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Questions and Answers
Where is the ribosome typically located in a cell?
What is the primary function of the selectively permeable membrane?
Where are mitochondria typically found?
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
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What happens when a 10% salt solution and a 20% salt solution are separated by a permeable membrane?
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What happens when a 10% salt solution and a 20% salt solution are separated by a membrane permeable only to water?
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What is the function of the RER?
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Where is most of the body's ATP produced?
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What is the function of liver enzymes?
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What is the byproduct of gluconeogenesis in an insulin-deficient state?
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Which of the following is NOT related to aerobic metabolism of glucose?
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What is the product of the reaction between –COOH and –NH2?
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What is characteristic of RNA but not DNA?
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What is true of urea?
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What occurs first in the process of protein synthesis?
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What is the purpose of the urea cycle?
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What is a characteristic of commensal organisms in the normal flora?
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What does it mean when iron deficiency anemia is endemic in an area?
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What is a characteristic of a vector?
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What term best describes the source of infection in humans, animals, and the environment?
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What is the primary target of penicillin's antibiotic effect?
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What is a characteristic of syphilis?
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What is NOT a characteristic of commensal organisms?
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What is the main function of a vector?
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What is the state of a cell that is no longer alive?
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What is a characteristic of a benign neoplasm?
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What does a well-differentiated cell indicate on a cervical Pap smear?
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Where are the enzymes of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain primarily found?
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What is the process of programmed cell death?
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What is common to the ribosomes, rough ER, and Golgi apparatus?
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What stages are part of the process of mitosis?
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What is the final stage of cell division?
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What is the primary cause of nosocomial infection?
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Which type of tissue is found in organs that need to stretch?
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What type of cell conducts an action potential or electrical signal?
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Which type of tissue is the most abundant in the body?
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In which type of tissue is the intercellular matrix most abundant?
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What type of tissue does ligaments, tendons, and cartilage belong to?
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What type of tissue is most likely to prevent a kidney from floating?
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In which type of tissue is plasma the interstitial matrix?
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Study Notes
Cell Membrane and Transport
- The cell membrane is selectively permeable, determining which substances enter and leave the cell.
- It allows for the diffusion of certain substances but not others.
Mitochondria
- Mitochondria are found in the cytoplasm of cells.
- They are responsible for producing most of the body's ATP.
- Mitochondria contain enzymes that function aerobically.
Protein Synthesis
- Ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and Golgi apparatus are involved in protein synthesis.
- The RER is concerned with the synthesis of proteins that are destined for secretion or insertion into membranes.
Cell Division
- Mitosis consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
- Telophase and cytokinesis complete the splitting of a single cell into two identical cells.
Cellular Organelles
- Mitochondria are primarily concerned with the formation of ATP and contain the enzymes of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.
- The ribosome is a cytoplasmic organelle that contains the enzymes of protein synthesis.
- The Golgi apparatus is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins and lipids.
Cell Death
- Apoptosis is a programmed sequence of events that helps rid the body of old, unnecessary, and unhealthy cells.
Gene Expression
- Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves DNA and mRNA.
- Translation occurs in the cytoplasm and involves mRNA and tRNA.
Metabolic Pathways
- Gluconeogenesis is the process of converting body protein to glucose in an insulin-deficient state.
- Urea is a nitrogen-containing waste product that is excreted in the urine.
RNA and DNA
- RNA contains uracil and adenine, whereas DNA contains thymine and adenine.
- Transcription involves DNA and mRNA, and translation involves mRNA and tRNA.
Normal Flora and Disease
- Commensal organisms that populate the normal flora live harmoniously without harming the person.
- A reservoir of infection is a source of infection that can continually cause infection.
- Vectors are carriers of pathogens from one host to another and can be living or non-living.
Tissues and Membranes
- Transitional epithelium is found in organs that need to stretch, such as the urinary bladder.
- Neurons are cells that conduct action potentials or electrical signals.
- Connective tissue is the most abundant type of tissue in the body and has an intercellular matrix that is abundant.
- Ligaments, tendons, and cartilage are types of connective tissue.
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