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Questions and Answers

Where is the ribosome typically located in a cell?

  • Plasma membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane (correct)

    • What is the primary function of the selectively permeable membrane?

  • To produce energy for the cell
  • To facilitate the movement of water and electrolytes
  • To provide structural support to the cell
  • To regulate what enters and leaves the cell (correct)

    • Where are mitochondria typically found?

  • Only in nerve cells
  • Only in liver cells
  • Only in muscle cells
  • In all cells of the body (correct)

    • What is the primary function of mitochondria?

    <p>To produce most of the body's ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a 10% salt solution and a 20% salt solution are separated by a permeable membrane?

    <p>The volumes in both solutions remain the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a 10% salt solution and a 20% salt solution are separated by a membrane permeable only to water?

    <p>The volume in the 20% salt solution increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the RER?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is most of the body's ATP produced?

    <p>In the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of liver enzymes?

    <p>To synthesize urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of gluconeogenesis in an insulin-deficient state?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT related to aerobic metabolism of glucose?

    <p>Ketones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the reaction between –COOH and –NH2?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of RNA but not DNA?

    <p>Uracil and adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true of urea?

    <p>All of the above are false</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs first in the process of protein synthesis?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the urea cycle?

    <p>To excrete nitrogen-containing waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of commensal organisms in the normal flora?

    <p>They live harmoniously without harming the person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when iron deficiency anemia is endemic in an area?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia always exists in small numbers in the community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a vector?

    <p>It is not necessarily a living organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term best describes the source of infection in humans, animals, and the environment?

    <p>Reservoir of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of penicillin's antibiotic effect?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of syphilis?

    <p>It is a luetic infection and a sexually transmitted disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of commensal organisms?

    <p>They always cause infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a vector?

    <p>To carry pathogens from one host to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of a cell that is no longer alive?

    <p>Dead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a benign neoplasm?

    <p>Noncancerous tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a well-differentiated cell indicate on a cervical Pap smear?

    <p>A normal cellular appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the enzymes of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain primarily found?

    <p>Mitochondrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of programmed cell death?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is common to the ribosomes, rough ER, and Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stages are part of the process of mitosis?

    <p>Stages of mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final stage of cell division?

    <p>The completion of cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of nosocomial infection?

    <p>E. coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is found in organs that need to stretch?

    <p>Transitional epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell conducts an action potential or electrical signal?

    <p>Neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is the most abundant in the body?

    <p>Connective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of tissue is the intercellular matrix most abundant?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue does ligaments, tendons, and cartilage belong to?

    <p>Connective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue is most likely to prevent a kidney from floating?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of tissue is plasma the interstitial matrix?

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Membrane and Transport

    • The cell membrane is selectively permeable, determining which substances enter and leave the cell.
    • It allows for the diffusion of certain substances but not others.

    Mitochondria

    • Mitochondria are found in the cytoplasm of cells.
    • They are responsible for producing most of the body's ATP.
    • Mitochondria contain enzymes that function aerobically.

    Protein Synthesis

    • Ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and Golgi apparatus are involved in protein synthesis.
    • The RER is concerned with the synthesis of proteins that are destined for secretion or insertion into membranes.

    Cell Division

    • Mitosis consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
    • Telophase and cytokinesis complete the splitting of a single cell into two identical cells.

    Cellular Organelles

    • Mitochondria are primarily concerned with the formation of ATP and contain the enzymes of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.
    • The ribosome is a cytoplasmic organelle that contains the enzymes of protein synthesis.
    • The Golgi apparatus is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins and lipids.

    Cell Death

    • Apoptosis is a programmed sequence of events that helps rid the body of old, unnecessary, and unhealthy cells.

    Gene Expression

    • Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves DNA and mRNA.
    • Translation occurs in the cytoplasm and involves mRNA and tRNA.

    Metabolic Pathways

    • Gluconeogenesis is the process of converting body protein to glucose in an insulin-deficient state.
    • Urea is a nitrogen-containing waste product that is excreted in the urine.

    RNA and DNA

    • RNA contains uracil and adenine, whereas DNA contains thymine and adenine.
    • Transcription involves DNA and mRNA, and translation involves mRNA and tRNA.

    Normal Flora and Disease

    • Commensal organisms that populate the normal flora live harmoniously without harming the person.
    • A reservoir of infection is a source of infection that can continually cause infection.
    • Vectors are carriers of pathogens from one host to another and can be living or non-living.

    Tissues and Membranes

    • Transitional epithelium is found in organs that need to stretch, such as the urinary bladder.
    • Neurons are cells that conduct action potentials or electrical signals.
    • Connective tissue is the most abundant type of tissue in the body and has an intercellular matrix that is abundant.
    • Ligaments, tendons, and cartilage are types of connective tissue.

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