undernutrition

using fatty acids to make energy produces a lot of fatty acids and the beta-oxidation of these fatty acids produces a lot of Acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is not processed and it accumulates. it is converted by cells and the liver into ketone bodies which can be used as energy for the brain, but too many ketone bodies can induce ketoacidosis causing blood to become more acidic which is bad for enzyme function.

the body uses proteins for gluconeogenesis. they are broken down into amino acids e. alanine and used to make glucose. however this produces a lot of ammonia which the kidneys cant deal with, causing health issues

Marasmus: weight loss and depletion of fat and muscle linked to food insecurity. muscle wasting happens as a result of the use of proteins to make glucose. its characterised by low blood glucose, impaired immune function, heart failure due to muscle wasting and s drop in leptin due to low adipose tissue. Kwashiorkor: results from weaning a child off breastfeeding too early, or poor nutrition during weaning. categorised by an enlarged abdomen on a tiny body and an enlarged liver full of fat and odema.its caused by a lack of protein in the diet but high carb intake resulting in the wasting of muscle but preservation of adipose tissue.

<p>results from malnutrition of nutrients due to disorders like pancreatic insufficiency, malabsorption or poor nutrient transport or drugs. disorders like AIDS, cancer, infection, increased metabolic demand can also lead to PEU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>decreased insulin levels and increased glucagon levels activates gluconeogenesis and ketone body production in the liver and it activates hormone sensitive lipase to break down lipids in the adipose tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>increased cortisol and catecholamines increase glucose levels and protein breakdown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>increased glucocorticoid levels result in impaired macrophage function and the reduction of leptin inhibits immune cells. this is why infections are increased in starving people</p> Signup and view all the answers