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Questions and Answers
Where is the ribosome typically located in a cell?
Where is the ribosome typically located in a cell?
- Plasma membrane
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Cell membrane (correct)
What is the primary function of the selectively permeable membrane?
What is the primary function of the selectively permeable membrane?
- To produce energy for the cell
- To facilitate the movement of water and electrolytes
- To provide structural support to the cell
- To regulate what enters and leaves the cell (correct)
Where are mitochondria typically found?
Where are mitochondria typically found?
- Only in nerve cells
- Only in liver cells
- Only in muscle cells
- In all cells of the body (correct)
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
What happens when a 10% salt solution and a 20% salt solution are separated by a permeable membrane?
What happens when a 10% salt solution and a 20% salt solution are separated by a permeable membrane?
What happens when a 10% salt solution and a 20% salt solution are separated by a membrane permeable only to water?
What happens when a 10% salt solution and a 20% salt solution are separated by a membrane permeable only to water?
What is the function of the RER?
What is the function of the RER?
Where is most of the body's ATP produced?
Where is most of the body's ATP produced?
What is the function of liver enzymes?
What is the function of liver enzymes?
What is the byproduct of gluconeogenesis in an insulin-deficient state?
What is the byproduct of gluconeogenesis in an insulin-deficient state?
Which of the following is NOT related to aerobic metabolism of glucose?
Which of the following is NOT related to aerobic metabolism of glucose?
What is the product of the reaction between –COOH and –NH2?
What is the product of the reaction between –COOH and –NH2?
What is characteristic of RNA but not DNA?
What is characteristic of RNA but not DNA?
What is true of urea?
What is true of urea?
What occurs first in the process of protein synthesis?
What occurs first in the process of protein synthesis?
What is the purpose of the urea cycle?
What is the purpose of the urea cycle?
What is a characteristic of commensal organisms in the normal flora?
What is a characteristic of commensal organisms in the normal flora?
What does it mean when iron deficiency anemia is endemic in an area?
What does it mean when iron deficiency anemia is endemic in an area?
What is a characteristic of a vector?
What is a characteristic of a vector?
What term best describes the source of infection in humans, animals, and the environment?
What term best describes the source of infection in humans, animals, and the environment?
What is the primary target of penicillin's antibiotic effect?
What is the primary target of penicillin's antibiotic effect?
What is a characteristic of syphilis?
What is a characteristic of syphilis?
What is NOT a characteristic of commensal organisms?
What is NOT a characteristic of commensal organisms?
What is the main function of a vector?
What is the main function of a vector?
What is the state of a cell that is no longer alive?
What is the state of a cell that is no longer alive?
What is a characteristic of a benign neoplasm?
What is a characteristic of a benign neoplasm?
What does a well-differentiated cell indicate on a cervical Pap smear?
What does a well-differentiated cell indicate on a cervical Pap smear?
Where are the enzymes of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain primarily found?
Where are the enzymes of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain primarily found?
What is the process of programmed cell death?
What is the process of programmed cell death?
What is common to the ribosomes, rough ER, and Golgi apparatus?
What is common to the ribosomes, rough ER, and Golgi apparatus?
What stages are part of the process of mitosis?
What stages are part of the process of mitosis?
What is the final stage of cell division?
What is the final stage of cell division?
What is the primary cause of nosocomial infection?
What is the primary cause of nosocomial infection?
Which type of tissue is found in organs that need to stretch?
Which type of tissue is found in organs that need to stretch?
What type of cell conducts an action potential or electrical signal?
What type of cell conducts an action potential or electrical signal?
Which type of tissue is the most abundant in the body?
Which type of tissue is the most abundant in the body?
In which type of tissue is the intercellular matrix most abundant?
In which type of tissue is the intercellular matrix most abundant?
What type of tissue does ligaments, tendons, and cartilage belong to?
What type of tissue does ligaments, tendons, and cartilage belong to?
What type of tissue is most likely to prevent a kidney from floating?
What type of tissue is most likely to prevent a kidney from floating?
In which type of tissue is plasma the interstitial matrix?
In which type of tissue is plasma the interstitial matrix?
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Study Notes
Cell Membrane and Transport
- The cell membrane is selectively permeable, determining which substances enter and leave the cell.
- It allows for the diffusion of certain substances but not others.
Mitochondria
- Mitochondria are found in the cytoplasm of cells.
- They are responsible for producing most of the body's ATP.
- Mitochondria contain enzymes that function aerobically.
Protein Synthesis
- Ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and Golgi apparatus are involved in protein synthesis.
- The RER is concerned with the synthesis of proteins that are destined for secretion or insertion into membranes.
Cell Division
- Mitosis consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
- Telophase and cytokinesis complete the splitting of a single cell into two identical cells.
Cellular Organelles
- Mitochondria are primarily concerned with the formation of ATP and contain the enzymes of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.
- The ribosome is a cytoplasmic organelle that contains the enzymes of protein synthesis.
- The Golgi apparatus is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins and lipids.
Cell Death
- Apoptosis is a programmed sequence of events that helps rid the body of old, unnecessary, and unhealthy cells.
Gene Expression
- Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves DNA and mRNA.
- Translation occurs in the cytoplasm and involves mRNA and tRNA.
Metabolic Pathways
- Gluconeogenesis is the process of converting body protein to glucose in an insulin-deficient state.
- Urea is a nitrogen-containing waste product that is excreted in the urine.
RNA and DNA
- RNA contains uracil and adenine, whereas DNA contains thymine and adenine.
- Transcription involves DNA and mRNA, and translation involves mRNA and tRNA.
Normal Flora and Disease
- Commensal organisms that populate the normal flora live harmoniously without harming the person.
- A reservoir of infection is a source of infection that can continually cause infection.
- Vectors are carriers of pathogens from one host to another and can be living or non-living.
Tissues and Membranes
- Transitional epithelium is found in organs that need to stretch, such as the urinary bladder.
- Neurons are cells that conduct action potentials or electrical signals.
- Connective tissue is the most abundant type of tissue in the body and has an intercellular matrix that is abundant.
- Ligaments, tendons, and cartilage are types of connective tissue.
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