Sleep and Alcohol

<p>Structural and functional changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slow-wave sleep (SWS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slow-wave sleep (SWS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced slow-wave sleep (SWS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage N3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol has no effect on sleep onset latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage N3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy alcohol use decreases K-complex incidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol consumption rates have remained relatively constant in both countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4-6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mild AUD: 2-3 criteria; Moderate AUD: 4-5 criteria; Severe AUD: 6+ criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There was an increase in proportion of k-complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small negativity followed by a large negativity followed by a large positivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elderly adults had fewer and smaller k-complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol has a negative effect on the CNS integrity in adolescent binge drinkers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy drinkers produced fewer evoked K-complexes than light drinkers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a rapid decrease in early teens followed by a gradual decrease into early to mid 20s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both heavy and light drinkers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.081 ± 0.02%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SWS (Slow-Wave Sleep)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.016</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>REM (Rapid Eye Movement)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy drinkers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70-80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At least 2 of 11 criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleep differences that predispose to heavier use of alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol related structural and functional brain changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.081 ± 0.02%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleep fragmentation is expected to result in a decrease in the proportion of k-complexes observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>K-complexes are believed to act as a sleep maintenance mechanism, ensuring a sufficient amount of sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A k-complex evoked by a stimulus during sleep has a characteristic waveform consisting of a small negativity (N350), followed by a large negativity (N550), and a large positivity (P900).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence, timing, and amplitude of k-complexes provide functional measures of CNS integrity, indicating the ability of brain neurons to synchronize and communicate effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethanol is primarily eliminated from the body through direct excretion via the lungs, kidneys, or skin. Only a small percentage (less than 10%) is excreted through the kidneys or skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethanol is metabolized in the liver through oxidative processes. It is first converted to acetaldehyde, and then further metabolized to acetyl CoA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The acute effects of alcohol consumption include behavioral disinhibition, psychomotor impairment, and potential cognitive impairment. Physiologically, it causes a reflexive increase in heart rate due to peripheral vasodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to structural and functional changes in the brain. It has been associated with alterations in cortical and sub-cortical grey matter and white matter. The frontal cortex tends to show the greatest loss of volume. Additionally, chronic alcohol consumption can affect CNS integrity and increase the risk of other chronic diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcoholics tend to have a wide range of sleep disturbances, including increased frequency of awakenings, decreased REM sleep, decreased slow-wave sleep (SWS), and significant levels of insomnia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Studies have shown that acute alcohol administration in alcoholics leads to increased slow-wave sleep (SWS) and decreased REM sleep compared to their baseline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the early post-withdrawal phase (~2-6 weeks abstinence), alcoholics generally exhibit decreased SWS, decreased sleep efficiency, decreased total sleep time, increased stage one sleep, increased REM sleep onset latency, and longer time to fall asleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleep quality, particularly SWS, is a strong predictor of the likelihood of relapse in abstinent alcoholics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To observe the effects of alcohol on the CNS integrity independent of the effects of alcoholism in the treated population and independent of aging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy drinkers produced fewer evoked K-complexes in both alcohol and placebo conditions. Ability to produce K-complexes was reduced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some of the changes in KC generation seen in abstinent chronic alcoholics (i.e., less KCs and lower 550 amplitude) are already evident in heavy drinking young adults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adolescents show marked reductions in slow-wave sleep (SWS) and EEG delta frequency across adolescence. They also experience reduced homeostatic sleep drive, circadian phase delay, and shortened sleep duration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main findings of the study were that heavy drinkers showed reduced slow-wave sleep (SWS) and increased sleep onset latency compared to light drinkers in the placebo condition. Heavy drinkers also showed a decrease in total REM sleep percentage compared to the placebo condition after alcohol ingestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frontal brain regions are the last areas to develop in adolescence, making them more vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol. This can lead to deterioration in neural functioning, including memory and learning impairments, in young people diagnosed with alcohol use disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute and chronic alcohol exposure may affect the developing brain and sleep systems differently compared to adults. This could have important consequences for health and broader development, as reduced slow-wave sleep and increased REM sleep pressure are predictive of relapse and reflect reduced cortical integrity, particularly in the frontal regions of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The measured variables in the study were sleep quality and macro sleep-architecture variables (such as sleep onset latency, total sleep time, percentage of REM, N1, N2, and SWS, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, and arousals) using standard diagnostic AASM criteria, as well as micro sleep-architecture variables (spectral power analysis of the five main EEG frequency bands: alpha, beta, theta, sigma, and delta).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4-6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At least 2 of 11 criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethyl-alcohol (C2H5OH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By direct excretion via the lungs, kidneys, or skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioral disinhibition, psychomotor impairment, and potentially some cognitive impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altered grey and white matter, loss of cortical volume, and structural changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased frequency of awakenings, decreased REM sleep, decreased SWS, significant levels of insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleep quality, particularly SWS, is a strong predictor of likelihood of relapse in abstinent alcoholics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SWS (quantity and intensity)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in sleep fragmentation is associated with an increase in the proportion of k-complexes observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute and chronic alcohol exposure can lead to sleep disturbances and damage to the developing brain in late adolescents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy alcohol use in late adolescents is associated with a decrease in non-REM sleep K-complex incidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yes, these techniques can be used to investigate the early effects of alcohol use on sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy drinkers increased SWS after alcohol consumption whereas light drinkers decreased SWS in alcohol condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy drinkers had less SWS in the placebo condition compared to light drinkers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleep differences might precede alcohol use (some differences that predispose to heavier use of alcohol), or alcohol-related structural and functional brain changes, or adaptation of neurotransmitter systems, or due to alcohol withdrawal effects (≥48 hours abstinence).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleep quality &amp; macro sleep-architecture variables (SOL, Total Sleep Time, % of REM, N1, N2, &amp; SWS, sleep efficiency, WASO, and arousals) - using standard diagnostic AASM criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By design, groups differed on drinking history in the previous month (p=.003) but did not differ in age, BMI or age drinking was initiated (p&gt;.05)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mean SWS% for heavy and light drinkers in placebo condition across first four sleep cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To investigate the acute and chronic effects of alcohol ingestion on objective sleep measures in late adolescents (18 to 21 years) and compare sex differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential differences in sleep measures between heavy and light drinkers in the placebo condition could include differences in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, time spent in different sleep stages (such as REM sleep and non-REM sleep), and the presence of sleep disturbances or awakenings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential differences in sleep measures between heavy and light drinkers in the alcohol condition could include further disruptions in sleep architecture, such as increased awakenings, decreased slow-wave sleep (SWS), and alterations in sleep continuity and sleep quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential long-term consequences of alcohol exposure on the developing brain and sleep systems in late adolescents include alterations in brain structure and function, impaired cognitive function, increased risk of developing alcohol use disorders, and persistent sleep disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential differences in sleep measures between heavy and light drinkers in the alcohol condition could include further disruptions in sleep architecture, such as increased awakenings, decreased slow-wave sleep (SWS), and alterations in sleep continuity and sleep quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers