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Questions and Answers
What happens to fluidity?
What is the effect of the protein shown in the figure on cholesterol?
What is the relationship between fluidity and cholesterol?
What can be inferred about the figure?
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What is the function of the protein shown in the figure?
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Which process involves the engulfment of foreign particles or microorganisms by the cell membrane?
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Where are glycoproteins synthesized?
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What is the correct sequence of events in exocytosis?
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Where do proteins destined for secretion get modified with carbohydrates?
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What type of endocytosis involves the use of receptors on the cell surface?
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What is the function of lysosomes?
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What would be the result of a mutation affecting the Rough ER?
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Which organelle is responsible for protein modification and packaging?
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What is the difference between phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis?
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Where are proteins synthesized before being transported to the Golgi apparatus?
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in protein secretion?
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What is the sequence of locations a protein might go through during its synthesis and secretion?
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What is the purpose of receptor-mediated endocytosis?
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Which organelle is responsible for modifying and packaging proteins?
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Where are proteins synthesized before being transported to the Golgi apparatus?
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What is the difference between phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis?
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Where do proteins destined for secretion get modified with carbohydrates?
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What would be the result of a mutation affecting the Rough ER?
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What type of endocytosis involves the engulfment of foreign particles or microorganisms by the cell membrane?
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During exocytosis, where are the vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane primarily formed?
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What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in protein synthesis?
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Which of the following types of endocytosis is specific to certain molecules, such as low-density lipoproteins?
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In which organelle are proteins synthesized before being transported to the Golgi apparatus for modification and packaging?
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What is the primary function of lysosomes in cellular transport?
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During receptor-mediated endocytosis, what is the primary function of the receptors on the cell surface?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of endocytosis?
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In a mutant cell where many proteins are going to the wrong compartments, where is the mutation likely to have the greatest effect?
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What is the primary function of the Smooth ER in cellular transport?
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Which of the following is a type of endocytosis that involves the engulfment of foreign particles or microorganisms by the cell membrane?
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Study Notes
Disulfide Bridges and Nucleic Acids
- Disulfide bridges are not related to peptide bonds.
- Peptide bonds are covalent bonds between hydroxyl groups of nucleotides.
- The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides.
- The second strand of nucleic acids contains 20% Uracil (U).
Endomembrane System
- The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions.
- It consists of the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane.
- These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a biosynthetic factory.
- The ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope.
- There are two distinct regions of ER: rough ER (with ribosomes) and smooth ER (without ribosomes).
- Rough ER synthesizes glycoproteins.
- Smooth ER synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions, and metabolizes carbohydrates.
Golgi Apparatus
- The Golgi apparatus is a shipping and receiving center.
- It consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae.
- It modifies products of the ER (mostly sugars), manufactures certain macromolecules (polysaccharides), and sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles.
- There are two main pathways: ER > Golgi apparatus > plasma membrane and ER > Golgi apparatus > lysosomes.
- One pathway is plasma membrane > endosomes > lysosomes.
Lysosomes and Vacuoles
- Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes.
- They play a primary role in the digestion of bacteria engulfed by white blood cells.
- Vacuoles are large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus.
- They perform a variety of functions in different kinds of cells.
Protein Synthesis and Trafficking
- Protein synthesis occurs in the rough ER.
- Glycoproteins are synthesized in the rough ER.
- Glycoproteins undergo further carbohydrate modification in the Golgi apparatus.
- Glycolipids, glycoproteins, and secretory proteins are transported in vesicles to the plasma membrane.
- Fusion, exocytosis, and carbohydrate portions of transmembrane proteins are positioned to the outside.
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
- Endocytosis is the process of taking in macromolecules into the cell.
- There are three types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
- Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing particles by extending pseudopodia around them.
- Pinocytosis is the process of taking in molecules when extracellular fluid is "gulped" into tiny vesicles.
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis is the process of taking in specific molecules into the cell.
- Exocytosis is the process of releasing molecules out of the cell.
- Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of the endomembrane system, including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles. Practice questions cover the functions and relationships between these cellular components.
