

  • The physical process of sensing the world
  • The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses (correct)
  • The ability to adapt to new environments
  • The process of remembering past experiences

    • What is the primary way children explore the world during the Sensorimotor Stage?

  • Through reading and writing
  • Through social interaction with others
  • Through senses and motor activity (correct)
  • Through logical thought and reasoning

    • What is the term for the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?

  • Disequilibrium
  • Accommodation
  • Assimilation (correct)
  • Equilibrium

    • What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?

    <p>Egocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of development during which children are pre-logical and lack operational thinking?

    <p>Preoperational Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the state of balance between existing schemas and new information?

    <p>Equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of adaptation processes in Piaget's theory?

    <p>To enable the transition from one stage to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does a child typically develop abstract reasoning ability and understand conservation of matter?

    <p>7-11 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of language in the social constructivist theory of cognitive development?

    <p>To represent reality and to distance the individual in relation to the here and now</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the upper limit of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

    <p>The level of potential skill that the child can reach with the assistance of a teacher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?

    <p>Underestimated the impact of culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a child in the Formal Operations stage?

    <p>Ability to think abstractly and reason logically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of providing individualized support to gradually improve a learner's ability to the next level based on prior knowledge?

    <p>Scaffolding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a child in the Preoperational Stage?

    <p>Has difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the concept of scaffolding as an instructional technique?

    <p>Jerome Bruner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the perception an individual has about themselves, including their traits, preferences, social roles, values, and beliefs?

    <p>Self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?

    <p>15-18 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?

    <p>Overestimation of abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of egocentrism, according to the content?

    <p>Perspective taking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?

    <p>Shift to internal traits and abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective, according to Selman?

    <p>Perspective taking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist(s) is/are associated with the concept of self-concept?

    <p>Bandura, Erikson, and Rogers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sense of one's own worth or value?

    <p>Self-worth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the adult population is estimated to attain the post-conventional level of morality?

    <p>20 to 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do human babies need others to survive?

    <p>Because they are relatively helpless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the first phase of attachment formation (0-2 months)?

    <p>The infant shows no preference among caregivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of a person does the Intellectual Self deal with?

    <p>Intelligence and decision-making ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between separation and deprivation?

    <p>Separation is when an infant is no longer with its main caregiver, while deprivation refers to the break in an infant's attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-efficacy?

    <p>A person's confidence in their ability to exert control over their own motivation, behavior, and social environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Type B infants in terms of attachment?

    <p>They are upset when their mother leaves, but are okay with a stranger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

    <p>How one's sense of morality changes with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development does a person's ethical decisions become based on concern for others' opinions?

    <p>Stage 3: Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Czech twins studied by Koluchova in 1972?

    <p>By 11, their speech was normal, and by 15, their IQ was normal for their age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of emotional attachment?

    <p>It is an emotional response to caregiving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of morality?

    <p>The difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of infants in the fourth phase of attachment formation (24 months)?

    <p>They can increasingly tolerate short parental absences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a moral dilemma?

    <p>An ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development does a person's judgments of good and bad become influenced by universal moral principles?

    <p>Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Bodily Self?

    <p>A person's body and how well they take care of it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of schemas in Piaget's cognitive theory?

    <p>To organize and represent knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?

    <p>15-18 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?

    <p>Disequilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?

    <p>Concrete descriptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage do children begin to understand cause and effect?

    <p>Sensorimotor Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?

    <p>Perspective taking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist(s) is/are associated with the concept of self-concept?

    <p>Bandura, Erikson, Rogers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage where children test and explore hypotheses about the world?

    <p>Sensorimotor Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?

    <p>Egocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sense of one's own worth or value?

    <p>Self-worth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Preoperational Stage?

    <p>Children are unable to take another person's perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?

    <p>Internal traits and abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of egocentrism?

    <p>Perspective taking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?

    <p>Assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children in the Preoperational Stage?

    <p>Difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do infants develop a basic sense of self?

    <p>0-2 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Vygotsky's social constructivist theory, what is the primary function of language?

    <p>To represent reality and distance the individual from the present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the instructional technique introduced by Jerome Bruner?

    <p>Scaffolding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?

    <p>Underestimated the impact of culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the upper limit of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

    <p>The level of potential skill that the child can reach with the assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children in the Concrete Operational Stage?

    <p>Ability to see more than one aspect of a problem at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of language in Lev Vygotsky's social constructivist theory?

    <p>To represent reality and to distance the individual from the present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children in the Formal Operations stage?

    <p>Ability to think about hypothetical situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Bodily Self?

    <p>Physical health and wellness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, at what stage do individuals' judgments of good and bad become influenced by universal moral principles?

    <p>Stage 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Ideal Self?

    <p>It is the kind of person we would like to be</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of morality?

    <p>Our understanding of right and wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-efficacy?

    <p>Our confidence in our ability to control our motivation, behavior, and social environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a moral dilemma?

    <p>An ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Intellectual Self?

    <p>It deals with our intelligence and ability to make good decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, at what stage do ethical decisions become based on concern for others' opinions?

    <p>Stage 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bowlby, what is the primary characteristic of the third phase of attachment formation?

    <p>Infants display separation anxiety and stranger anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between separation and deprivation?

    <p>Separation refers to the physical absence of the caregiver, while deprivation refers to the break in an infant's attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what percentage of infants are classified as Type C in terms of attachment?

    <p>12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the post-conventional level of morality, according to Kohlberg?

    <p>Universal moral principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the first phase of attachment formation, according to Bowlby?

    <p>Infants show no preference among caregivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

    <p>Moral Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the Czech twins studied by Koluchova in 1972?

    <p>They developed normally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of emotional attachment?

    <p>Emotional bond between infant and caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the adult population is estimated to attain the post-conventional level of morality?

    <p>20 to 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do human babies need others to survive?

    <p>Because they are relatively helpless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is attachment?

    <p>A strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Type B infants in terms of attachment?

    <p>They just get upset when the mother goes and are okay with the stranger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is separation?

    <p>When an infant is no longer with its main caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the first phase of attachment formation (0-2 months)?

    <p>Infant shows no preference among caregivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the Czech twins studied by Koluchova in 1972?

    <p>Their speech was normal by age 11, and their IQ was normal for their age by 15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between separation and deprivation?

    <p>Separation refers to the absence of a caregiver, while deprivation is a break in an infant's attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emotional attachment?

    <p>An innate tendency to seek direct contact with an adult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

    <p>The development of moral reasoning in individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognition

    • Cognition is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
    • Jean Piaget's cognitive theory consists of three basic components:
      • Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
      • Adaptation processes: processes that enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
      • Stages of development: equilibrium vs disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation

    Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

    • Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
      • Explore the world through senses and motor activity
      • Can't tell the difference between themselves and the environment
      • Begin to understand cause and effect
    • Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
      • Rapidly developing language and communication
      • Can imagine the future and reflect on the past
      • Develop basic numerical abilities
      • Have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
    • Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
      • Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from the concrete increases
      • Understand conservation of matter
      • Understand hierarchic categories
      • Ability in seriation
    • Formal Operations (12 to about 15):
      • Adult thinking
      • Able to think about hypothetical situations
      • Form and test hypotheses
      • Organize information
      • Reason scientifically

    Criticisms of Piaget

    • Tasks were methodologically flawed
    • Underestimated the impact of culture

    Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory

    • Highlights the role of social and cultural interactions
    • Importance of language:
      • Allows us to represent reality and to distance the individual in relation to here and now
      • Allows users to communicate with each other
    • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
      • Lower limit: child working independently
      • Upper limit: level of potential skill that the child can reach with assistance
    • Scaffolding: an instructional technique that provides individualized support

    Self-Concept

    • All the characteristics of the person
    • Self-concept: perception about oneself
    • Develops throughout the lifespan
    • Children recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
    • Infants have a basic sense of self in the first few months of life
    • By 30 months, children can recognize their own photograph

    Development of Self-Awareness

    • Early childhood:
      • Confusion of self, mind, and body
      • Concrete descriptions
      • Physical descriptions
      • Behavior/Activities
      • Overestimation of abilities
    • Middle and late childhood:
      • Shift to internal traits and abilities
      • Social role descriptions
      • Real and ideal selves
      • More realistic about abilities

    Morality

    • Our understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
    • Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
    • Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
      • Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
        • Stage 1: Punishment Obedience Orientation
        • Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
      • Level 2: Conventional Morality
        • Stage 3: Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation
        • Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
      • Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality
        • Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
        • Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation

    Attachment

    • First social relationship; Strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
    • Infants show their attachment through proximity-seeking behaviors
    • Bowlby's phases of attachment formation:
      • Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
      • Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
      • Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (7-24 months)
      • Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
    • Deprivation: break in an infant's attachment
    • Separation: when an infant is no longer with its main caregiver

    Cognition

    • Cognition is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
    • Jean Piaget's cognitive theory consists of three basic components:
      • Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
      • Adaptation processes: processes that enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
      • Stages of development: equilibrium vs disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation

    Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

    • Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
      • Explore the world through senses and motor activity
      • Can't tell the difference between themselves and the environment
      • Begin to understand cause and effect
    • Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
      • Rapidly developing language and communication
      • Can imagine the future and reflect on the past
      • Develop basic numerical abilities
      • Have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
    • Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
      • Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from the concrete increases
      • Understand conservation of matter
      • Understand hierarchic categories
      • Ability in seriation
    • Formal Operations (12 to about 15):
      • Adult thinking
      • Able to think about hypothetical situations
      • Form and test hypotheses
      • Organize information
      • Reason scientifically

    Criticisms of Piaget

    • Tasks were methodologically flawed
    • Underestimated the impact of culture

    Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory

    • Highlights the role of social and cultural interactions
    • Importance of language:
      • Allows us to represent reality and to distance the individual in relation to here and now
      • Allows users to communicate with each other
    • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
      • Lower limit: child working independently
      • Upper limit: level of potential skill that the child can reach with assistance
    • Scaffolding: an instructional technique that provides individualized support

    Self-Concept

    • All the characteristics of the person
    • Self-concept: perception about oneself
    • Develops throughout the lifespan
    • Children recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
    • Infants have a basic sense of self in the first few months of life
    • By 30 months, children can recognize their own photograph

    Development of Self-Awareness

    • Early childhood:
      • Confusion of self, mind, and body
      • Concrete descriptions
      • Physical descriptions
      • Behavior/Activities
      • Overestimation of abilities
    • Middle and late childhood:
      • Shift to internal traits and abilities
      • Social role descriptions
      • Real and ideal selves
      • More realistic about abilities

    Morality

    • Our understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
    • Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
    • Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
      • Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
        • Stage 1: Punishment Obedience Orientation
        • Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
      • Level 2: Conventional Morality
        • Stage 3: Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation
        • Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
      • Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality
        • Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
        • Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation

    Attachment

    • First social relationship; Strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
    • Infants show their attachment through proximity-seeking behaviors
    • Bowlby's phases of attachment formation:
      • Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
      • Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
      • Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (7-24 months)
      • Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
    • Deprivation: break in an infant's attachment
    • Separation: when an infant is no longer with its main caregiver

    Cognition

    • Cognition is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
    • Jean Piaget's cognitive theory consists of three basic components:
      • Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
      • Adaptation processes: processes that enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
      • Stages of development: equilibrium vs disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation

    Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

    • Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
      • Explore the world through senses and motor activity
      • Can't tell the difference between themselves and the environment
      • Begin to understand cause and effect
    • Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
      • Rapidly developing language and communication
      • Can imagine the future and reflect on the past
      • Develop basic numerical abilities
      • Have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
    • Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
      • Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from the concrete increases
      • Understand conservation of matter
      • Understand hierarchic categories
      • Ability in seriation
    • Formal Operations (12 to about 15):
      • Adult thinking
      • Able to think about hypothetical situations
      • Form and test hypotheses
      • Organize information
      • Reason scientifically

    Criticisms of Piaget

    • Tasks were methodologically flawed
    • Underestimated the impact of culture

    Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory

    • Highlights the role of social and cultural interactions
    • Importance of language:
      • Allows us to represent reality and to distance the individual in relation to here and now
      • Allows users to communicate with each other
    • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
      • Lower limit: child working independently
      • Upper limit: level of potential skill that the child can reach with assistance
    • Scaffolding: an instructional technique that provides individualized support

    Self-Concept

    • All the characteristics of the person
    • Self-concept: perception about oneself
    • Develops throughout the lifespan
    • Children recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
    • Infants have a basic sense of self in the first few months of life
    • By 30 months, children can recognize their own photograph

    Development of Self-Awareness

    • Early childhood:
      • Confusion of self, mind, and body
      • Concrete descriptions
      • Physical descriptions
      • Behavior/Activities
      • Overestimation of abilities
    • Middle and late childhood:
      • Shift to internal traits and abilities
      • Social role descriptions
      • Real and ideal selves
      • More realistic about abilities

    Morality

    • Our understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
    • Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
    • Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
      • Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
        • Stage 1: Punishment Obedience Orientation
        • Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
      • Level 2: Conventional Morality
        • Stage 3: Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation
        • Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
      • Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality
        • Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
        • Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation

    Attachment

    • First social relationship; Strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
    • Infants show their attachment through proximity-seeking behaviors
    • Bowlby's phases of attachment formation:
      • Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
      • Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
      • Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (7-24 months)
      • Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
    • Deprivation: break in an infant's attachment
    • Separation: when an infant is no longer with its main caregiver

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    Explore the concept of cognition and Jean Piaget's cognitive theory, including schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development.

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