Biology Quiz: Cell Biology and Genetics

Cell Structure:
- Basic unit of life.
- Types: Prokaryotic (no nucleus) and Eukaryotic (nucleus present).
- Organelles: Mitochondria (energy production), Ribosomes (protein synthesis), Nucleus (genetic material).
Cell Division:
- Mitosis: Cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells.
- Meiosis: Produces gametes (sperm/eggs) with half the chromosome number.

DNA Structure:
- Double helix made of nucleotides (A, T, C, G).
- Function: Genetic information storage.
Gene Expression:
- Transcription: DNA to RNA.
- Translation: RNA to protein.
Inheritance Patterns:
- Mendelian Genetics: Dominant and recessive traits.
- Punnett Squares: Tool for predicting genotype and phenotype ratios.

Natural Selection:
- Mechanism of evolution proposed by Darwin.
- Survival of the fittest: Organisms best adapted to their environment survive and reproduce.
Speciation:
- Process by which new species arise.
- Types: Allopatric (geographic isolation) and sympatric (reproductive isolation).

Ecosystems:
- Community of living organisms and their environment.
- Energy flow: Producers (plants), consumers (animals), decomposers (fungi/bacteria).
Biomes:
- Major ecological areas (e.g., tundra, rainforest, desert).
- Defined by climate, vegetation, and wildlife.

Organ Systems:
- Major systems: Circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and endocrine.
- Integration and interaction among systems for homeostasis.
Immune System:
- Defense against pathogens.
- Components: White blood cells, antibodies, lymphatic system.

Bacteria and Archaea:
- Prokaryotic organisms, diverse and adaptable.
- Roles: Decomposers, symbiotic relationships, pathogens.
Viruses:
- Non-living entities that require a host to replicate.
- Structure: Protein coat and genetic material (DNA or RNA).

Genetic Engineering:
- Techniques like CRISPR for altering DNA.
- Applications: Medicine, agriculture, and industry.
Cloning:
- Creating identical copies of organisms or cells.
- Types: Therapeutic (for research purposes) and reproductive (creating new individuals).

Cells are the fundamental units of life, categorized into prokaryotic cells (lacking a nucleus) and eukaryotic cells (containing a nucleus).
Key organelles include mitochondria (produce energy), ribosomes (synthesize proteins), and the nucleus (houses genetic material).
Mitosis leads to two genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis halves the chromosome number, forming gametes (sperm and eggs).

DNA consists of a double helix structure formed by nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G), functioning primarily for genetic information storage.
Gene expression includes transcription (conversion of DNA to RNA) and translation (conversion of RNA to protein).
Inheritance patterns are based on Mendelian genetics, which highlights dominant and recessive traits, often visualized using Punnett squares to predict genotype and phenotype ratios.

Natural selection, a concept originating from Darwin, describes the process where organisms best suited to their environment survive and reproduce, emphasizing "survival of the fittest."
Speciation is the formation of new species, which can occur through allopatric speciation (geographic isolation) or sympatric speciation (reproductive isolation).

Ecosystems consist of communities of living organisms interacting with their environment, emphasizing energy flow from producers (plants) to consumers (animals) and decomposers (fungi and bacteria).
Biomes are large ecological areas, such as tundra, rainforest, and desert, recognized by their distinct climate, vegetation, and wildlife characteristics.

The human body has major organ systems, including the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and endocrine systems, all working together to maintain homeostasis.
The immune system is responsible for defending against pathogens, with components like white blood cells, antibodies, and the lymphatic system.

Bacteria and Archaea are diverse prokaryotic organisms that play significant roles as decomposers, in symbiotic relationships, and as pathogens.
Viruses are non-living entities that require a host cell for replication, structured with a protein coat and either DNA or RNA as genetic material.

Genetic engineering uses tools such as CRISPR to modify DNA, with applications across medicine, agriculture, and industry for various purposes.
Cloning involves creating genetically identical organisms or cells, which can be therapeutic (for research) or reproductive (to create new individuals).