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What is cognition according to Piaget?
What is cognition according to Piaget?
- The physical process of sensing the world
- The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses (correct)
- The ability to adapt to new environments
- The process of remembering past experiences
What is the primary way children explore the world during the Sensorimotor Stage?
What is the primary way children explore the world during the Sensorimotor Stage?
- Through reading and writing
- Through social interaction with others
- Through senses and motor activity (correct)
- Through logical thought and reasoning
What is the term for the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
What is the term for the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
- Disequilibrium
- Accommodation
- Assimilation (correct)
- Equilibrium
What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?
What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?
What is the stage of development during which children are pre-logical and lack operational thinking?
What is the stage of development during which children are pre-logical and lack operational thinking?
What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
What is the term for the state of balance between existing schemas and new information?
What is the term for the state of balance between existing schemas and new information?
What is the primary function of adaptation processes in Piaget's theory?
What is the primary function of adaptation processes in Piaget's theory?
At what age does a child typically develop abstract reasoning ability and understand conservation of matter?
At what age does a child typically develop abstract reasoning ability and understand conservation of matter?
What is the primary role of language in the social constructivist theory of cognitive development?
What is the primary role of language in the social constructivist theory of cognitive development?
What is the upper limit of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
What is the upper limit of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?
What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?
What is the primary characteristic of a child in the Formal Operations stage?
What is the primary characteristic of a child in the Formal Operations stage?
What is the term for the process of providing individualized support to gradually improve a learner's ability to the next level based on prior knowledge?
What is the term for the process of providing individualized support to gradually improve a learner's ability to the next level based on prior knowledge?
What is the primary characteristic of a child in the Preoperational Stage?
What is the primary characteristic of a child in the Preoperational Stage?
Who introduced the concept of scaffolding as an instructional technique?
Who introduced the concept of scaffolding as an instructional technique?
What is the term for the perception an individual has about themselves, including their traits, preferences, social roles, values, and beliefs?
What is the term for the perception an individual has about themselves, including their traits, preferences, social roles, values, and beliefs?
At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
What is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
What is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
What is the opposite of egocentrism, according to the content?
What is the opposite of egocentrism, according to the content?
Which of the following is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
Which of the following is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective, according to Selman?
What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective, according to Selman?
Which theorist(s) is/are associated with the concept of self-concept?
Which theorist(s) is/are associated with the concept of self-concept?
What is the term for the sense of one's own worth or value?
What is the term for the sense of one's own worth or value?
What percentage of the adult population is estimated to attain the post-conventional level of morality?
What percentage of the adult population is estimated to attain the post-conventional level of morality?
Why do human babies need others to survive?
Why do human babies need others to survive?
What is the primary characteristic of the first phase of attachment formation (0-2 months)?
What is the primary characteristic of the first phase of attachment formation (0-2 months)?
What aspect of a person does the Intellectual Self deal with?
What aspect of a person does the Intellectual Self deal with?
What is the primary difference between separation and deprivation?
What is the primary difference between separation and deprivation?
What is self-efficacy?
What is self-efficacy?
What is the primary characteristic of Type B infants in terms of attachment?
What is the primary characteristic of Type B infants in terms of attachment?
What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
At what stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development does a person's ethical decisions become based on concern for others' opinions?
At what stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development does a person's ethical decisions become based on concern for others' opinions?
What was the outcome of the Czech twins studied by Koluchova in 1972?
What was the outcome of the Czech twins studied by Koluchova in 1972?
What is the primary characteristic of emotional attachment?
What is the primary characteristic of emotional attachment?
What is the primary focus of morality?
What is the primary focus of morality?
What is the primary characteristic of infants in the fourth phase of attachment formation (24 months)?
What is the primary characteristic of infants in the fourth phase of attachment formation (24 months)?
What is a moral dilemma?
What is a moral dilemma?
At what stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development does a person's judgments of good and bad become influenced by universal moral principles?
At what stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development does a person's judgments of good and bad become influenced by universal moral principles?
What is the primary focus of the Bodily Self?
What is the primary focus of the Bodily Self?
What is the primary function of schemas in Piaget's cognitive theory?
What is the primary function of schemas in Piaget's cognitive theory?
At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
What is the outcome when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?
What is the outcome when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?
What is the characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
What is the characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
During which stage do children begin to understand cause and effect?
During which stage do children begin to understand cause and effect?
What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?
What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?
Which theorist(s) is/are associated with the concept of self-concept?
Which theorist(s) is/are associated with the concept of self-concept?
What is the term for the stage where children test and explore hypotheses about the world?
What is the term for the stage where children test and explore hypotheses about the world?
What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?
What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?
What is the term for the sense of one's own worth or value?
What is the term for the sense of one's own worth or value?
What is the primary characteristic of the Preoperational Stage?
What is the primary characteristic of the Preoperational Stage?
Which of the following is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
Which of the following is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
What is the opposite of egocentrism?
What is the opposite of egocentrism?
What is the term for the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
What is the term for the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
What is a characteristic of children in the Preoperational Stage?
What is a characteristic of children in the Preoperational Stage?
When do infants develop a basic sense of self?
When do infants develop a basic sense of self?
According to Vygotsky's social constructivist theory, what is the primary function of language?
According to Vygotsky's social constructivist theory, what is the primary function of language?
What is the term for the instructional technique introduced by Jerome Bruner?
What is the term for the instructional technique introduced by Jerome Bruner?
What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?
What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?
What is the upper limit of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
What is the upper limit of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
What is a characteristic of children in the Concrete Operational Stage?
What is a characteristic of children in the Concrete Operational Stage?
What is the primary role of language in Lev Vygotsky's social constructivist theory?
What is the primary role of language in Lev Vygotsky's social constructivist theory?
What is a characteristic of children in the Formal Operations stage?
What is a characteristic of children in the Formal Operations stage?
What is the primary focus of the Bodily Self?
What is the primary focus of the Bodily Self?
According to Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, at what stage do individuals' judgments of good and bad become influenced by universal moral principles?
According to Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, at what stage do individuals' judgments of good and bad become influenced by universal moral principles?
What is the primary characteristic of the Ideal Self?
What is the primary characteristic of the Ideal Self?
What is the primary focus of morality?
What is the primary focus of morality?
What is self-efficacy?
What is self-efficacy?
What is a moral dilemma?
What is a moral dilemma?
What is the primary characteristic of the Intellectual Self?
What is the primary characteristic of the Intellectual Self?
According to Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, at what stage do ethical decisions become based on concern for others' opinions?
According to Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, at what stage do ethical decisions become based on concern for others' opinions?
According to Bowlby, what is the primary characteristic of the third phase of attachment formation?
According to Bowlby, what is the primary characteristic of the third phase of attachment formation?
What is the primary difference between separation and deprivation?
What is the primary difference between separation and deprivation?
According to the content, what percentage of infants are classified as Type C in terms of attachment?
According to the content, what percentage of infants are classified as Type C in terms of attachment?
What is the primary characteristic of the post-conventional level of morality, according to Kohlberg?
What is the primary characteristic of the post-conventional level of morality, according to Kohlberg?
What is the primary characteristic of the first phase of attachment formation, according to Bowlby?
What is the primary characteristic of the first phase of attachment formation, according to Bowlby?
What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
What is the outcome of the Czech twins studied by Koluchova in 1972?
What is the outcome of the Czech twins studied by Koluchova in 1972?
What is the primary characteristic of emotional attachment?
What is the primary characteristic of emotional attachment?
What percentage of the adult population is estimated to attain the post-conventional level of morality?
What percentage of the adult population is estimated to attain the post-conventional level of morality?
Why do human babies need others to survive?
Why do human babies need others to survive?
What is attachment?
What is attachment?
What is the primary characteristic of Type B infants in terms of attachment?
What is the primary characteristic of Type B infants in terms of attachment?
What is separation?
What is separation?
What is the primary characteristic of the first phase of attachment formation (0-2 months)?
What is the primary characteristic of the first phase of attachment formation (0-2 months)?
What is the outcome of the Czech twins studied by Koluchova in 1972?
What is the outcome of the Czech twins studied by Koluchova in 1972?
What is the primary difference between separation and deprivation?
What is the primary difference between separation and deprivation?
What is emotional attachment?
What is emotional attachment?
What is the focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
What is the focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
Study Notes
Cognition
- Cognition is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
- Jean Piaget's cognitive theory consists of three basic components:
- Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
- Adaptation processes: processes that enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
- Stages of development: equilibrium vs disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
- Explore the world through senses and motor activity
- Can't tell the difference between themselves and the environment
- Begin to understand cause and effect
- Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
- Rapidly developing language and communication
- Can imagine the future and reflect on the past
- Develop basic numerical abilities
- Have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
- Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from the concrete increases
- Understand conservation of matter
- Understand hierarchic categories
- Ability in seriation
- Formal Operations (12 to about 15):
- Adult thinking
- Able to think about hypothetical situations
- Form and test hypotheses
- Organize information
- Reason scientifically
Criticisms of Piaget
- Tasks were methodologically flawed
- Underestimated the impact of culture
Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory
- Highlights the role of social and cultural interactions
- Importance of language:
- Allows us to represent reality and to distance the individual in relation to here and now
- Allows users to communicate with each other
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
- Lower limit: child working independently
- Upper limit: level of potential skill that the child can reach with assistance
- Scaffolding: an instructional technique that provides individualized support
Self-Concept
- All the characteristics of the person
- Self-concept: perception about oneself
- Develops throughout the lifespan
- Children recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
- Infants have a basic sense of self in the first few months of life
- By 30 months, children can recognize their own photograph
Development of Self-Awareness
- Early childhood:
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Behavior/Activities
- Overestimation of abilities
- Middle and late childhood:
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
Morality
- Our understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
- Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
- Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
- Stage 1: Punishment Obedience Orientation
- Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
- Level 2: Conventional Morality
- Stage 3: Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation
- Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
- Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality
- Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
- Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
Attachment
- First social relationship; Strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
- Infants show their attachment through proximity-seeking behaviors
- Bowlby's phases of attachment formation:
- Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
- Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
- Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (7-24 months)
- Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
- Deprivation: break in an infant's attachment
- Separation: when an infant is no longer with its main caregiver
Cognition
- Cognition is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
- Jean Piaget's cognitive theory consists of three basic components:
- Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
- Adaptation processes: processes that enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
- Stages of development: equilibrium vs disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
- Explore the world through senses and motor activity
- Can't tell the difference between themselves and the environment
- Begin to understand cause and effect
- Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
- Rapidly developing language and communication
- Can imagine the future and reflect on the past
- Develop basic numerical abilities
- Have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
- Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from the concrete increases
- Understand conservation of matter
- Understand hierarchic categories
- Ability in seriation
- Formal Operations (12 to about 15):
- Adult thinking
- Able to think about hypothetical situations
- Form and test hypotheses
- Organize information
- Reason scientifically
Criticisms of Piaget
- Tasks were methodologically flawed
- Underestimated the impact of culture
Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory
- Highlights the role of social and cultural interactions
- Importance of language:
- Allows us to represent reality and to distance the individual in relation to here and now
- Allows users to communicate with each other
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
- Lower limit: child working independently
- Upper limit: level of potential skill that the child can reach with assistance
- Scaffolding: an instructional technique that provides individualized support
Self-Concept
- All the characteristics of the person
- Self-concept: perception about oneself
- Develops throughout the lifespan
- Children recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
- Infants have a basic sense of self in the first few months of life
- By 30 months, children can recognize their own photograph
Development of Self-Awareness
- Early childhood:
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Behavior/Activities
- Overestimation of abilities
- Middle and late childhood:
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
Morality
- Our understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
- Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
- Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
- Stage 1: Punishment Obedience Orientation
- Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
- Level 2: Conventional Morality
- Stage 3: Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation
- Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
- Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality
- Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
- Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
Attachment
- First social relationship; Strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
- Infants show their attachment through proximity-seeking behaviors
- Bowlby's phases of attachment formation:
- Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
- Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
- Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (7-24 months)
- Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
- Deprivation: break in an infant's attachment
- Separation: when an infant is no longer with its main caregiver
Cognition
- Cognition is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
- Jean Piaget's cognitive theory consists of three basic components:
- Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
- Adaptation processes: processes that enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
- Stages of development: equilibrium vs disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
- Explore the world through senses and motor activity
- Can't tell the difference between themselves and the environment
- Begin to understand cause and effect
- Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
- Rapidly developing language and communication
- Can imagine the future and reflect on the past
- Develop basic numerical abilities
- Have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
- Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from the concrete increases
- Understand conservation of matter
- Understand hierarchic categories
- Ability in seriation
- Formal Operations (12 to about 15):
- Adult thinking
- Able to think about hypothetical situations
- Form and test hypotheses
- Organize information
- Reason scientifically
Criticisms of Piaget
- Tasks were methodologically flawed
- Underestimated the impact of culture
Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory
- Highlights the role of social and cultural interactions
- Importance of language:
- Allows us to represent reality and to distance the individual in relation to here and now
- Allows users to communicate with each other
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
- Lower limit: child working independently
- Upper limit: level of potential skill that the child can reach with assistance
- Scaffolding: an instructional technique that provides individualized support
Self-Concept
- All the characteristics of the person
- Self-concept: perception about oneself
- Develops throughout the lifespan
- Children recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
- Infants have a basic sense of self in the first few months of life
- By 30 months, children can recognize their own photograph
Development of Self-Awareness
- Early childhood:
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Behavior/Activities
- Overestimation of abilities
- Middle and late childhood:
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
Morality
- Our understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
- Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
- Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
- Stage 1: Punishment Obedience Orientation
- Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
- Level 2: Conventional Morality
- Stage 3: Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation
- Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
- Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality
- Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
- Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
Attachment
- First social relationship; Strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
- Infants show their attachment through proximity-seeking behaviors
- Bowlby's phases of attachment formation:
- Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
- Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
- Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (7-24 months)
- Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
- Deprivation: break in an infant's attachment
- Separation: when an infant is no longer with its main caregiver
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Description
Explore the concept of cognition and Jean Piaget's cognitive theory, including schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development.
