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Questions and Answers
Which of the following materials were commonly used in pre-Magellan Filipino houses?
Which of the following materials were commonly used in pre-Magellan Filipino houses?
- Glass and metal
- Brick and stone
- Concrete and steel
- Bamboo, palm, and vine (correct)
Pre-Spanish Filipino houses typically featured flat roofs for water collection.
Pre-Spanish Filipino houses typically featured flat roofs for water collection.
False (B)
What was the primary purpose for establishing settlements in the Philippines, according to the Spaniards?
What was the primary purpose for establishing settlements in the Philippines, according to the Spaniards?
colonizing the archipelago
The administrative center of the colonial government was established in Manila by Legaspi after conquering the native __________.
The administrative center of the colonial government was established in Manila by Legaspi after conquering the native __________.
Match the construction periods in Intramuros with the correct building materials:
Match the construction periods in Intramuros with the correct building materials:
What material, known for its strong bonding quality, was quarried in Meycawayan and used in the construction of Intramuros?
What material, known for its strong bonding quality, was quarried in Meycawayan and used in the construction of Intramuros?
The original layout of Philippine towns under Spanish colonists involved streets laid out in a circular pattern.
The original layout of Philippine towns under Spanish colonists involved streets laid out in a circular pattern.
In the Spanish-designed towns, which structure was typically built on one side of the main plaza?
In the Spanish-designed towns, which structure was typically built on one side of the main plaza?
The area within the fortifications surrounding Manila developed into __________, also known as the Walled City.
The area within the fortifications surrounding Manila developed into __________, also known as the Walled City.
Match the governor with the action taken to improve Intramuros protection.
Match the governor with the action taken to improve Intramuros protection.
What type of roofing material did Governor De Vera discourage the use of within Intramuros, due to fire risks?
What type of roofing material did Governor De Vera discourage the use of within Intramuros, due to fire risks?
The first structures in Intramuros were constructed using stone and tile from the very beginning.
The first structures in Intramuros were constructed using stone and tile from the very beginning.
Under whose direction were the massive walls of Intramuros constructed?
Under whose direction were the massive walls of Intramuros constructed?
The first buildings of architectural importance in Intramuros were the San Agustin church and the __________.
The first buildings of architectural importance in Intramuros were the San Agustin church and the __________.
Match the churches and buildings with their characteristics:
Match the churches and buildings with their characteristics:
What was the primary characteristic of Antonio Herrera's construction of the San Agustin church?
What was the primary characteristic of Antonio Herrera's construction of the San Agustin church?
The earthquake of 1863 completely destroyed the San Agustin church.
The earthquake of 1863 completely destroyed the San Agustin church.
What were the artisans who executed building designs, such as the Governor's palace, Audiencia and Cabildo called?
What were the artisans who executed building designs, such as the Governor's palace, Audiencia and Cabildo called?
In the provinces, the __________ typically managed the construction of churches and other buildings.
In the provinces, the __________ typically managed the construction of churches and other buildings.
Match some church building materials in the provinces to their materials:
Match some church building materials in the provinces to their materials:
Flashcards
Pre-Magellan Filipino Houses
Pre-Magellan Filipino Houses
Houses constructed before Magellan's arrival, utilizing materials like bamboo, palm, vine and grass.
Adobe
Adobe
A construction material abundant near Manila, known for its strong bonding quality.
Intramuros
Intramuros
The rebuilt original town of Manila, fortified with palisades and later developed into the 'Walled City'.
Palisades
Palisades
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Casas de canteria y teja
Casas de canteria y teja
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Father Sedeño
Father Sedeño
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San Agustin Church and Manila Cathedral
San Agustin Church and Manila Cathedral
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Antonio Herrera
Antonio Herrera
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Barrel Vaulting
Barrel Vaulting
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Maestros de obras
Maestros de obras
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Plan for Provinces Churches
Plan for Provinces Churches
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Study Notes
- Pre-Spanish Houses
- Pre-Magellan Filipino houses were constructed from light materials such as bamboo, palm, vine, and grass
- Wood served as posts and joists
- Nipa thatch was used for roofing and siding where nipa palm grew; otherwise, grass was used
- Flattened bamboo and tree bark were for siding and flooring
- Bamboo slats were interwoven and held by a bamboo frame for doors and windows
- Rattan and other vines were used for tying
- Ladders were made of bamboo
- Pre-Spanish Filipino houses featured pyramidal roofs, low walls, and floors raised a few feet above the ground
- Leantos often extended from the main house
- The houses of the wealthy, well-to-do class were larger
- The Beginnings of Intramuros
- The Spaniards discovered the Philippines in 1521
- Miguel Lopez de Legaspi's expedition succeeded in establishing settlements for colonization in 1565
- Settlements were established in Cebu, Panay, and Luzon
- Legaspi established the administrative center of the colonial government in Manila after conquering the native chieftains
- He established the Spanish settlement on the site of the native stronghold at the mouth of the Pasig River, similar to Cebu and Panay
- After half the native settlement in Manila burned down during the conquest battle, Legaspi rebuilt it
- Barracks for soldiers, houses for officers and civil personnel, and a chapel were built, made initially of light materials used by natives
- Construction Materials
- As new streets were developed, stronger materials such as building stone, or adobe, were used
- The best adobe was quarried in Guadalupe and Meycawayan
- The Meycawayan stone had strong bonding qualities
- Town Planning
- Spanish colonists planned Philippine towns with a square layout of about one hundred varas or more per side, depending on the locality's importance
- The church was usually built on one side, with residences of town administrators and prominent persons on the other two sides
- As the town expanded, streets were laid out parallel to those around the plaza
- Legaspi rebuilt the original town of Manila in 1571 according to this scheme and fortified it with palisades
- This fortified area became Intramuros, or the Walled City of Manila
- Start of Stone and Tile Construction
- After Limahong's unsuccessful attack on Manila in 1574, Governor Lavezares built stronger palisades
- A second fire originating from the wooden and nipa San Agustin church destroyed the city
- Governor De Vera planned to replace palisades with a stone wall, discouraging nipa roofing within the city
- Houses of wood and stone with tile roofs began to be built
- De Morga noted these casas de canteria y teja at the beginning of the 17th century
- By the middle of the 17th century, Intramuros was a city of stone and tile
- The walls of Intramuros were started under Governor Gomez Perez Dasmariñas
- Sangleys and natives, under the direction of Father Sedeño, quarried the stones and were instructed in brick and tile manufacture
- Building the massive walls of Intramuros was an engineering feat, encircling the entire city, watch towers, and guard compartments along the walls and at the gates
- Gates, including the entrance to Fort Santiago, were given architectural treatment, possibly by Sangley artisans
- Early Churches of Intramuros and Vicinity
- Architectural marvels of Intramuros were San Agustin church and the Manila Cathedral
- The Agustinians had Antonio Herrera, a lay brother and master builder possibly related to Juan de Herrera, to aid in building
- Antonio Herrera's construction of the San Agustin church and convent was characterized by massiveness and stability
- Originally, the San Agustin church had twin four-sided, three-story towers capped with cupolas sitting on drums
- Only the two upper stories of one tower of the San Agustin church suffered damage during the 1863 earthquake that leveled other churches
- San Agustin church is one of the few in the Philippines with a true barrel vaulting
- Subsequent builders avoided stone vaults due to earthquake risks
- San Agustin Church has resisted the severest earthquakes and remained standing as originally built in the 17th century
- Alberoni and Dibella, Italian painter-decorators, decorated the church's interior in 1875, creating a perfect illusion of the third dimension on the vaulted nave ceiling
- The Manila Cathedral, destroyed by the 1863 earthquake, was the fourth structure on the site, with construction starting in 1751 and completed a quarter-century later
- Father Juan de Uguccioni, architect and master builder, directed the work
- The cathedral featured three naves, a sacristy behind the main altar, and a huge octagonal tower separated from the church
- The Renaissance-style façade had two stories with a curved, broken pediment and double volute ornaments, while the dome was a truncated cone and the cupola of the tower was hemispherical
- Other early Intramuros churches were Sto. Domingo, Recoletos, and San Francisco, initially built of light materials, then later of stone, rebuilt after fires and earthquakes
- The great earthquake of 1863 leveled all of them
- As Intramuros developed, other buildings were constructed
- By 1671, the Governor's palace, Audiencia, and Cabildo were completed along the three sides of the Plaza Mayor, with the Manila Cathedral on the fourth side
- Nearby were the University of Santo Tomas, San Juan de Letran College, the Royal Hospital, and the Archbishop's palace
- All these buildings, executed by maestros de obras, were all obras de canteria and mostly devoid of distinction in design
- As colonization and Christianization progressed, other communities and dioceses developed in Luzon and other islands
- Founding of parishes led to construction of churches and other buildings, with parishes often developing into towns with government houses
- Provincial Churches
- In the provinces, the parish priest usually managed the construction of churches and buildings, with the simplest rectangular plan
- Nipa was the common roofing material
- Brickmaking in the Bicol region started in the second half of the 19th century
- Churches built by inexperienced builders could not withstand huracans
- Nipa roofing, wooden poles, and tabiquepampango were used to build chapels, or visitas, in regions without good stone material as late as the 19th century
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