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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of histone proteins?
What is the main function of histone proteins?
What is the term for the complex of DNA and histone proteins?
What is the term for the complex of DNA and histone proteins?
Where are ribosomal RNA and ribosomes synthesized in eukaryotic cells?
Where are ribosomal RNA and ribosomes synthesized in eukaryotic cells?
What is the term for a single strand of DNA plus associated proteins?
What is the term for a single strand of DNA plus associated proteins?
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How does transport occur in and out of the nucleus?
How does transport occur in and out of the nucleus?
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What is the region called where DNA is found in prokaryotic cells?
What is the region called where DNA is found in prokaryotic cells?
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What is the main function of histone proteins in DNA organization?
What is the main function of histone proteins in DNA organization?
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What is the approximate percentage of DNA in chromatin?
What is the approximate percentage of DNA in chromatin?
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What surrounds the nucleus?
What surrounds the nucleus?
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What is a unique feature of the nuclear envelope?
What is a unique feature of the nuclear envelope?
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What is the primary function of nuclear pores?
What is the primary function of nuclear pores?
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What is the term for the material that makes up chromatin?
What is the term for the material that makes up chromatin?
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When does the condensed form of DNA exist?
When does the condensed form of DNA exist?
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What is the term for the lipid membrane that surrounds the nucleus?
What is the term for the lipid membrane that surrounds the nucleus?
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What is the main function of the nuclear envelope in a cell?
What is the main function of the nuclear envelope in a cell?
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What is the primary difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
What is the primary difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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What is the role of histone proteins in DNA organization?
What is the role of histone proteins in DNA organization?
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What is the purpose of the nucleolus in a cell?
What is the purpose of the nucleolus in a cell?
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What is the physical basis of chromosomal packing?
What is the physical basis of chromosomal packing?
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How much DNA is present in a human cell?
How much DNA is present in a human cell?
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What is the function of the nuclear pores in a cell?
What is the function of the nuclear pores in a cell?
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What determines the size of a genome?
What determines the size of a genome?
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What is the name of the publication in which Robert Hooke coined the term 'cells'?
What is the name of the publication in which Robert Hooke coined the term 'cells'?
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What is the basic unit of life, which is the focus of study in Cell Biology?
What is the basic unit of life, which is the focus of study in Cell Biology?
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In what year was the term 'cells' coined by Robert Hooke?
In what year was the term 'cells' coined by Robert Hooke?
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What did Robert Hooke observe in his micrographia that led him to coin the term 'cells'?
What did Robert Hooke observe in his micrographia that led him to coin the term 'cells'?
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What are the three domains of life that categorize living organisms?
What are the three domains of life that categorize living organisms?
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What is the term for the study of the structure and function of cells?
What is the term for the study of the structure and function of cells?
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What is the focus of Cell Biology in terms of cell study?
What is the focus of Cell Biology in terms of cell study?
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Who is the author of the book that is often referenced in Cell Biology?
Who is the author of the book that is often referenced in Cell Biology?
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Who is credited with discovering 'animalcules' and other single-cell organisms in the late 1600s?
Who is credited with discovering 'animalcules' and other single-cell organisms in the late 1600s?
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What is the third premise of the cell theory?
What is the third premise of the cell theory?
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Who wrote 'Micrographia' in 1665, which contains descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses?
Who wrote 'Micrographia' in 1665, which contains descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses?
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What is the term for the phrase 'Every cell derives from a pre-existing cell'?
What is the term for the phrase 'Every cell derives from a pre-existing cell'?
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Who contributed to the development of the cell theory?
Who contributed to the development of the cell theory?
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What is the title of the book written by Harris in 1999 that covers the history of cellular biology?
What is the title of the book written by Harris in 1999 that covers the history of cellular biology?
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Who made significant contributions to the field of microbiology with their microscopic observations?
Who made significant contributions to the field of microbiology with their microscopic observations?
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What is the title of the publication written by Th. Schwann in 1839?
What is the title of the publication written by Th. Schwann in 1839?
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What is a fundamental principle of cell theory that applies to all living organisms?
What is a fundamental principle of cell theory that applies to all living organisms?
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What is the primary difference between Archaea and Eukarya?
What is the primary difference between Archaea and Eukarya?
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What is a characteristic shared by both Archaea and Eukarya?
What is a characteristic shared by both Archaea and Eukarya?
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What is the term for cells that lack a nucleus?
What is the term for cells that lack a nucleus?
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What is the term for cells that contain a nucleus?
What is the term for cells that contain a nucleus?
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What is the process by which cells arise?
What is the process by which cells arise?
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What is the common feature among all three domains of life?
What is the common feature among all three domains of life?
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What is the basis for categorizing organisms into three domains of life?
What is the basis for categorizing organisms into three domains of life?
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Study Notes
Cell Theory and Domains
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells are the smallest living units of living organisms.
- Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.
- There are three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota.
Eukaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotes have a nucleus, organelles, and can be multicellular.
- The nucleus contains most of the cell's genetic material.
Organising DNA
- Humans have 46 chromosomes, with approximately 25,000 genes and 6 billion base pairs of DNA, equivalent to 2m of DNA.
- The physical basis of chromosomal packing involves successive rounds of coiling and looping.
- Histone proteins are involved in packing DNA into chromatin.
Structure of the Nucleus
- The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
- The nuclear envelope has nuclear pores, which allow transport of molecules in and out of the nucleus.
Nuclear Pores
- Nuclear pores allow the transport of DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Other Key Facts
- Chromosomes are made up of chromatin, which is a complex of DNA and histone proteins.
- The nucleolus is a sub-section of the nucleus where ribosomes are made.
- Prokaryotes have a nucleoid region where DNA is found, but no nucleus.
- Transcription and translation occur in the same place in prokaryotes.
- Bacteria have chromosomes and plasmids, which are supercoiled in the cell.
Cell Biology
- Cell biology is the study of the structure and function of cells, which are the basic unit of life.
- It relates to molecular biology, physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, and immunology.
History of Cells
- The term "cells" was coined by Robert Hooke in 1665.
- Hooke discovered cells when observing slices of cork under a microscope, noticing the patterns of cell walls of dead cells.
Cell Theory
- The three premises of Cell Theory are:
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms.
- Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.
Categorizing Organisms: The Three Domains of Life
- The three domains of life are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
- All organisms are made of cells, and the principles of Cell Theory hold true for all of them.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus.
- Archaea and Eukarya share a more recent common ancestor than Bacteria.
Types of Cells
- Prokaryotes are typically small, single-celled organisms with a simple cell structure.
- Eukaryotes are typically larger, more complex, and may be single-celled or multicellular.
Early Discoveries
- van Leeuwenhoek discovered "animalcules" (bacteria and other single-cell organisms) in the late 1600s.
- Schwann and Schleiden discovered the cell structure of animals and plants, respectively, in the 19th century.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of cell theory, domains of life, eukaryotic cells, and DNA organization. It explores the characteristics of eukaryotes, the nucleus, and the human genome.
