90 Questions
What is cognition according to Piaget?
The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
What is the primary way children explore the world during the Sensorimotor Stage?
Through senses and motor activity
What is the term for the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
Assimilation
What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?
Egocentrism
What is the stage of development during which children are pre-logical and lack operational thinking?
Preoperational Stage
What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
Accommodation
What is the term for the state of balance between existing schemas and new information?
Equilibrium
What is the primary function of adaptation processes in Piaget's theory?
To enable the transition from one stage to another
At what age does a child typically develop abstract reasoning ability and understand conservation of matter?
7-11 years old
What is the primary role of language in the social constructivist theory of cognitive development?
To represent reality and to distance the individual in relation to the here and now
What is the upper limit of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
The level of potential skill that the child can reach with the assistance of a teacher
What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?
Underestimated the impact of culture
What is the primary characteristic of a child in the Formal Operations stage?
Ability to think abstractly and reason logically
What is the term for the process of providing individualized support to gradually improve a learner's ability to the next level based on prior knowledge?
Scaffolding
What is the primary characteristic of a child in the Preoperational Stage?
Has difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
Who introduced the concept of scaffolding as an instructional technique?
Jerome Bruner
What is the term for the perception an individual has about themselves, including their traits, preferences, social roles, values, and beliefs?
Self-concept
At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
15-18 months
What is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
Overestimation of abilities
What is the opposite of egocentrism, according to the content?
Perspective taking
Which of the following is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
Shift to internal traits and abilities
What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective, according to Selman?
Perspective taking
Which theorist(s) is/are associated with the concept of self-concept?
Bandura, Erikson, and Rogers
What is the term for the sense of one's own worth or value?
Self-worth
What percentage of the adult population is estimated to attain the post-conventional level of morality?
20 to 25%
Why do human babies need others to survive?
Because they are relatively helpless
What is the primary characteristic of the first phase of attachment formation (0-2 months)?
The infant shows no preference among caregivers
What aspect of a person does the Intellectual Self deal with?
Intelligence and decision-making ability
What is the primary difference between separation and deprivation?
Separation is when an infant is no longer with its main caregiver, while deprivation refers to the break in an infant's attachment
What is self-efficacy?
A person's confidence in their ability to exert control over their own motivation, behavior, and social environment
What is the primary characteristic of Type B infants in terms of attachment?
They are upset when their mother leaves, but are okay with a stranger
What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
How one's sense of morality changes with age
At what stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development does a person's ethical decisions become based on concern for others' opinions?
Stage 3: Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation
What was the outcome of the Czech twins studied by Koluchova in 1972?
By 11, their speech was normal, and by 15, their IQ was normal for their age
What is the primary characteristic of emotional attachment?
It is an emotional response to caregiving
What is the primary focus of morality?
The difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
What is the primary characteristic of infants in the fourth phase of attachment formation (24 months)?
They can increasingly tolerate short parental absences
What is a moral dilemma?
An ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
At what stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development does a person's judgments of good and bad become influenced by universal moral principles?
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
What is the primary focus of the Bodily Self?
A person's body and how well they take care of it
What is the primary function of schemas in Piaget's cognitive theory?
To organize and represent knowledge
At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
15-18 months
What is the outcome when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?
Disequilibrium
What is the characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
Concrete descriptions
During which stage do children begin to understand cause and effect?
Sensorimotor Stage
What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
Accommodation
What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?
Perspective taking
Which theorist(s) is/are associated with the concept of self-concept?
Bandura, Erikson, Rogers
What is the term for the stage where children test and explore hypotheses about the world?
Sensorimotor Stage
What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?
Egocentrism
What is the term for the sense of one's own worth or value?
Self-worth
What is the primary characteristic of the Preoperational Stage?
Children are unable to take another person's perspective
Which of the following is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
Internal traits and abilities
What is the opposite of egocentrism?
Perspective taking
What is the term for the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
Assimilation
What is a characteristic of children in the Preoperational Stage?
Difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
When do infants develop a basic sense of self?
0-2 months
According to Vygotsky's social constructivist theory, what is the primary function of language?
To represent reality and distance the individual from the present
What is the term for the instructional technique introduced by Jerome Bruner?
Scaffolding
What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?
Underestimated the impact of culture
What is the upper limit of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
The level of potential skill that the child can reach with the assistance
What is a characteristic of children in the Concrete Operational Stage?
Ability to see more than one aspect of a problem at a time
What is the primary role of language in Lev Vygotsky's social constructivist theory?
To represent reality and to distance the individual from the present
What is a characteristic of children in the Formal Operations stage?
Ability to think about hypothetical situations
What is the primary focus of the Bodily Self?
Physical health and wellness
According to Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, at what stage do individuals' judgments of good and bad become influenced by universal moral principles?
Stage 6
What is the primary characteristic of the Ideal Self?
It is the kind of person we would like to be
What is the primary focus of morality?
Our understanding of right and wrong
What is self-efficacy?
Our confidence in our ability to control our motivation, behavior, and social environment
What is a moral dilemma?
An ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
What is the primary characteristic of the Intellectual Self?
It deals with our intelligence and ability to make good decisions
According to Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, at what stage do ethical decisions become based on concern for others' opinions?
Stage 3
According to Bowlby, what is the primary characteristic of the third phase of attachment formation?
Infants display separation anxiety and stranger anxiety
What is the primary difference between separation and deprivation?
Separation refers to the physical absence of the caregiver, while deprivation refers to the break in an infant's attachment
According to the content, what percentage of infants are classified as Type C in terms of attachment?
12%
What is the primary characteristic of the post-conventional level of morality, according to Kohlberg?
Universal moral principles
What is the primary characteristic of the first phase of attachment formation, according to Bowlby?
Infants show no preference among caregivers
What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
Moral Development
What is the outcome of the Czech twins studied by Koluchova in 1972?
They developed normally
What is the primary characteristic of emotional attachment?
Emotional bond between infant and caregiver
What percentage of the adult population is estimated to attain the post-conventional level of morality?
20 to 25%
Why do human babies need others to survive?
Because they are relatively helpless
What is attachment?
A strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
What is the primary characteristic of Type B infants in terms of attachment?
They just get upset when the mother goes and are okay with the stranger
What is separation?
When an infant is no longer with its main caregiver
What is the primary characteristic of the first phase of attachment formation (0-2 months)?
Infant shows no preference among caregivers
What is the outcome of the Czech twins studied by Koluchova in 1972?
Their speech was normal by age 11, and their IQ was normal for their age by 15
What is the primary difference between separation and deprivation?
Separation refers to the absence of a caregiver, while deprivation is a break in an infant's attachment
What is emotional attachment?
An innate tendency to seek direct contact with an adult
What is the focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
The development of moral reasoning in individuals
Study Notes
Cognition
- Cognition is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
- Jean Piaget's cognitive theory consists of three basic components:
- Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
- Adaptation processes: processes that enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
- Stages of development: equilibrium vs disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
- Explore the world through senses and motor activity
- Can't tell the difference between themselves and the environment
- Begin to understand cause and effect
- Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
- Rapidly developing language and communication
- Can imagine the future and reflect on the past
- Develop basic numerical abilities
- Have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
- Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from the concrete increases
- Understand conservation of matter
- Understand hierarchic categories
- Ability in seriation
- Formal Operations (12 to about 15):
- Adult thinking
- Able to think about hypothetical situations
- Form and test hypotheses
- Organize information
- Reason scientifically
Criticisms of Piaget
- Tasks were methodologically flawed
- Underestimated the impact of culture
Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory
- Highlights the role of social and cultural interactions
- Importance of language:
- Allows us to represent reality and to distance the individual in relation to here and now
- Allows users to communicate with each other
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
- Lower limit: child working independently
- Upper limit: level of potential skill that the child can reach with assistance
- Scaffolding: an instructional technique that provides individualized support
Self-Concept
- All the characteristics of the person
- Self-concept: perception about oneself
- Develops throughout the lifespan
- Children recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
- Infants have a basic sense of self in the first few months of life
- By 30 months, children can recognize their own photograph
Development of Self-Awareness
- Early childhood:
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Behavior/Activities
- Overestimation of abilities
- Middle and late childhood:
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
Morality
- Our understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
- Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
- Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
- Stage 1: Punishment Obedience Orientation
- Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
- Level 2: Conventional Morality
- Stage 3: Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation
- Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
- Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality
- Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
- Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
Attachment
- First social relationship; Strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
- Infants show their attachment through proximity-seeking behaviors
- Bowlby's phases of attachment formation:
- Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
- Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
- Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (7-24 months)
- Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
- Deprivation: break in an infant's attachment
- Separation: when an infant is no longer with its main caregiver
Cognition
- Cognition is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
- Jean Piaget's cognitive theory consists of three basic components:
- Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
- Adaptation processes: processes that enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
- Stages of development: equilibrium vs disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
- Explore the world through senses and motor activity
- Can't tell the difference between themselves and the environment
- Begin to understand cause and effect
- Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
- Rapidly developing language and communication
- Can imagine the future and reflect on the past
- Develop basic numerical abilities
- Have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
- Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from the concrete increases
- Understand conservation of matter
- Understand hierarchic categories
- Ability in seriation
- Formal Operations (12 to about 15):
- Adult thinking
- Able to think about hypothetical situations
- Form and test hypotheses
- Organize information
- Reason scientifically
Criticisms of Piaget
- Tasks were methodologically flawed
- Underestimated the impact of culture
Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory
- Highlights the role of social and cultural interactions
- Importance of language:
- Allows us to represent reality and to distance the individual in relation to here and now
- Allows users to communicate with each other
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
- Lower limit: child working independently
- Upper limit: level of potential skill that the child can reach with assistance
- Scaffolding: an instructional technique that provides individualized support
Self-Concept
- All the characteristics of the person
- Self-concept: perception about oneself
- Develops throughout the lifespan
- Children recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
- Infants have a basic sense of self in the first few months of life
- By 30 months, children can recognize their own photograph
Development of Self-Awareness
- Early childhood:
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Behavior/Activities
- Overestimation of abilities
- Middle and late childhood:
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
Morality
- Our understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
- Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
- Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
- Stage 1: Punishment Obedience Orientation
- Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
- Level 2: Conventional Morality
- Stage 3: Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation
- Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
- Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality
- Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
- Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
Attachment
- First social relationship; Strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
- Infants show their attachment through proximity-seeking behaviors
- Bowlby's phases of attachment formation:
- Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
- Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
- Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (7-24 months)
- Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
- Deprivation: break in an infant's attachment
- Separation: when an infant is no longer with its main caregiver
Cognition
- Cognition is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
- Jean Piaget's cognitive theory consists of three basic components:
- Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
- Adaptation processes: processes that enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
- Stages of development: equilibrium vs disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
- Explore the world through senses and motor activity
- Can't tell the difference between themselves and the environment
- Begin to understand cause and effect
- Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
- Rapidly developing language and communication
- Can imagine the future and reflect on the past
- Develop basic numerical abilities
- Have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
- Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from the concrete increases
- Understand conservation of matter
- Understand hierarchic categories
- Ability in seriation
- Formal Operations (12 to about 15):
- Adult thinking
- Able to think about hypothetical situations
- Form and test hypotheses
- Organize information
- Reason scientifically
Criticisms of Piaget
- Tasks were methodologically flawed
- Underestimated the impact of culture
Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory
- Highlights the role of social and cultural interactions
- Importance of language:
- Allows us to represent reality and to distance the individual in relation to here and now
- Allows users to communicate with each other
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
- Lower limit: child working independently
- Upper limit: level of potential skill that the child can reach with assistance
- Scaffolding: an instructional technique that provides individualized support
Self-Concept
- All the characteristics of the person
- Self-concept: perception about oneself
- Develops throughout the lifespan
- Children recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
- Infants have a basic sense of self in the first few months of life
- By 30 months, children can recognize their own photograph
Development of Self-Awareness
- Early childhood:
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Behavior/Activities
- Overestimation of abilities
- Middle and late childhood:
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
Morality
- Our understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
- Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
- Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
- Stage 1: Punishment Obedience Orientation
- Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
- Level 2: Conventional Morality
- Stage 3: Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation
- Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
- Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality
- Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
- Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
Attachment
- First social relationship; Strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
- Infants show their attachment through proximity-seeking behaviors
- Bowlby's phases of attachment formation:
- Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
- Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
- Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (7-24 months)
- Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
- Deprivation: break in an infant's attachment
- Separation: when an infant is no longer with its main caregiver
Explore the concept of cognition and Jean Piaget's cognitive theory, including schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development.
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