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What is developmental psychology?
Maturation refers to experiences that influence growth.
False
What are the two methodological approaches used in studying development?
Cross-sectional and longitudinal designs
________ and nurture require each other in the development process.
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Match the research designs to their descriptions:
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Which of the following is a challenge when studying development?
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Which reflex is NOT mentioned as a key reflex in newborns?
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Newborns have reflexes that help them connect with other people.
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Researchers can simply ask infants to tell them what they think and feel.
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What distance do newborns prefer to look at objects?
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What does the term 'nature vs nurture' refer to in developmental psychology?
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The recovery of a response that has undergone habituation is known as __________.
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Match the following reflexes with their descriptions.
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Why is it evolutionarily beneficial for infants to mimic their parents' movements?
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Habituation results in increased responsiveness to repeated stimuli.
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What is the process by which infants gradually develop motor skills over time called?
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What is the main characteristic of the sequential design in studying development?
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The germinal stage lasts from conception to two weeks.
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What is formed during the germinal stage after the fertilization of the egg?
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An unborn, developing offspring between the 2nd and 8th week of pregnancy is called an ______.
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Match the stages of human development with their characteristics:
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of a longitudinal study?
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Cohort effect refers to the changes observed in individuals due to developmental stages across different generations.
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What is the primary focus of studying development during the fetal stage?
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Which term describes the process of using an existing schema to interpret a new experience?
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Children are considered mini-adults according to Piaget's theory.
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What are the two complementary processes that alter children's thinking patterns according to Piaget?
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A __________ is a mental structure that represents our experiences.
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At what stage do children's thinking patterns undergo significant change according to Piaget?
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Accommodation involves incorporating information from new experiences into existing schemas.
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How do assimilation and accommodation play out for infants in the real world?
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Match the cognitive processes with their definitions:
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What is the primary characteristic of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
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Centration is the ability to focus on multiple features of a problem simultaneously.
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What cognitive ability do children develop in the concrete operational stage that allows them to understand that the amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape?
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In the _________ stage, children use symbolic thought, but struggle with seeing situations from multiple perspectives.
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Match the cognitive development stage with its age range:
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What does egocentrism in children’s thinking lead to?
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What critique is often made about Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
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In the formal operational stage, children can only solve problems involving concrete objects or events.
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Study Notes
Piaget's Theory
- Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children's thinking undergoes a series of stages, and each stage is associated with a specific age range.
- Children are not considered mini-adults because their thinking differs from that of adults.
- There are two processes for aligning new experiences with understanding: assimilation and accommodation.
- Assimilation is using an existing schema to interpret a new experience.
- Accommodation is revising schemas to incorporate information from new experiences.
- This theory provides a framework for understanding how children acquire knowledge and develop their cognitive abilities.
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- The sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) is characterized by developing knowledge through senses and actions, but children cannot yet think using symbols (like language).
- The preoperational stage (2 to 7 years) is characterized by mastery of symbols, but children struggle with multiple perspectives and imagining changes.
- The concrete operational stage (7 to 12 years) is characterized by the ability to use multiple perspectives, imagination, and the ability to apply thinking to concrete objects or events.
- The formal operational stage (12 years and up) is characterized by the ability to reason about abstract problems and hypothetical propositions.
Key Terms for Cognitive Development
- Object permanence: the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.
- Centration: the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem.
- Egocentrism: the limited ability to share another's viewpoint.
- Animism: The belief that all things are living, just like oneself.
- Decentration: Children's ability to focus on more than one feature of a problem simultaneously.
- Conservation: Recognizing that the amount of a substance does not change just because appearance is changed.
Criticisms of Piaget
- Piaget's theory has been criticized for underestimation of children's abilities and oversimplification of cognitive development.
- Cognitive development is more continuous than stage-like.
Example of Assimilation and Accommodation
- A child's initial schema of "grandma" may include the feature of being an older woman.
- When a child sees a woman who is older but does not have grandchildren, she must accommodate her schema of "grandma" to include other features beyond just age.
- This example demonstrates how children are constantly adjusting their schemas to incorporate new experiences.
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Description
Explore Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which outlines how children's thinking evolves through distinct stages based on age. This quiz covers the processes of assimilation and accommodation, as well as the characteristics of each developmental stage, from birth to age seven. Test your understanding of this foundational theory in child development.