Sleep and Alcohol

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Which organ primarily absorbs ethanol?

Small intestine and stomach (correct)
Liver
Large intestine
Lungs

When does ethanol reach its maximal blood concentration after ingestion?

Immediately after ingestion
30-90 minutes after ingestion (correct)
2-3 hours after ingestion
10-20 minutes after ingestion

How is ethanol eliminated from the body?

Excretion via the lungs, kidneys, or skin
Metabolism in the liver
Both excretion and metabolism (correct)
None of the above

What are the chronic effects of alcohol consumption on the brain?

Structural and functional changes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of non-REM sleep is characterized by delta activity?

Stage 3 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential marker of sleep quality and alcohol-related brain damage?

Slow-wave sleep (SWS) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function disrupted by alcohol in relation to sleep?

Slow-wave sleep (SWS) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most consistent finding in studies of sleep changes in alcoholic men?

Reduced slow-wave sleep (SWS) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep stage is often emphasized due to increased slow-wave sleep (SWS) and delta EEG spectral power?

Stage N3 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of alcohol on sleep onset latency compared to placebo?

Alcohol has no effect on sleep onset latency (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep stage is predictive of relapse in alcohol dependency?

Stage N3 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of heavy alcohol use on non-REM sleep K-complex incidence in late adolescents?

Heavy alcohol use decreases K-complex incidence (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about alcohol consumption rates in the United States and Australia over the past decade?

Alcohol consumption rates have remained relatively constant in both countries. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people who consume alcohol will develop an alcohol use or dependence disorder (i.e., alcoholism)?

4-6% (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the DSM-V, how many criteria must an individual meet within a 12-month period to be diagnosed with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)?

2 (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the severity levels of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) according to the DSM-V?

Mild AUD: 2-3 criteria; Moderate AUD: 4-5 criteria; Severe AUD: 6+ criteria (C) Signup and view all the answers

What did Nicholas et al. (2002) find regarding k-complexes following sleep fragmentation?

There was an increase in proportion of k-complexes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic waveform/shape of a k-complex evoked by a stimulus during sleep?

Small negativity followed by a large negativity followed by a large positivity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What did Crowley, Trinder, and Colrain (2002) find regarding k-complexes in younger vs elderly adults?

Elderly adults had fewer and smaller k-complexes (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the effects of alcohol on the CNS integrity in adolescent binge drinkers?

Alcohol has a negative effect on the CNS integrity in adolescent binge drinkers. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What did the study on heavy drinkers and light drinkers find regarding the production of evoked K-complexes after alcohol consumption?

Heavy drinkers produced fewer evoked K-complexes than light drinkers. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the pattern of change in SWS and EEG delta frequency across adolescence?

There is a rapid decrease in early teens followed by a gradual decrease into early to mid 20s. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which group showed a decrease in total REM sleep percentage compared to the placebo condition after pre-bedtime alcohol ingestion?

Both heavy and light drinkers (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was the BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) for the light drinkers at lights out in the alcohol condition?

0.081 ± 0.02% (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep stage showed an unexpected result in heavy and light drinkers in the alcohol condition?

SWS (Slow-Wave Sleep) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was the p-value for the interaction between alcohol condition and group for SWS (Slow-Wave Sleep)?

0.016 (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep stage showed an increase in the second half of the night across both conditions for heavy and light drinkers?

REM (Rapid Eye Movement) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which group had less SWS (Slow-Wave Sleep) in the placebo condition?

Heavy drinkers (C) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people will consume alcohol at some point in their lifetime?

80-90% Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people reported consuming alcohol within the previous 12 months?

70-80% Signup and view all the answers

How many criteria must an individual meet within a 12-month period to be diagnosed with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) according to the DSM-V?

At least 2 of 11 criteria Signup and view all the answers

What sleep differences might precede alcohol use?

Sleep differences that predispose to heavier use of alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential explanation for the observed sleep differences in heavy and light drinkers?

Alcohol related structural and functional brain changes Signup and view all the answers

What was the BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) for the light drinkers at lights out in the alcohol condition?

0.081 ± 0.02% Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between sleep fragmentation and the proportion of k-complexes observed?

Sleep fragmentation is expected to result in a decrease in the proportion of k-complexes observed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of k-complexes in the sleep maintenance hypothesis?

K-complexes are believed to act as a sleep maintenance mechanism, ensuring a sufficient amount of sleep. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic waveform of a k-complex evoked by a stimulus during sleep?

A k-complex evoked by a stimulus during sleep has a characteristic waveform consisting of a small negativity (N350), followed by a large negativity (N550), and a large positivity (P900). Signup and view all the answers

What functional measures of central nervous system (CNS) integrity can be derived from the presence, timing, and amplitude of k-complexes?

The presence, timing, and amplitude of k-complexes provide functional measures of CNS integrity, indicating the ability of brain neurons to synchronize and communicate effectively. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary ways in which ethanol is eliminated from the body?

Ethanol is primarily eliminated from the body through direct excretion via the lungs, kidneys, or skin. Only a small percentage (less than 10%) is excreted through the kidneys or skin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which ethanol is metabolized in the liver?

Ethanol is metabolized in the liver through oxidative processes. It is first converted to acetaldehyde, and then further metabolized to acetyl CoA. Signup and view all the answers

What are the acute effects of alcohol consumption?

The acute effects of alcohol consumption include behavioral disinhibition, psychomotor impairment, and potential cognitive impairment. Physiologically, it causes a reflexive increase in heart rate due to peripheral vasodilation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the chronic effects of alcohol consumption on the brain?

Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to structural and functional changes in the brain. It has been associated with alterations in cortical and sub-cortical grey matter and white matter. The frontal cortex tends to show the greatest loss of volume. Additionally, chronic alcohol consumption can affect CNS integrity and increase the risk of other chronic diseases. Signup and view all the answers

What are the sleep disturbances commonly seen in alcoholics?

Alcoholics tend to have a wide range of sleep disturbances, including increased frequency of awakenings, decreased REM sleep, decreased slow-wave sleep (SWS), and significant levels of insomnia. Signup and view all the answers

What are the acute effects of alcohol on sleep in alcoholics?

Studies have shown that acute alcohol administration in alcoholics leads to increased slow-wave sleep (SWS) and decreased REM sleep compared to their baseline. Signup and view all the answers

What are the long-term sleep changes observed in alcoholics during early post-withdrawal phase?

During the early post-withdrawal phase (~2-6 weeks abstinence), alcoholics generally exhibit decreased SWS, decreased sleep efficiency, decreased total sleep time, increased stage one sleep, increased REM sleep onset latency, and longer time to fall asleep. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between slow-wave sleep (SWS) and likelihood of relapse in abstinent alcoholics?

Sleep quality, particularly SWS, is a strong predictor of the likelihood of relapse in abstinent alcoholics. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of studying adolescent binge drinkers in relation to alcohol's effects on the central nervous system (CNS) integrity?

To observe the effects of alcohol on the CNS integrity independent of the effects of alcoholism in the treated population and independent of aging. Signup and view all the answers

What were the main findings regarding evoked K-complexes in heavy drinkers compared to light drinkers after alcohol consumption?

Heavy drinkers produced fewer evoked K-complexes in both alcohol and placebo conditions. Ability to produce K-complexes was reduced. Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the changes in KC generation seen in heavy drinking young adults?

Some of the changes in KC generation seen in abstinent chronic alcoholics (i.e., less KCs and lower 550 amplitude) are already evident in heavy drinking young adults. Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the sleep changes observed in adolescents and young adults?

Adolescents show marked reductions in slow-wave sleep (SWS) and EEG delta frequency across adolescence. They also experience reduced homeostatic sleep drive, circadian phase delay, and shortened sleep duration. Signup and view all the answers

What were the main findings of the study by Caitlyn Gourlay on the effects of alcohol ingestion on sleep measures in late adolescents?

The main findings of the study were that heavy drinkers showed reduced slow-wave sleep (SWS) and increased sleep onset latency compared to light drinkers in the placebo condition. Heavy drinkers also showed a decrease in total REM sleep percentage compared to the placebo condition after alcohol ingestion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential significance of the frontal brain regions being predisposed to alcohol-related damage in heavy alcohol use in adolescents?

The frontal brain regions are the last areas to develop in adolescence, making them more vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol. This can lead to deterioration in neural functioning, including memory and learning impairments, in young people diagnosed with alcohol use disorders. Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential consequences of acute and chronic alcohol exposure on the developing brain and sleep systems in late adolescents?

Acute and chronic alcohol exposure may affect the developing brain and sleep systems differently compared to adults. This could have important consequences for health and broader development, as reduced slow-wave sleep and increased REM sleep pressure are predictive of relapse and reflect reduced cortical integrity, particularly in the frontal regions of the brain. Signup and view all the answers

What were the measured variables in Caitlyn Gourlay's study on the effects of alcohol ingestion on sleep measures in late adolescents?

The measured variables in the study were sleep quality and macro sleep-architecture variables (such as sleep onset latency, total sleep time, percentage of REM, N1, N2, and SWS, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, and arousals) using standard diagnostic AASM criteria, as well as micro sleep-architecture variables (spectral power analysis of the five main EEG frequency bands: alpha, beta, theta, sigma, and delta). Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people will consume alcohol at some point in their lifetime?

80-90% Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people who consume alcohol will develop an alcohol use or dependence disorder (i.e., alcoholism)?

4-6% Signup and view all the answers

According to the DSM-V, how many criteria must an individual meet within a 12-month period to be diagnosed with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)?

At least 2 of 11 criteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form of alcohol consumed?

Ethyl-alcohol (C2H5OH) Signup and view all the answers

How is ethanol primarily eliminated from the body?

By direct excretion via the lungs, kidneys, or skin Signup and view all the answers

What are the acute effects of alcohol consumption at low to moderate doses?

Behavioral disinhibition, psychomotor impairment, and potentially some cognitive impairment Signup and view all the answers

What are the chronic effects of alcohol consumption on the brain?

Altered grey and white matter, loss of cortical volume, and structural changes Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the sleep disturbances commonly seen in alcoholics?

Increased frequency of awakenings, decreased REM sleep, decreased SWS, significant levels of insomnia Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between slow-wave sleep (SWS) and likelihood of relapse in abstinent alcoholics?

Sleep quality, particularly SWS, is a strong predictor of likelihood of relapse in abstinent alcoholics Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function disrupted by alcohol in relation to sleep?

Sleep Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential marker of sleep quality and alcohol-related brain damage?

SWS (quantity and intensity) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between sleep fragmentation and the proportion of k-complexes observed?

An increase in sleep fragmentation is associated with an increase in the proportion of k-complexes observed. Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential consequences of acute and chronic alcohol exposure on the developing brain and sleep systems in late adolescents?

Acute and chronic alcohol exposure can lead to sleep disturbances and damage to the developing brain in late adolescents. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of heavy alcohol use on non-REM sleep K-complex incidence in late adolescents?

Heavy alcohol use in late adolescents is associated with a decrease in non-REM sleep K-complex incidence. Signup and view all the answers

Can these techniques be used to investigate early effects of alcohol use on sleep?

Yes, these techniques can be used to investigate the early effects of alcohol use on sleep. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main finding regarding slow-wave sleep (SWS) in heavy and light drinkers after alcohol consumption?

Heavy drinkers increased SWS after alcohol consumption whereas light drinkers decreased SWS in alcohol condition. Signup and view all the answers

What were the sleep differences observed between heavy and light drinkers in the placebo condition?

Heavy drinkers had less SWS in the placebo condition compared to light drinkers. Signup and view all the answers

What potential explanations were provided for the observed sleep differences between heavy and light drinkers?

Sleep differences might precede alcohol use (some differences that predispose to heavier use of alcohol), or alcohol-related structural and functional brain changes, or adaptation of neurotransmitter systems, or due to alcohol withdrawal effects (≥48 hours abstinence). Signup and view all the answers

What were the sleep measures examined in Caitlyn Gourlay's study on the effects of alcohol ingestion on late adolescents' sleep?

Sleep quality & macro sleep-architecture variables (SOL, Total Sleep Time, % of REM, N1, N2, & SWS, sleep efficiency, WASO, and arousals) - using standard diagnostic AASM criteria Signup and view all the answers

What were the differences in drinking history between heavy and light drinkers in Caitlyn Gourlay's study?

By design, groups differed on drinking history in the previous month (p=.003) but did not differ in age, BMI or age drinking was initiated (p>.05) Signup and view all the answers

What were the main findings regarding slow-wave sleep (SWS) percentage in heavy and light drinkers in the placebo condition?

Mean SWS% for heavy and light drinkers in placebo condition across first four sleep cycles Signup and view all the answers

What was the goal of Caitlyn Gourlay's study?

To investigate the acute and chronic effects of alcohol ingestion on objective sleep measures in late adolescents (18 to 21 years) and compare sex differences Signup and view all the answers

What are some potential differences in sleep measures between heavy and light drinkers in the placebo condition?

Potential differences in sleep measures between heavy and light drinkers in the placebo condition could include differences in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, time spent in different sleep stages (such as REM sleep and non-REM sleep), and the presence of sleep disturbances or awakenings. Signup and view all the answers

What are some potential differences in sleep measures between heavy and light drinkers in the alcohol condition?

Potential differences in sleep measures between heavy and light drinkers in the alcohol condition could include further disruptions in sleep architecture, such as increased awakenings, decreased slow-wave sleep (SWS), and alterations in sleep continuity and sleep quality. Signup and view all the answers

What are some potential long-term consequences of alcohol exposure on the developing brain and sleep systems in late adolescents?

Potential long-term consequences of alcohol exposure on the developing brain and sleep systems in late adolescents include alterations in brain structure and function, impaired cognitive function, increased risk of developing alcohol use disorders, and persistent sleep disturbances. Signup and view all the answers

What are some potential differences in sleep measures between heavy and light drinkers in the alcohol condition?

Potential differences in sleep measures between heavy and light drinkers in the alcohol condition could include further disruptions in sleep architecture, such as increased awakenings, decreased slow-wave sleep (SWS), and alterations in sleep continuity and sleep quality. Signup and view all the answers

Sleep and Alcohol

Choose a study mode

Podcast

Questions and Answers

Which organ primarily absorbs ethanol?

When does ethanol reach its maximal blood concentration after ingestion?

How is ethanol eliminated from the body?

What are the chronic effects of alcohol consumption on the brain?

Which stage of non-REM sleep is characterized by delta activity?

What is a potential marker of sleep quality and alcohol-related brain damage?

What is the main function disrupted by alcohol in relation to sleep?

What is the most consistent finding in studies of sleep changes in alcoholic men?

Which sleep stage is often emphasized due to increased slow-wave sleep (SWS) and delta EEG spectral power?

What is the effect of alcohol on sleep onset latency compared to placebo?

Which sleep stage is predictive of relapse in alcohol dependency?

What is the effect of heavy alcohol use on non-REM sleep K-complex incidence in late adolescents?

Which of the following statements is true about alcohol consumption rates in the United States and Australia over the past decade?

What percentage of people who consume alcohol will develop an alcohol use or dependence disorder (i.e., alcoholism)?

According to the DSM-V, how many criteria must an individual meet within a 12-month period to be diagnosed with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)?

Which of the following is true about the severity levels of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) according to the DSM-V?

What did Nicholas et al. (2002) find regarding k-complexes following sleep fragmentation?

What is the characteristic waveform/shape of a k-complex evoked by a stimulus during sleep?

What did Crowley, Trinder, and Colrain (2002) find regarding k-complexes in younger vs elderly adults?

Which of the following is true about the effects of alcohol on the CNS integrity in adolescent binge drinkers?

What did the study on heavy drinkers and light drinkers find regarding the production of evoked K-complexes after alcohol consumption?

What is the pattern of change in SWS and EEG delta frequency across adolescence?

Which group showed a decrease in total REM sleep percentage compared to the placebo condition after pre-bedtime alcohol ingestion?

What was the BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) for the light drinkers at lights out in the alcohol condition?

Which sleep stage showed an unexpected result in heavy and light drinkers in the alcohol condition?

What was the p-value for the interaction between alcohol condition and group for SWS (Slow-Wave Sleep)?

Which sleep stage showed an increase in the second half of the night across both conditions for heavy and light drinkers?

Which group had less SWS (Slow-Wave Sleep) in the placebo condition?

What percentage of people will consume alcohol at some point in their lifetime?

What percentage of people reported consuming alcohol within the previous 12 months?

How many criteria must an individual meet within a 12-month period to be diagnosed with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) according to the DSM-V?

What sleep differences might precede alcohol use?

What is one potential explanation for the observed sleep differences in heavy and light drinkers?

What was the BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) for the light drinkers at lights out in the alcohol condition?

What is the relationship between sleep fragmentation and the proportion of k-complexes observed?

What is the role of k-complexes in the sleep maintenance hypothesis?

What is the characteristic waveform of a k-complex evoked by a stimulus during sleep?

What functional measures of central nervous system (CNS) integrity can be derived from the presence, timing, and amplitude of k-complexes?

What are the primary ways in which ethanol is eliminated from the body?

What is the process by which ethanol is metabolized in the liver?

What are the acute effects of alcohol consumption?

What are the chronic effects of alcohol consumption on the brain?

What are the sleep disturbances commonly seen in alcoholics?

What are the acute effects of alcohol on sleep in alcoholics?

What are the long-term sleep changes observed in alcoholics during early post-withdrawal phase?

What is the relationship between slow-wave sleep (SWS) and likelihood of relapse in abstinent alcoholics?

What is the purpose of studying adolescent binge drinkers in relation to alcohol's effects on the central nervous system (CNS) integrity?

What were the main findings regarding evoked K-complexes in heavy drinkers compared to light drinkers after alcohol consumption?

What are some of the changes in KC generation seen in heavy drinking young adults?

What are some of the sleep changes observed in adolescents and young adults?

What were the main findings of the study by Caitlyn Gourlay on the effects of alcohol ingestion on sleep measures in late adolescents?

What is the potential significance of the frontal brain regions being predisposed to alcohol-related damage in heavy alcohol use in adolescents?

What are the potential consequences of acute and chronic alcohol exposure on the developing brain and sleep systems in late adolescents?

What were the measured variables in Caitlyn Gourlay's study on the effects of alcohol ingestion on sleep measures in late adolescents?

What percentage of people will consume alcohol at some point in their lifetime?

What percentage of people who consume alcohol will develop an alcohol use or dependence disorder (i.e., alcoholism)?

According to the DSM-V, how many criteria must an individual meet within a 12-month period to be diagnosed with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)?

What is the primary form of alcohol consumed?

How is ethanol primarily eliminated from the body?

What are the acute effects of alcohol consumption at low to moderate doses?

What are the chronic effects of alcohol consumption on the brain?

What are some of the sleep disturbances commonly seen in alcoholics?

What is the relationship between slow-wave sleep (SWS) and likelihood of relapse in abstinent alcoholics?

What is the main function disrupted by alcohol in relation to sleep?

What is a potential marker of sleep quality and alcohol-related brain damage?

What is the relationship between sleep fragmentation and the proportion of k-complexes observed?

What are the potential consequences of acute and chronic alcohol exposure on the developing brain and sleep systems in late adolescents?

What is the effect of heavy alcohol use on non-REM sleep K-complex incidence in late adolescents?

Can these techniques be used to investigate early effects of alcohol use on sleep?

What is the main finding regarding slow-wave sleep (SWS) in heavy and light drinkers after alcohol consumption?

What were the sleep differences observed between heavy and light drinkers in the placebo condition?

What potential explanations were provided for the observed sleep differences between heavy and light drinkers?

What were the sleep measures examined in Caitlyn Gourlay's study on the effects of alcohol ingestion on late adolescents' sleep?

What were the differences in drinking history between heavy and light drinkers in Caitlyn Gourlay's study?

What were the main findings regarding slow-wave sleep (SWS) percentage in heavy and light drinkers in the placebo condition?

What was the goal of Caitlyn Gourlay's study?