Seafood Processing and Waste Generation
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the total harvest is processed into chilled, frozen, smoked, dried, fermented, or marinated products?

  • 80% (correct)
  • 50%
  • 70%
  • 60%

    • What is the approximate percentage of waste generated during shrimp processing?

  • 60%
  • 50% (correct)
  • 30%
  • 70%

    • How much shell waste is generated yearly from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

  • 20,000 MT
  • 30,000 MT
  • 10,000 MT
  • 18,000 MT (correct)

    • What is the approximate percentage of by-products generated from lobster processing?

    <p>50-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much water is required for processing each ton of raw seafood?

    <p>10-40 m3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main nutrient lost during seafood discards?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of proteins in shrimp head waste?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of shell waste from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much wastewater is released daily from one of the largest herring-processing factories in Europe?

    <p>1,500 m3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the water requirement for farmed fish production per metric ton of fish?

    <p>1.5-6 m3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue with the seafood industry?

    <p>It generates large volumes of waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the parts of fish that are commonly discarded?

    <p>Shell, head, bones, intestine, fin, and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the environmental hazards associated with seafood waste?

    <p>Loss of nutrients and serious environmental hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the wastewater discharged by the seafood industry?

    <p>Voluminous amounts of wastewater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the by-catch of commercial fishing operations?

    <p>Low-value under-utilized fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the nutrients present in seafood waste?

    <p>They are rich in nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the author's affiliation?

    <p>Department of Fish Processing Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the journal where the article was published?

    <p>Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of seafood waste?

    <p>By-catch and processing discards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much of global seafood production was wasted in 2018?

    <p>35% of 178.5 million tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the projected global seafood production for human consumption by 2030?

    <p>204 million tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the generation of seafood waste?

    <p>Consumer preferences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of fish stocks were within biologically sustainable levels in 2017?

    <p>65.8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environmental impact of landfill compared to other waste disposal options?

    <p>10 times larger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of food waste globally?

    <p>1.3 billion tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bioconversion processes?

    <p>To recover valuable ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TSS and FOG of process effluents on the environment?

    <p>Decreases oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the environmental hazards associated with seafood process effluents?

    <p>Eutrophication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of food loss and waste for the whole fisheries sector?

    <p>35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development regarding food waste?

    <p>To halve per capita global food waste by 2030</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using microbial fermentations for bioconversion processes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

    <p>They involve corrosive and water-intensive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of alkali treatment on chitin?

    <p>It hydrolyzes chitin and partially deacetylates it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of traditional solvent extraction of fish oil?

    <p>It causes oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of sustainable seafood processing?

    <p>To minimize waste generation and conserve resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a measure for addressing environmental hazards and nutrient losses in the seafood industry?

    <p>Selective trawling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>Reduces environmental pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

    <p>They are cost-effective and have minimal environmental impacts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the choice of green extraction technique?

    <p>The target compound features and food matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of enzymes in food quality assessment?

    <p>Functioning as analytical tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of bioconversion reactions?

    <p>To detach food components from their matrices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of enzymatic techniques in seafood processing?

    <p>Low energy requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major bioconversion processes?

    <p>Microbial and enzymatic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of enzyme commonly used in biotechnology?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-mediated bioconversions?

    <p>To convert raw materials into products with desired qualities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be recovered from seafood processing discards through bioconversion processes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of fermentation?

    <p>It is safe, environmental-friendly, and energy savvy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a green technique for extracting compounds from seafood processing by-products?

    <p>Microwave-assisted extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some compounds that can be extracted from seafood processing discards?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fermentation has been used for the development of fermented fishery products?

    <p>Lactic acid fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of bioactive peptides derived from seafood processing discards?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that affects the efficiency of lactic acid fermentation?

    <p>Inoculums size and initial pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the novel approach in bioconversion reactions?

    <p>The use of algae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of reactor used in downstream processing for the recovery of seafood components?

    <p>Membrane bioreactor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of microbial fermentation of waste?

    <p>Production of hydrolytic enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of valorization of seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>To reduce environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using enzymes in seafood processing?

    <p>Energy efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bioprocessing of seafood processing discards?

    <p>To recover valuable compounds and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of shell waste from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of isoelectric solubilization precipitation (ISP) process?

    <p>To dissolve sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using biological treatments for seafood waste?

    <p>Reduced environmental hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of proteins recovered from seafood processing discards?

    <p>They can be used in food products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using chitosan and its oligosaccharides?

    <p>They are antioxidants and antibacterial agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>To reduce waste and increase profitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of gelatin in food products?

    <p>It is used as a gelling agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of bioconversion processes for protein recovery?

    <p>Retains native properties of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of fish oil in food products?

    <p>It is used as a functional agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lactic acid formed during sugar breakdown in seafood?

    <p>Suppressing growth of spoilage-causing microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of fed-batch operation over conventional batch operation?

    <p>Higher biodegradation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chitinases in microbial growth?

    <p>Catalyzing the cleavage of β-1,4-O-glycosidic linkages in chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB)?

    <p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of microbial fermentation on seafood proteins?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of microbial fermentation in seafood processing?

    <p>Enhancing the nutritional value of the seafood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of microbial fermentation in seafood processing?

    <p>Production of aquafeed and fertilizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lipases in microbial growth?

    <p>Hydrolyzing triacylglycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using microbial fermentation for seafood processing?

    <p>Low environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of fermentation of shrimp shell waste by lactic acid bacteria?

    <p>Removal of calcium and protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of microorganisms in seafood processing?

    <p>To convert waste into a highly nutritive fertilizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the microbe-assisted aerobic bioprocess of aquaculture solid waste?

    <p>Maximization of nitrogen bioconversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of fed-batch biodegradation over batch biodegradation?

    <p>Higher production of target compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aerobic continuous bioreactor in treating high saline fish processing wastewater?

    <p>Removal of offensive odor from the effluent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the anaerobic digestion process?

    <p>Formation of CO2 and hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of algae in the bioprocess?

    <p>Degradation of organic contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the integration of anaerobic digestion and activated sludge aerated bioreactor?

    <p>Removal of up to 95% of COD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of microorganisms in the activated sludge system?

    <p>Degradation of organic materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dissolved air flotation system in anaerobic digestion?

    <p>Removal of organic contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of fermentation over chemical treatment for the extraction of collagen?

    <p>Viable alternative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major advantage of open ponds for cultivating phototrophic algae?

    <p>Low production and operating costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major limitation of heterotrophic cultivation in closed systems?

    <p>Susceptibility to contamination by other microbial species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of proteins in algal mass (SCP)?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key advantage of microalgae for producing third-generation biofuel?

    <p>Rapid growth rate and high lipid content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using microalgae for bioconversions of food, fishery, and agricultural waste?

    <p>Production of biomass rich in bioactive compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate carbon fixation rate of microalgae cultivation in wastewater?

    <p>1.83 kg CO2/kg biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using consortium of hydrolytic enzymes for degrading crab shells, prawn shells, and fish scales?

    <p>Release of reducing sugars for ethanol fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using microalgae as a source of SCP for replacing expensive soy meal and fishmeal in animal and aquaculture feeds?

    <p>Comparable biomass productivity to terrestrial crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding a weak acid to the washed meat mince?

    <p>To induce gelation of the proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated water requirement for producing microalgae as SCP?

    <p>200-1,000 liters of water per kg of dry biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical temperature range used for incubation during enzymatic hydrolysis of seafood processing discards?

    <p>35-37°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using anaerobic digestion of seafood processing wastewater by Chlorella sp. for biogas production?

    <p>Supports biogas production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using food-grade polysaccharides in flocculation and precipitation of proteins?

    <p>To recover proteins from process effluents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of mild heating to 50°C during the preparation of thermo-stable protein dispersions?

    <p>An enhancement of the gelation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of thermo-stable protein dispersions prepared from fishery products?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the concentrate obtained from cooking wastewaters of snow crab?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of enzymatic hydrolysis of seafood processing discards?

    <p>Recovery of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of fish frames treated with commercial proteases?

    <p>Higher protein content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ultrafiltration and electroflocculation in protein recovery?

    <p>To concentrate proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using enzymatically hydrolyzed proteins as functional additives?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum protein content of Fish Protein Isolates (FPIs)?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Fish Protein Isolates (FPIs) and surimi?

    <p>FPIs contain sarcoplasmic proteins along with myofibrillar proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of collagen-based novel functional food ingredients?

    <p>Reducing the utilization of chemical food additives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding collagen hydrolysate (CH) to silver carp protein isolate prior to gelation?

    <p>It improves the water holding capacity of the gel while reducing its breaking force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of collagen isolated from silver carp?

    <p>Type I collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of tilapia type I collagen?

    <p>As a biodegradable scaffold biomaterial for regenerative medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pre-treatment step for extracting gelatin from collagen?

    <p>Dilute NaOH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of gelatin extracted from big eye tuna skin?

    <p>It has glycine, up to 32% of total amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that makes use of the ability of muscle structural proteins to undergo gelation under mild acidic conditions?

    <p>Mild acid induced gelation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the mechanical deboning step in the mild acid induced gelation process?

    <p>To remove bones and heads from fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of crude protein found in the raw heads, shells, and tails of Northern pink shrimp and spotted shrimp?

    <p>57.9 ± 5.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major components of seafood processing discards?

    <p>Crude protein, fat, crude fiber, and ash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average percentage of calcium in seafood processing discards?

    <p>5.8 ± 1.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary environmental concern with seafood processing effluents?

    <p>Pollution of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual loss of proteins in the US due to seafood discards?

    <p>208 billion g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of disposing solid waste from seafood processing?

    <p>Landfill disposal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environmental impact of ocean dumping of by-catch?

    <p>Reduced oxygen levels at the ocean bottom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual cost of disposing lobster processing waste?

    <p>About $7.5 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of composting and ensilage of seafood waste?

    <p>Longer process time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of anaerobic decomposition of seafood waste in landfills?

    <p>Methane and ammonia production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the raw material is discarded as by-products during finfish processing?

    <p>25-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of shell waste generated yearly from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

    <p>18,000 MT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of the edible seafood supply that is not available for human consumption?

    <p>47%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the wastewater discharged by the seafood industry?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of wastewater released daily from one of the largest herring-processing factories in Europe?

    <p>1,500 m3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of chitin in shrimp head waste?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of solid waste generated from freshwater fish processing?

    <p>40-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of water required for processing each ton of raw seafood?

    <p>10-40 m3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of proteins in seafood processing discards?

    <p>60-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of shell waste generated yearly from shrimp and crab processing in the EU?

    <p>100,000 MT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of nutrients in seafood waste?

    <p>Proteins, amino acids, lipids, and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environmental impact of seafood waste?

    <p>Loss of nutrients and environmental hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>To reduce waste generation and environmental hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bioconversion processes in seafood waste management?

    <p>To convert waste into valuable products and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

    <p>Lower environmental impact and nutrient recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the nutrients present in seafood waste?

    <p>They can be recovered and utilized through bioconversion and bio-refinery approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of sustainable seafood processing?

    <p>To reduce waste generation and environmental hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using microbial fermentations for bioconversion processes?

    <p>Lower environmental impact and higher nutrient recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environmental impact of landfill compared to other waste disposal options?

    <p>It is 10 times larger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TSS and FOG of process effluents on the environment?

    <p>They have an adverse effect on the oxygen balance and flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the generation of seafood waste?

    <p>Inadequate use of catch due to unattractive color and smaller size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the projected global seafood production for human consumption by 2030?

    <p>204 MT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of sustainable seafood processing?

    <p>To minimize environmental pollution and conserve water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

    <p>They have several limitations, including corrosion and water usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

    <p>Environmental friendliness and safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of alkali treatment on chitin?

    <p>It causes the hydrolysis of chitin and partial deacetylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels in 2017?

    <p>65.8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of traditional solvent extraction of fish oil?

    <p>It can cause oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bioconversion processes?

    <p>Recovery of valuable ingredients from seafood waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the nutrients present in seafood waste?

    <p>They can be recovered and utilized through bioconversion processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>It reduces environmental hazards and conserves water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development regarding food waste?

    <p>To reduce food waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>Recovery of valuable resources and reduction of environmental hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of food waste globally?

    <p>1.3 billion tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a measure for addressing environmental hazards and nutrient losses in the seafood industry?

    <p>Selective trawling and valorization of wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using microbial fermentations for bioconversion processes?

    <p>Ability to recover a wide range of valuable ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

    <p>They reduce environmental hazards and conserve water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of sustainable seafood processing?

    <p>Reducing environmental hazards and promoting sustainable resource use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of lipid content in the raw heads, shells, and tails of Northern pink shrimp and spotted shrimp?

    <p>9.3-11.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major component of total suspended solids (TSS) in seafood processing effluents?

    <p>Proteinous matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environmental impact of ocean dumping of seafood processing waste?

    <p>Reduced oxygen levels at the ocean bottom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual loss of proteins in the US seafood industry due to discards?

    <p>208 billion g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of proteins in lobster liver?

    <p>41%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major environmental hazard associated with anaerobic decomposition of seafood waste in landfills?

    <p>Methane (CH4) emission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of crude protein in the solid discards of seafood processing?

    <p>57.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major component of the characteristic features of seafood processing effluents?

    <p>Total suspended solids (TSS) and fats, oils, and grease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual loss of n-3-PUFAs in the US seafood industry due to discards?

    <p>1.8 trillion mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage associated with cultivating phototrophic algae in open ponds?

    <p>Low production and operating costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of single-cell proteins (SCP) produced from microalgae?

    <p>Animal feeds and aquaculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated water requirement for cultivating microalgae?

    <p>200-1,000 liters per kg of dry biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of cultivating microalgae in wastewater?

    <p>Rapid atmospheric carbon fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of microalgae in biofuel production?

    <p>They have high lipid content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using microorganisms for bioconversions of food, fishery, and agricultural waste?

    <p>Production of bioactive compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-mediated bioconversions?

    <p>Convert waste into bioactive compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of using enzymes in seafood processing?

    <p>Low energy requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of direct transformation of lipidic biomass into biodiesel?

    <p>Lower cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of anaerobic digestion of seafood processing wastewater by Chlorella sp.?

    <p>Biogas production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common application of enzymatic hydrolysis of protein from aquatic by-products?

    <p>Food, pet feed, pharmaceutical, and other industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major class of compounds that can be extracted from seafood processing discards?

    <p>Nitrogenous, lipid, polysaccharide, and mineral-based compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of microalgae cultivation in closed systems?

    <p>Elimination of light requirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a green technique for extracting compounds from seafood processing by-products?

    <p>Microwave-, ultrasonic-, and supercritical fluid extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of enzymatic techniques in seafood processing?

    <p>Safety, low energy requirements, and low cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of enzymes in food quality assessment?

    <p>Food quality assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be recovered from seafood processing discards through bioconversion processes?

    <p>Lipids, carotenoids, polysaccharides, and various minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

    <p>Low energy requirements, safety, and low cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a goal of sustainable seafood processing?

    <p>Minimizing waste and environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bioconversion reactions in seafood processing?

    <p>To initially detach food components from their matrices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of microbial fermentation in seafood processing?

    <p>It is a safe and environmentally friendly process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the choice of green extraction technique for seafood processing by-products?

    <p>The target compound features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

    <p>They have adverse impacts on the properties of the isolated components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using microbial fermentations for bioconversion processes?

    <p>They are environmentally friendly and safe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of biophysical process that can favor the release of components from food matrices?

    <p>Modification of temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

    <p>They have minimum adverse impacts on the properties of the isolated components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of bioconversion processes in seafood processing?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-mediated bioconversions?

    <p>To convert raw materials into products with desired qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of enzymatic techniques in seafood processing?

    <p>They are environmentally friendly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of lactic acid formed during sugar breakdown in seafood processing?

    <p>Enhancing the activity of acid proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of fed-batch fermentation over conventional batch operation?

    <p>Higher biodegradation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chitinases in microbial fermentation?

    <p>Cleaving the β-1,4-O-glycosidic linkages in chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of microbial fermentation in seafood processing?

    <p>Production of aquafeed and fertilizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lactic acid bacteria in fish fermentation?

    <p>Forming lactic acid and promoting acid proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using microbial fermentation for seafood processing?

    <p>Reducing energy requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of fermenting shrimp shell waste by symbiotic lactic acid bacteria?

    <p>Removal of calcium and protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of microbial growth in seafood processing?

    <p>Production of hydrolytic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of applying microbe-assisted bioconversions to seafood processing waste?

    <p>Production of aquafeed and fertilizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using microorganisms for bioconversion processes?

    <p>Lower energy requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum protein content of fish protein isolates (FPIs)?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between fish protein isolates (FPIs) and surimi?

    <p>FPIs contain sarcoplasmic proteins, while surimi only contains myofibrillar proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of marine collagen in biomedical and food industries?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of adding collagen hydrolysate (CH) to silver carp protein isolate?

    <p>Improvement in gel properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biocompatibility of tilapia type I collagen?

    <p>It is biocompatible and can be used as a scaffold biomaterial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of gelatin extracted from big eye tuna skin?

    <p>It has a high glycine content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind the mild acid induced gelation process?

    <p>The ability of muscle structural proteins to undergo gelation under mild acidic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the gelatin extracted from collagen of skins and bones of various marine and freshwater fishery sources?

    <p>It has good gelling properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of collagen and collagen hydrolysate (CH) in food and biomedical applications?

    <p>They have nutritional benefits and can be used as natural antioxidants and texturizing agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using fish protein isolates (FPIs) as raw materials?

    <p>They retain biochemical, nutritional, and functional properties of native proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of microorganisms in the treatment of seafood industry process effluents?

    <p>To degrade the organic materials in the presence of dissolved oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of anaerobic digestion of tuna processing effluents?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of algae-based bioconversions in seafood processing?

    <p>To degrade organic contents and remove CO2, NH3-N, and H2S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of fermentation of dried skipjack tuna waste with L. plantarum and B. licheniformis?

    <p>Conversion of fish waste into a highly nutritive fertilizer with a nitrogen content of 12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of fed-batch biodegradation in the production of target compounds?

    <p>It gives a higher production of target compounds compared to batch biodegradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-assisted aerobic bioprocess of aquaculture solid waste?

    <p>To maximize nitrogen bioconversion in the form of ammonium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of fermentation over chemical treatment for the extraction of collagen?

    <p>Fermentation is a more viable alternative to chemical treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an aerobic continuous bioreactor in treating high saline fish processing wastewater?

    <p>To remove the offensive odor of the effluent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of anaerobic digestion of seafood industry effluents in a dissolved air flotation system?

    <p>Removal of organic contents and production of biogas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of microbe-assisted aerobic bioprocess of aquaculture solid waste in nitrogen bioconversion?

    <p>It maximizes nitrogen bioconversion in the form of ammonium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the nitrogenous fraction in seafood processing discards?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of isoelectric solubilization precipitation (ISP) in protein recovery from seafood discards?

    <p>To dissolve sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using bioconversion processes for protein recovery from seafood discards?

    <p>To retain native properties of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of proteins in seafood processing discards?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of high intensity sonication, electro-flocculation, and ultrafiltration in protein recovery from seafood discards?

    <p>To enhance protein precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of bioavailability in seafood-derived compounds?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using chitosan and its oligosaccharides in food products?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of gelatin in food products?

    <p>To provide gelling and edible coating properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using bioconversion processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

    <p>To recover valuable compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

    <p>They are not efficient in recovering valuable compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main constituents of seafood processing discards?

    <p>Shell, head, bones, intestine, fin, and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the nutrients present in seafood waste?

    <p>They can be recovered and utilized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main environmental hazard associated with seafood waste?

    <p>Nutrient loss and environmental hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>To recover valuable nutrients and compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of bioconversion processes for seafood waste?

    <p>To recover valuable nutrients and compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

    <p>They can recover valuable nutrients and compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the by-catch of commercial fishing operations?

    <p>They are low-value fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of sustainable seafood processing?

    <p>To minimize environmental impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range to which the homogenate is lowered to induce gelation of proteins?

    <p>3.5-4.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature range for mild heating to enhance the viscosity fall during the gelation process?

    <p>40-50◦C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fish species is an exception to the thermo-stable protein dispersions prepared from fishery products?

    <p>Shark</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using food-grade polysaccharides such as carrageenan, alginate, and carboxy methylcellulose in protein recovery?

    <p>To flocculate and precipitate proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of thermo-stable protein dispersions prepared from fishery products?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to recover proteins from herring industry processing effluents?

    <p>Electroflocculation and ultrafiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the concentrate obtained from cooking wastewaters of snow crab?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal temperature range for incubation during enzymatic hydrolysis of seafood processing discards?

    <p>35-37◦C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using enzymatic hydrolysis to extract proteins from seafood processing discards?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of fish protein hydrolyzates (FPHs) in the food industry?

    <p>Functional ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total weight of the Northern pink shrimp and spotted shrimp is accounted for by their crude protein?

    <p>20-30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of lipid content in the raw heads, shells, and tails of Northern pink shrimp and spotted shrimp?

    <p>9.3-11.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual loss of n-3 PUFA in the US due to seafood discards?

    <p>1.8 trillion mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of total suspended solids (TSS) in seafood processing effluents?

    <p>Proteinous matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environmental impact of ocean dumping of seafood waste?

    <p>Reduced oxygen levels at the ocean bottom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual cost of disposing of lobster processing waste?

    <p>$7.5 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of composting and ensilage of seafood waste?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main environmental impact of anaerobic decomposition of seafood in landfills?

    <p>Formation of methane and ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of seafood processing effluents?

    <p>Total suspended solids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the loss of nutrients during seafood processing?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the significant amount of solid waste generated in the seafood industry?

    <p>Centralized pre-processing operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of whole shellfish that constitutes waste on a wet weight basis?

    <p>50% of whole shellfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the annual amount of shell waste generated from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

    <p>18,000 MT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of edible seafood supply that is not available for human consumption?

    <p>40-50% of the edible seafood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average protein content of seafood processing discards?

    <p>60% proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of water required for processing each ton of raw seafood?

    <p>10-40 m3 water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of shell waste from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main nutrient lost during seafood discards?

    <p>Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern associated with the seafood industry's wastewater discharge?

    <p>Water pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of shell waste generated from shrimp processing in the EU?

    <p>100,000 MT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

    <p>They have minimal environmental impacts and are cost-effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bioconversion reactions?

    <p>To detach food components from their matrices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the choice of green extraction technique?

    <p>The target compound features and the matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of bioconversion process that employs externally added enzymes?

    <p>Enzymatic process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of microbial fermentation?

    <p>It is a safe, environmental-friendly, and energy-savvy process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-mediated bioconversions?

    <p>To detach food components from their matrices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of bioconversion processes?

    <p>Treatment of wastewater and production of nutrient-rich biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

    <p>They have minimal environmental impacts and are cost-effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of green technique used for industrial recovery of biomolecules from seafood by-products?

    <p>Novel green extraction techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of bioconversion processes?

    <p>They have minimal environmental impacts and are cost-effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of open ponds for algae cultivation?

    <p>Low production and operating costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of proteins can be found in single cell proteins (SCP)?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main environmental issue associated with landfill disposal of seafood waste?

    <p>Climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of microalgae cultivation in wastewater?

    <p>Higher atmospheric carbon fixation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of sustainable seafood processing?

    <p>Optimize resource use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of Bacillus sp., Brevibacterium sp., and Vibrio sp. in seafood processing?

    <p>Degradation of crab shells, prawn shells, and fish scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of conventional chemical and physical methods for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

    <p>Corrosive and require large volumes of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using microalgae for biofuel production?

    <p>Rapid growth and high lipid content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development regarding food waste?

    <p>Halve per capita global food waste and reduce food losses along production and supply chains by 2030</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TSS and FOG of process effluents on the environment?

    <p>Adversely influence the oxygen balance and flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of biodiesel compared to petroleum diesel?

    <p>Lower emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of SCP in animal and aquaculture feeds?

    <p>Replacement of expensive soy meal and fishmeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>Isolate commercially valuable ingredients and improve the economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated water requirement for microalgae cultivation?

    <p>200-1,000 liters of water per kg of dry biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

    <p>Reduce environmental hazards and conserve water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of anaerobic digestion of seafood processing wastewater by Chlorella sp.?

    <p>Biogas production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge facing the seafood industry in terms of environmental pollution?

    <p>Reducing environmental pollution, conserving water, and preventing losses of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of alkali treatment on chitin extraction from crustacean shells?

    <p>Hydrolyzes chitin and leads to partial deacetylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of Fadhil et al.'s method for producing liquid biofuels?

    <p>Trans-esterification of fish oil with methanol and ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of traditional solvent extraction of fish oil?

    <p>Causes oxidation of the oil, leading to loss of unsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the nitrogen content of the fertilizer produced through solid state fermentation of skipjack tuna waste?

    <p>12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential application of enzymes in seafood processing?

    <p>For food quality assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganisms were used to ferment the dried skipjack tuna waste?

    <p>L.plantarum and B.licheniformis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of enzymatic techniques in seafood processing?

    <p>Low cost and high safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the generation of seafood waste?

    <p>Consumers prefer only a few select seafood items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of converting fish waste to liquid fertilizer using mixed microorganisms?

    <p>28% degradation of fish waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels in 2017?

    <p>65.8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of fermentation over chemical treatment for the extraction of collagen?

    <p>Viable alternative to chemical treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds can be recovered from seafood processing discards through bioconversion processes?

    <p>Proteins, lipids, and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bioconversion processes in seafood waste treatment?

    <p>To recover valuable ingredients from bycatch, processing discards, and effluents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of marine biotechnology-based downstream processes in seafood processing?

    <p>To support the recovery of seafood components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of fed-batch biodegradation of shrimp-shell powder with B.cereus?

    <p>3-12% higher values of target compounds compared to batch biodegradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the projected global seafood production for human consumption by 2030?

    <p>204 MT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of bioconversion reactions in seafood processing?

    <p>To upgrade existing technologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in the activated sludge system for treating seafood industry process effluents?

    <p>To degrade organic materials in the presence of dissolved oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

    <p>They are environmentally friendly and cost-effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of anaerobic digestion of tuna processing effluents?

    <p>Removal of up to 95% of the COD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of hydrolases, a popular enzyme in biotechnology?

    <p>They are highly specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of food waste globally?

    <p>1.3 billion tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microalgae in bioprocessing of seafood industry discards?

    <p>To degrade organic contents and remove CO2, NH3-N, and H2S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using microwave-assisted extraction for recovering compounds from seafood processing by-products?

    <p>It is a green technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be produced from seafood discards using enzymatic hydrolysis?

    <p>Novel compounds with applications in food and pharmaceutical industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using microbial fermentations for bioconversion processes?

    <p>They help with the recovery of valuable ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the bioconversion process in seafood processing?

    <p>To reduce the environmental impact of seafood processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of seafood waste?

    <p>Unattractive color, smaller size, and high fat content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using algae-based bioconversions for seafood industry effluents?

    <p>To degrade organic contents and remove pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of bioactive compounds extracted from seafood processing discards?

    <p>In various industries including food, pharmaceutical, and agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-mediated bioconversions?

    <p>They help with the recovery of valuable ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of downstream processing in seafood processing?

    <p>To recover seafood components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>It supports sustainable seafood production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum protein content of fish protein isolates (FPIs)?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of collagen is isolated from silver carp?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of collagen-based novel functional food ingredients?

    <p>To reduce the utilization of chemical food additives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding collagen hydrolysate (CH) to silver carp protein isolate?

    <p>To improve gelation properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of tilapia type I collagen?

    <p>Biodegradable scaffold biomaterial for regenerative medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of gelatin extracted from collagen?

    <p>Glycine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of extracting gelatin from collagen?

    <p>Pre-treatment with dilute NaOH, followed by swelling with dilute acetic acid and then by warm water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of mild acid induced gelation?

    <p>To extract proteins from fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between fish protein isolates (FPIs) and surimi?

    <p>FPIs contain sarcoplasmic proteins, unlike surimi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using collagen and collagen hydrolysate (CH) in food applications?

    <p>They improve texture and reduce the utilization of chemical food additives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding weak acid, such as acetic acid, during the preparation of thermo-stable protein dispersions?

    <p>To lower the pH of the homogenate and induce gelation of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of preparing thermo-stable protein dispersions from fishery products?

    <p>They have varied applications, such as preparation of fish protein powder or edible packaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of flocculation in protein recovery from process effluents?

    <p>To precipitate proteins using food-grade polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of enzymatically hydrolyzed proteins (FPHs) as functional additives?

    <p>They have good foaming and emulsifying properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteolytic enzymes in extracting proteins from seafood processing discards?

    <p>To break down proteins into peptides and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of concentrating proteins from process effluents using electroflocculation (EF) and ultrafiltration (UF)?

    <p>It recovers up to 80% of proteins and fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of enzymatic treatment for extracting proteins from seafood processing discards?

    <p>It enables the extraction of high-quality proteins with good functional properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mild heating to 50°C in the preparation of thermo-stable protein dispersions?

    <p>To enhance the gelation process and reduce viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the properties of enzymatically hydrolyzed proteins (FPHs)?

    <p>They affect the functional properties of FPHs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of recovering proteins from by-catch fish?

    <p>It reduces the environmental impact of seafood processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of bioconversion processes in seafood processing?

    <p>To recover valuable compounds from seafood discards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of proteins in seafood processing discards?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of isoelectric solubilization precipitation (ISP) process?

    <p>To recover proteins from seafood discards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using bioprocesses for protein recovery?

    <p>They can retain the native properties of the proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of focusing on bioavailability, interaction with other ingredients, nutritional, biotechnological, and sensorial aspects of seafood-derived compounds?

    <p>It can significantly favor valorization of fisheries by-products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of high intensity sonication, electro-flocculation, and ultrafiltration in the ISP process?

    <p>They are used to enhance the precipitation of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using seafood-derived compounds?

    <p>They have numerous health benefits and can impart functional properties to food products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of gelatin in food processing?

    <p>To provide gelling, edible coating, emulsification, and microencapsulation properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the nitrogenous fraction of seafood processing discards?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using chitosan and its oligosaccharides?

    <p>They are applied as antioxidants, antibacterial, and antifungal agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of lactic acid formation during sugar breakdown on microorganisms?

    <p>Suppresses their growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of fed-batch operation over conventional batch operation in microbial fermentation?

    <p>Higher biodegradation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chitinases in microbial fermentation?

    <p>Cleave the β-1,4-O-glycosidic linkages in chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for fermentation of seafood processing discards?

    <p>Rapid decrease in pH and promotion of acid proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of microbial fermentation in seafood processing?

    <p>Valorization of seafood processing discards and effluents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of microbe-assisted bioconversions over conventional processes for valorization of seafood processing discards?

    <p>Environmentally friendly and safe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipases in microbial fermentation?

    <p>Hydrolyze triacylglycerol and synthesize ester compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of fermentation of seafood processing discards by lactic acid bacteria (LAB)?

    <p>Removal of calcium, protein, and carotenoids from shrimp waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of bioremediation using microorganisms and their aggregates?

    <p>Removal of pollutants from the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of microbial fermentation in food production?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of shells?

    <p>Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature required for the thermal decomposition of shells?

    <p>Above 1000 °C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of calcining shells?

    <p>Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) converts into lime (CaO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the traditional value of shells in many cultures?

    <p>As tools or ornaments, and as a form of money</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of mollusc species marketed for ornamental purposes?

    <p>At least 5000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the paper?

    <p>To provide an overview of shell waste reutilization possibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of valorizing shell waste?

    <p>To unlock markets for new products derived from shell waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hierarchy of waste disposal, according to the European Commission?

    <p>Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Dispose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the shell waste?

    <p>Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of publications were published between 1990 and 1999?

    <p>4.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of shell waste reutilization?

    <p>To reduce the environmental impact of shell waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of shell waste in the construction sector?

    <p>As concrete components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of enzymatic cleaning of shells?

    <p>To increase the purity of CaCO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of publications from 2020 to 2022?

    <p>44.44%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are shells washed with large amounts of freshwater?

    <p>To remove salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative method to enzymatic cleaning of shells?

    <p>Washing with freshwater and heating at 500°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of mollusc and crustacean shells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the database used to access bibliometric data?

    <p>Scopus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key word used for searching the database of available literature?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scope of this review?

    <p>Global perspective on shell applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the total world fisheries and aquaculture production in 2019?

    <p>178 million tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the overall crab mass is represented by waste crab, shrimp, and lobster shells?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of mollusc shells in live weight, depending on the species?

    <p>65-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the disposed shells if their disposal is uncontrolled?

    <p>They modify soils, waters, and marine ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are shells detached from flesh in various processing steps?

    <p>Due to inadequate preservation infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate amount of waste crab, shrimp, and lobster shells produced globally every year?

    <p>8 million tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main problem with the disposal of shells?

    <p>They cause environmental damage and visual pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of mollusc shells in the seafood industry?

    <p>They are a significant by-product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of waste shells in environmental remediation?

    <p>Water purification and bio-filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are calcined shells more effective than raw shells in phosphate removal?

    <p>They are more stable in acidic environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of phosphate removal from seawater using oyster shell waste?

    <p>Adsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of crushed seashells in nitrate removal from fish farm wastewater?

    <p>They have an alkalizing effect on the wastewater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of using enzymes in shell valorization?

    <p>They are too expensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge of cleaning shells for valorization?

    <p>Reducing the water consumption during cleaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calcination or pyrolysis of shells?

    <p>To form lime (CaO) for use as an adsorbent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of gastropod shells in environmental remediation?

    <p>Internal cleaning through decomposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using shell waste as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment?

    <p>It is a sustainable and environmentally friendly method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of shell valorization?

    <p>To reduce the waste generated by the seafood industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of crushed oyster shells on the process of biological nitrification and ammonia removal in synthetic wastewater?

    <p>It accelerates the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the absorption capacity of soft calcite prepared from waste blue mussel shells?

    <p>977% ± 84%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of calcination temperature on the heavy metal removal efficiency of shells?

    <p>Higher temperature increases the efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of oyster calcite on lead (Pb2+) removal from contaminated water?

    <p>It increases the removal efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using calcined oyster shells as a biosorbent material?

    <p>Removal of pollutants such as SO2, sulfur trioxide, and hydrogen sulfide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of calcined shells on soil pH?

    <p>It increases the pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of applying calcined oyster shells to agricultural soil?

    <p>It decreases the heavy metal content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of waste shells in green roofing structures?

    <p>As a drainage layer to reduce runoff water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge in using waste shells as a sustainable solution for large quantities?

    <p>High-energy conversion of shells requires special machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of crushing mussel shells on copper-rich vineyard and mine soils?

    <p>It decreases the Cu2+ desorption rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using calcium acetate for road de-icing?

    <p>It is more environmentally friendly than sodium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using crushed mollusc shells in soil remediation?

    <p>It is a valuable replacement for mined limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of demineralization and deproteination of crustacean shells?

    <p>It yields water-insoluble chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of calcining waste shells for large-scale applications?

    <p>It requires high temperatures and special machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells as a biosorbent material in flue gas treatment?

    <p>It can remove SO2 and NOx more efficiently than limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of chitin and chitosan in water treatment?

    <p>They are used as flocculants for potable water and industrial effluents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of waste shells in reef restoration?

    <p>As a complex habitat for biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using crushed freshwater bivalve shells for road de-icing?

    <p>It is more environmentally friendly than calcium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge in using waste shells as a sustainable solution?

    <p>High-energy conversion of shells requires special machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells in green roofing structures?

    <p>It reduces runoff water and enhances biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of calcium in the food and nutraceutical industry?

    <p>Natural shell powder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of chitosan in the food industry?

    <p>As a preservative, thickener and stabilizer for sauces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of calcium supplementation from shell powders?

    <p>It increases bone mineral density, especially in the lumbar region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of shrimp waste meal in the aquaculture industry?

    <p>As a feed ingredient in hatchery and grow-out systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antibacterial property of chitosan in food products?

    <p>It inhibits bacterial growth on surfaces of aquatic and meat products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of deproteinization of crustacean shell waste?

    <p>To convert chitinous waste into chitin-derived products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using chitosan in fruit coatings?

    <p>It provides a protective, fungistatic, and antibacterial effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of shell powders in livestock feed?

    <p>As a source of calcium for bone health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of covalent immobilization of chitinase on glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan?

    <p>To overcome the limitations of deproteinization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using chitosan as a food additive?

    <p>It provides a protective, fungistatic, and antibacterial effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides act as antioxidants?

    <p>By scavenging free radicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using chitosan in fish feed?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chitosan oligosaccharides on peripheral blood pressure?

    <p>It reduces blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge associated with extracting chemicals from waste crustacean shells?

    <p>The process is destructive and requires fractionation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of chitin and chitosan?

    <p>As an anti-arthritic agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which chitosan reduces LDL-cholesterol levels?

    <p>By removing cholesterol via ionic binding with bile salts and acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of carboxylating chitosan oligosaccharides on ACE inhibition?

    <p>It depends on the degree of substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using aminoethyl-chitin (AEC) as an ACE inhibitor?

    <p>It is a competitive inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge associated with the production of chitosan from shrimp shells?

    <p>The use of hazardous chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of shells from crustaceans and molluscs?

    <p>As a functional material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of acid mine drainage?

    <p>Exposure of pyrite to water and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ocean acidification on marine organisms?

    <p>It makes them more sensitive to changes in pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using waste shells in constructed wetlands?

    <p>To reduce the usage of natural minerals such as limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of acid mine drainage on the environment?

    <p>It has a negative effect on aquatic organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells in ocean deacidification?

    <p>It decreases the amount of CO2 in seawater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of shell reefs on seawater carbonate?

    <p>It increases the amount of seawater carbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of waste shells in mussel banks?

    <p>They control the benthic acidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells in marine sediments?

    <p>It increases the pH of the sediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of waste shells on the accumulation of by-products from anaerobic metabolic pathways?

    <p>It decreases the accumulation of by-products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells as settlement substrates for free-living shellfish larvae?

    <p>It increases the growth rate of the larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of chitin film and fiber?

    <p>Medical wound-dressing material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chitosan in wound healing?

    <p>Release cytokines, including transforming growth factor-beta, platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using mollusc shells as biofiller?

    <p>Improves mechanical properties of plastic and paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of chitosan in biopackaging?

    <p>As an antimicrobial biopackaging material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in the development of biomaterials from shell waste?

    <p>Lack of stability of chitosan-based materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using mollusc shells for biocomposites?

    <p>Enhances the mechanical properties of plastic and paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chitin and chitosan in wound healing?

    <p>Increase macrophage production and release cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of chitosan in the cosmetic industry?

    <p>Hair care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using biopolymers from waste shells?

    <p>Offers an eco-friendly alternative to petroleum-based plastics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in the development of biomaterials from chitin?

    <p>Difficulty in processing chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of using waste shells as an aggregate replacement material?

    <p>The transportation of shells from further distances increases its overall price</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the repurposing of waste shells important for the environment?

    <p>It helps to sequester CO2 from the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current fate of most aqua-cultured bivalves and crustaceans?

    <p>They are traded fresh and their shells are disposed of as domestic waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary step in order to upgrade waste shells for large-scale applications?

    <p>Collecting waste shells in an organized manner and estimating their quantities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential way to reduce the environmental impact of waste shell repurposing?

    <p>Using cleaner energy sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor to consider when evaluating the feasibility of waste shell repurposing?

    <p>Both environmental impact and economic value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to support the development of a sustainable waste shell bioeconomy?

    <p>Integrated support from government, industry, and local communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider the collection, cleaning, storage, transport, and utilization costs of waste shells?

    <p>To evaluate the feasibility of waste shell repurposing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of chitin whiskers in biomedical engineering?

    <p>Nanotechnology and nanocomposite materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of mollusc shells that has potential in bone tissue bioengineering?

    <p>Nacreous structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using hydroxyapatite from clam shells in sunscreen formulations?

    <p>It reduces the risk of photo-allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of chitosan in pharmaceuticals?

    <p>Enzyme immobilization and excipients for oral drug delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chitin in biomedical applications?

    <p>Anticancer and antibacterial therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of synthesizing chitosan from chitin?

    <p>Deacetylation of chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using chitin nanoparticles in biomedical applications?

    <p>They have excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of chitin hydrogels in biomedical engineering?

    <p>Drug delivery vehicles and cell scaffolds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using oyster shell powder in biomedical applications?

    <p>It stimulates bone cell differentiation and bone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hydroxyapatite in biomedical applications?

    <p>It has osteoconductive properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of concrete?

    <p>Cement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using mollusc shells in construction?

    <p>To reduce the cost of production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of incorporating mollusc shell ash/powder on the compressive strength of concrete?

    <p>It decreases the strength initially but increases with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells in construction?

    <p>It reduces the environmental impact of construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge in using waste shells in construction?

    <p>The high cost of shell cleaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using mollusc shells in green cement?

    <p>It reduces the environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high chloride content in aggregates on reinforced concrete?

    <p>It increases the corrosion of steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of waste shells in construction?

    <p>As a replacement for conventional aggregates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells in asphalt modifiers?

    <p>It improves the consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using waste shells in construction?

    <p>It reduces the environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Seafood Processing and Waste Generation

    • Seafood industry generates large volumes of waste, including processing discards, effluents, and by-catch.
    • Processing discards consist of shell, head, bones, intestine, fin, skin, and low-value underutilized fish.
    • By-catch refers to the portion of the total harvest not adequately used as food due to unattractive color, smaller size, and high fat content.

    Characteristics of Seafood Waste

    • Solid waste constitutes 50% of whole shellfish, such as shrimp, krill, and crab.
    • Shrimp waste contains about 70% head and 30% shell.
    • Lobster processing generates 50-70% of the shellfish as by-products, including heads, shells, livers, and eggs.
    • Finfish processing generates 25-50% of the raw material as waste.

    Nutrient Loss and Environmental Impacts

    • Seafood waste is rich in nutrients, including proteins, amino acids, lipids, carotenoids, and minerals.
    • Loss of nutrients in seafood waste is estimated to be around 208 billion grams of protein and 1.8 trillion milligrams of n-3 PUFA per year.
    • Environmental impacts of seafood waste include ocean dumping, reduced oxygen levels, burial or smothering of living organisms, and introduction of disease to the ecosystem.

    Measures for Sustainable Seafood Processing

    • Improve waste utilization to prevent or minimize environmental impact.
    • Implement selective trawling to reduce by-catches.
    • Treat wastes and effluents to reduce environmental hazards.
    • Valorize wastes by recovering useful ingredients.

    Conventional Processes for Waste Valorization and Their Limitations

    • Conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents are based on chemical and physical methods.
    • These processes have limitations, including:
      • Alkali treatment causes hydrolysis of chitin and partial deacetylation of chitin.
      • Chemical refining of fish oil can cause oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.
      • Large volumes of fresh water are required for washing and processing.

    Biological Processes for Valorization

    • Biological processes offer a green and sustainable approach to valorize seafood waste.
    • Bioconversion reactions, including microbial fermentation and enzymatic processes, can be used to detach food components from their matrices.
    • Algal biotechnology and bio-refinery approaches can be used to recover valuable ingredients and biofuels.
    • Biological processes have minimal environmental impacts, are cost-effective, and are safe.### Algae-Induced Biotransformations
    • Help in the treatment of wastewater and production of nutrient-rich biomass
    • Biophysical processes like pH and temperature modifications can favor the release of components like proteins and lipids from food matrices

    Microbe-Mediated Bioconversions

    • Also known as fermentation, which is safe, environmentally friendly, and energy-efficient
    • Process uses live microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, mycelium, or microalgae) to convert raw materials into products with desired qualities
    • Types of fermentation: traditional, biomass, and precision fermentation
    • Fermentation can be used to produce cell mass, enzymes, flavors, food additives, and other high-value products
    • Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used for a long time for the development of fermented fishery products
    • Fermentation can bring about diversity into foods, make otherwise inedible foods products edible, enhance nutritional value, decrease toxicity, preserve food, and decrease cooking time and energy requirements

    Microbe-Assisted Bioconversions

    • Ideal for bioremediation of seafood processing waste and production of aquafeed and fertilizer
    • Fermentation of fish by-products gives rise to quality protein hydrolysates and oil, and produces antioxidant compounds
    • Solid-state fermentation can convert fish waste into a highly nutritive fertilizer

    Algae-Based Bioconversions

    • Microalgae such as Chlorella, Spirulina, Dunaliella, diatoms, and cyanobacteria are commonly used as sources of functional materials in natural foods
    • These organisms have a high growth rate in nutrient media under phototrophic conditions
    • They can be cultivated in open ponds or in closed photo-bioreactors, or heterotrophically in closed systems
    • Microalgae are promising agents for bioconversions of food, fishery, and agricultural waste into biomass rich in bioactive compounds

    Enzyme-Assisted Bioconversions

    • Processing with enzymes has enormous potential in waste management
    • Enzymes can mitigate hazards of conventional chemical transformations, help produce novel compounds, and function as analytical tools for food quality assessment
    • Enzymes can be used as additional processing aids to conventional processes or can be exclusively used to upgrade existing technologies in seafood processing
    • Examples of enzymes used in biotechnology include carbohydrases, proteases, and lipases

    Downstream Processing for the Recovery of Seafood Components

    • The by-catch and the various seafood processing discards are rich in balanced proteins, collagen, enzymes, lipid, carotenoids, polysaccharides, and minerals

    • These can be recovered by coupling the various bioconversion processes, supported by marine biotechnology-based downstream processes

    • Examples of downstream processes include pressurized liquid, sub-critical, super-critical, enzymemediated, microwave-, and ultrasound-assisted extractions### Seafood Processing Discards as a Source of Proteins

    • Seafood processing discards contain up to 60% proteins, making them a good source of proteins.

    • Proteins from seafood processing discards can be recovered using bioprocessing techniques.

    Isoelectric Solubilization Precipitation (ISP)

    • ISP is a gentle bioprocess that involves homogenization of fish or processing discards with dilute acid or alkali.
    • The process dissolves sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins, while removing impurities such as bone, skin, oil, and membranes.
    • Up to 90% of dissolved proteins can be precipitated by raising the pH of the solution to their iso-electric pH.
    • The process can be enhanced by coupling with high intensity sonication, electro-flocculation, and ultrafiltration.

    Recovery of Proteins from Various Fish Species

    • Proteins have been recovered from various fish species, including mackerel, catfish, rockfish, Pacific whiting, rainbow trout, and Atlantic croaker.
    • Fish protein isolates (FPIs) have protein contents of at least 65% and fat below 2%.
    • FPIs differ from conventional surimi, which is a concentrate of fish myofibrillar proteins.

    Properties of Fish Protein Isolates (FPIs)

    • FPIs retain biochemical, nutritional, and functional properties of the native proteins.
    • They can be used in applications such as development of restructured food products, protein supplements, and bioactive peptides.

    Collagen and Collagen Hydrolysate (CH)

    • Collagen is another protein from marine sources that can be recovered from seafood processing discards.
    • Collagen-based novel functional food ingredients contain nutritional benefits, such as essential and non-essential amino acids.
    • Collagen and CH can be used as natural antioxidants and texturizing agents.

    Mild Acid Induced Gelation

    • This process involves the ability of muscle structural proteins to undergo gelation under mild acidic conditions when water is strongly bound to the protein matrices.
    • The process can be used to prepare thermo-stable protein dispersions from fishery products.

    Flocculation

    • Proteins can be flocculated and precipitated by food-grade polysaccharides, such as carrageenan, alginate, and carboxy methylcellulose.
    • The proteins can be recovered from process effluents using electroflocculation and ultrafiltration.

    Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Proteins

    • Proteolytic enzymes from various sources can be used to extract proteins from seafood processing discards as fish protein hydrolyzates (FPHs).
    • The ideal treatment conditions include incubation temperature, enzyme to substrate ratio, and incubation time.
    • FPHs can be concentrated by spray drying or ultrafiltration and have beneficial effects on growth performances and feed utilization at low inclusion levels.

    Seafood Processing and Waste Generation

    • Seafood industry generates large volumes of waste, including processing discards, effluents, and by-catch.
    • Processing discards consist of shell, head, bones, intestine, fin, skin, and low-value underutilized fish.
    • By-catch refers to the portion of the total harvest not adequately used as food due to unattractive color, smaller size, and high fat content.

    Characteristics of Seafood Waste

    • Solid waste constitutes 50% of whole shellfish, such as shrimp, krill, and crab.
    • Shrimp waste contains about 70% head and 30% shell.
    • Lobster processing generates 50-70% of the shellfish as by-products, including heads, shells, livers, and eggs.
    • Finfish processing generates 25-50% of the raw material as waste.

    Nutrient Loss and Environmental Impacts

    • Seafood waste is rich in nutrients, including proteins, amino acids, lipids, carotenoids, and minerals.
    • Loss of nutrients in seafood waste is estimated to be around 208 billion grams of protein and 1.8 trillion milligrams of n-3 PUFA per year.
    • Environmental impacts of seafood waste include ocean dumping, reduced oxygen levels, burial or smothering of living organisms, and introduction of disease to the ecosystem.

    Measures for Sustainable Seafood Processing

    • Improve waste utilization to prevent or minimize environmental impact.
    • Implement selective trawling to reduce by-catches.
    • Treat wastes and effluents to reduce environmental hazards.
    • Valorize wastes by recovering useful ingredients.

    Conventional Processes for Waste Valorization and Their Limitations

    • Conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents are based on chemical and physical methods.
    • These processes have limitations, including:
      • Alkali treatment causes hydrolysis of chitin and partial deacetylation of chitin.
      • Chemical refining of fish oil can cause oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.
      • Large volumes of fresh water are required for washing and processing.

    Biological Processes for Valorization

    • Biological processes offer a green and sustainable approach to valorize seafood waste.
    • Bioconversion reactions, including microbial fermentation and enzymatic processes, can be used to detach food components from their matrices.
    • Algal biotechnology and bio-refinery approaches can be used to recover valuable ingredients and biofuels.
    • Biological processes have minimal environmental impacts, are cost-effective, and are safe.### Algae-Induced Biotransformations
    • Help in the treatment of wastewater and production of nutrient-rich biomass
    • Biophysical processes like pH and temperature modifications can favor the release of components like proteins and lipids from food matrices

    Microbe-Mediated Bioconversions

    • Also known as fermentation, which is safe, environmentally friendly, and energy-efficient
    • Process uses live microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, mycelium, or microalgae) to convert raw materials into products with desired qualities
    • Types of fermentation: traditional, biomass, and precision fermentation
    • Fermentation can be used to produce cell mass, enzymes, flavors, food additives, and other high-value products
    • Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used for a long time for the development of fermented fishery products
    • Fermentation can bring about diversity into foods, make otherwise inedible foods products edible, enhance nutritional value, decrease toxicity, preserve food, and decrease cooking time and energy requirements

    Microbe-Assisted Bioconversions

    • Ideal for bioremediation of seafood processing waste and production of aquafeed and fertilizer
    • Fermentation of fish by-products gives rise to quality protein hydrolysates and oil, and produces antioxidant compounds
    • Solid-state fermentation can convert fish waste into a highly nutritive fertilizer

    Algae-Based Bioconversions

    • Microalgae such as Chlorella, Spirulina, Dunaliella, diatoms, and cyanobacteria are commonly used as sources of functional materials in natural foods
    • These organisms have a high growth rate in nutrient media under phototrophic conditions
    • They can be cultivated in open ponds or in closed photo-bioreactors, or heterotrophically in closed systems
    • Microalgae are promising agents for bioconversions of food, fishery, and agricultural waste into biomass rich in bioactive compounds

    Enzyme-Assisted Bioconversions

    • Processing with enzymes has enormous potential in waste management
    • Enzymes can mitigate hazards of conventional chemical transformations, help produce novel compounds, and function as analytical tools for food quality assessment
    • Enzymes can be used as additional processing aids to conventional processes or can be exclusively used to upgrade existing technologies in seafood processing
    • Examples of enzymes used in biotechnology include carbohydrases, proteases, and lipases

    Downstream Processing for the Recovery of Seafood Components

    • The by-catch and the various seafood processing discards are rich in balanced proteins, collagen, enzymes, lipid, carotenoids, polysaccharides, and minerals

    • These can be recovered by coupling the various bioconversion processes, supported by marine biotechnology-based downstream processes

    • Examples of downstream processes include pressurized liquid, sub-critical, super-critical, enzymemediated, microwave-, and ultrasound-assisted extractions### Seafood Processing Discards as a Source of Proteins

    • Seafood processing discards contain up to 60% proteins, making them a good source of proteins.

    • Proteins from seafood processing discards can be recovered using bioprocessing techniques.

    Isoelectric Solubilization Precipitation (ISP)

    • ISP is a gentle bioprocess that involves homogenization of fish or processing discards with dilute acid or alkali.
    • The process dissolves sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins, while removing impurities such as bone, skin, oil, and membranes.
    • Up to 90% of dissolved proteins can be precipitated by raising the pH of the solution to their iso-electric pH.
    • The process can be enhanced by coupling with high intensity sonication, electro-flocculation, and ultrafiltration.

    Recovery of Proteins from Various Fish Species

    • Proteins have been recovered from various fish species, including mackerel, catfish, rockfish, Pacific whiting, rainbow trout, and Atlantic croaker.
    • Fish protein isolates (FPIs) have protein contents of at least 65% and fat below 2%.
    • FPIs differ from conventional surimi, which is a concentrate of fish myofibrillar proteins.

    Properties of Fish Protein Isolates (FPIs)

    • FPIs retain biochemical, nutritional, and functional properties of the native proteins.
    • They can be used in applications such as development of restructured food products, protein supplements, and bioactive peptides.

    Collagen and Collagen Hydrolysate (CH)

    • Collagen is another protein from marine sources that can be recovered from seafood processing discards.
    • Collagen-based novel functional food ingredients contain nutritional benefits, such as essential and non-essential amino acids.
    • Collagen and CH can be used as natural antioxidants and texturizing agents.

    Mild Acid Induced Gelation

    • This process involves the ability of muscle structural proteins to undergo gelation under mild acidic conditions when water is strongly bound to the protein matrices.
    • The process can be used to prepare thermo-stable protein dispersions from fishery products.

    Flocculation

    • Proteins can be flocculated and precipitated by food-grade polysaccharides, such as carrageenan, alginate, and carboxy methylcellulose.
    • The proteins can be recovered from process effluents using electroflocculation and ultrafiltration.

    Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Proteins

    • Proteolytic enzymes from various sources can be used to extract proteins from seafood processing discards as fish protein hydrolyzates (FPHs).
    • The ideal treatment conditions include incubation temperature, enzyme to substrate ratio, and incubation time.
    • FPHs can be concentrated by spray drying or ultrafiltration and have beneficial effects on growth performances and feed utilization at low inclusion levels.

    Seafood Processing and Waste Generation

    • Seafood industry generates large volumes of waste, including processing discards, effluents, and by-catch.
    • Processing discards consist of shell, head, bones, intestine, fin, skin, and low-value underutilized fish.
    • By-catch refers to the portion of the total harvest not adequately used as food due to unattractive color, smaller size, and high fat content.

    Characteristics of Seafood Waste

    • Solid waste constitutes 50% of whole shellfish, such as shrimp, krill, and crab.
    • Shrimp waste contains about 70% head and 30% shell.
    • Lobster processing generates 50-70% of the shellfish as by-products, including heads, shells, livers, and eggs.
    • Finfish processing generates 25-50% of the raw material as waste.

    Nutrient Loss and Environmental Impacts

    • Seafood waste is rich in nutrients, including proteins, amino acids, lipids, carotenoids, and minerals.
    • Loss of nutrients in seafood waste is estimated to be around 208 billion grams of protein and 1.8 trillion milligrams of n-3 PUFA per year.
    • Environmental impacts of seafood waste include ocean dumping, reduced oxygen levels, burial or smothering of living organisms, and introduction of disease to the ecosystem.

    Measures for Sustainable Seafood Processing

    • Improve waste utilization to prevent or minimize environmental impact.
    • Implement selective trawling to reduce by-catches.
    • Treat wastes and effluents to reduce environmental hazards.
    • Valorize wastes by recovering useful ingredients.

    Conventional Processes for Waste Valorization and Their Limitations

    • Conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents are based on chemical and physical methods.
    • These processes have limitations, including:
      • Alkali treatment causes hydrolysis of chitin and partial deacetylation of chitin.
      • Chemical refining of fish oil can cause oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.
      • Large volumes of fresh water are required for washing and processing.

    Biological Processes for Valorization

    • Biological processes offer a green and sustainable approach to valorize seafood waste.
    • Bioconversion reactions, including microbial fermentation and enzymatic processes, can be used to detach food components from their matrices.
    • Algal biotechnology and bio-refinery approaches can be used to recover valuable ingredients and biofuels.
    • Biological processes have minimal environmental impacts, are cost-effective, and are safe.### Algae-Induced Biotransformations
    • Help in the treatment of wastewater and production of nutrient-rich biomass
    • Biophysical processes like pH and temperature modifications can favor the release of components like proteins and lipids from food matrices

    Microbe-Mediated Bioconversions

    • Also known as fermentation, which is safe, environmentally friendly, and energy-efficient
    • Process uses live microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, mycelium, or microalgae) to convert raw materials into products with desired qualities
    • Types of fermentation: traditional, biomass, and precision fermentation
    • Fermentation can be used to produce cell mass, enzymes, flavors, food additives, and other high-value products
    • Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used for a long time for the development of fermented fishery products
    • Fermentation can bring about diversity into foods, make otherwise inedible foods products edible, enhance nutritional value, decrease toxicity, preserve food, and decrease cooking time and energy requirements

    Microbe-Assisted Bioconversions

    • Ideal for bioremediation of seafood processing waste and production of aquafeed and fertilizer
    • Fermentation of fish by-products gives rise to quality protein hydrolysates and oil, and produces antioxidant compounds
    • Solid-state fermentation can convert fish waste into a highly nutritive fertilizer

    Algae-Based Bioconversions

    • Microalgae such as Chlorella, Spirulina, Dunaliella, diatoms, and cyanobacteria are commonly used as sources of functional materials in natural foods
    • These organisms have a high growth rate in nutrient media under phototrophic conditions
    • They can be cultivated in open ponds or in closed photo-bioreactors, or heterotrophically in closed systems
    • Microalgae are promising agents for bioconversions of food, fishery, and agricultural waste into biomass rich in bioactive compounds

    Enzyme-Assisted Bioconversions

    • Processing with enzymes has enormous potential in waste management
    • Enzymes can mitigate hazards of conventional chemical transformations, help produce novel compounds, and function as analytical tools for food quality assessment
    • Enzymes can be used as additional processing aids to conventional processes or can be exclusively used to upgrade existing technologies in seafood processing
    • Examples of enzymes used in biotechnology include carbohydrases, proteases, and lipases

    Downstream Processing for the Recovery of Seafood Components

    • The by-catch and the various seafood processing discards are rich in balanced proteins, collagen, enzymes, lipid, carotenoids, polysaccharides, and minerals

    • These can be recovered by coupling the various bioconversion processes, supported by marine biotechnology-based downstream processes

    • Examples of downstream processes include pressurized liquid, sub-critical, super-critical, enzymemediated, microwave-, and ultrasound-assisted extractions### Seafood Processing Discards as a Source of Proteins

    • Seafood processing discards contain up to 60% proteins, making them a good source of proteins.

    • Proteins from seafood processing discards can be recovered using bioprocessing techniques.

    Isoelectric Solubilization Precipitation (ISP)

    • ISP is a gentle bioprocess that involves homogenization of fish or processing discards with dilute acid or alkali.
    • The process dissolves sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins, while removing impurities such as bone, skin, oil, and membranes.
    • Up to 90% of dissolved proteins can be precipitated by raising the pH of the solution to their iso-electric pH.
    • The process can be enhanced by coupling with high intensity sonication, electro-flocculation, and ultrafiltration.

    Recovery of Proteins from Various Fish Species

    • Proteins have been recovered from various fish species, including mackerel, catfish, rockfish, Pacific whiting, rainbow trout, and Atlantic croaker.
    • Fish protein isolates (FPIs) have protein contents of at least 65% and fat below 2%.
    • FPIs differ from conventional surimi, which is a concentrate of fish myofibrillar proteins.

    Properties of Fish Protein Isolates (FPIs)

    • FPIs retain biochemical, nutritional, and functional properties of the native proteins.
    • They can be used in applications such as development of restructured food products, protein supplements, and bioactive peptides.

    Collagen and Collagen Hydrolysate (CH)

    • Collagen is another protein from marine sources that can be recovered from seafood processing discards.
    • Collagen-based novel functional food ingredients contain nutritional benefits, such as essential and non-essential amino acids.
    • Collagen and CH can be used as natural antioxidants and texturizing agents.

    Mild Acid Induced Gelation

    • This process involves the ability of muscle structural proteins to undergo gelation under mild acidic conditions when water is strongly bound to the protein matrices.
    • The process can be used to prepare thermo-stable protein dispersions from fishery products.

    Flocculation

    • Proteins can be flocculated and precipitated by food-grade polysaccharides, such as carrageenan, alginate, and carboxy methylcellulose.
    • The proteins can be recovered from process effluents using electroflocculation and ultrafiltration.

    Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Proteins

    • Proteolytic enzymes from various sources can be used to extract proteins from seafood processing discards as fish protein hydrolyzates (FPHs).
    • The ideal treatment conditions include incubation temperature, enzyme to substrate ratio, and incubation time.
    • FPHs can be concentrated by spray drying or ultrafiltration and have beneficial effects on growth performances and feed utilization at low inclusion levels.

    Fisheries and Aquaculture Production

    • The total world fisheries and aquaculture production showed a 41% growth from 2000 to 2019, reaching 178 million tons in 2019.
    • Molluscs comprised 13% of the total production, while crustaceans comprised 9%.

    Shell Waste Generation and Composition

    • Close to 8 million tons of waste crab, shrimp, and lobster shells are produced globally each year, comprising up to 60% of overall crab mass.
    • Over 10 million tons of mollusc shells are produced annually, with over 70% represented by oyster, clam, scallop, and mussel shells.
    • Shell waste accounts for 65-90% of live weight, depending on the species.
    • Mussels have the greatest increase in production and shell contribution compared to other shellfish species.

    Shell Waste Disposal and Environmental Impacts

    • Disposed shells are primarily dumped at sea or sent to landfills, causing environmental damage.
    • Shell waste can lead to decomposition of residual tissues, foul odors, and visual pollution.
    • Shell waste is generated at various locations, including fisheries, aquaculture, processing companies, restaurants, and individual consumers.

    Chemical Composition of Shells

    • Shells are composed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
    • The decomposition of shells requires high temperatures of over 1000°C, resulting in high energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

    Valorization of Shell Waste

    • Shell waste can be valorized through various applications, including agriculture, medicine, chemical production, construction, environmental protection, and cosmetics.
    • The valorization of shells and the unlocking of markets for new products is essential for sustainable waste management.

    Cleaning and Preparation of Shells

    • Shells need to be cleaned prior to industrial use.
    • Cleaning methods include washing with freshwater, heating at 500°C to burn off residual organic material, and enzymatic cleaning.

    Environmental Applications of Shell Waste

    • Shell waste can be used for water purification and bio-filters, particularly in wastewater treatment and phosphate removal.
    • Calcined shells can be used for heavy metal removal from water and wastewater.
    • Shell waste can be used for soil remediation, acid mine drainage treatment, and ocean deacidification.

    Sustainability Challenges

    • Cleaning shells with freshwater is water-intensive, and the use of enzymes is costly.
    • The calcination of shells requires high temperatures, resulting in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.### Sensitivity to Ocean Acidification
    • Shellfish are more sensitive to ocean acidification at the larval stage than at the adult stage
    • Ocean acidification can negatively impact shellfish production
    • Increasing seawater alkalinity can help mitigate the effects of ocean acidification
    • Restoration of macroalgae and seagrass beds can remove CO2 from seawater during photosynthesis

    Use of Waste Shells

    • Waste shells can be used to buffer decreases in seawater carbonate due to ocean acidification
    • Placing shell reefs adjacent to shellfish farms can improve pH and carbonate geochemical conditions
    • Waste shells can control benthic acidity, prevent heavy metal speciation, and reduce eutrophication
    • Waste shells can serve as settlement substrates for free-living shellfish larvae and as shelter for other aquatic organisms

    Flue Gas Treatment

    • Calcined shell waste can be used as an excellent biosorbent material to remove pollutants like SO2, SO3, H2S, and NOx
    • Calcined oyster shells can be used to prepare CaO adsorbent for CO2 sequestration

    Road De-icing

    • Crushed freshwater bivalve shells can be used as an alternative to sodium chloride (NaCl) for road de-icing
    • Calcium-magnesium acetate or calcium acetate derivatives can be used as environmentally friendly road de-icers

    Green Roofing

    • Mollusc shells can be used as a material for green roofing structures, such as drainage layers, or to help neutralize acid rain
    • Shells have bioremediation potential and can be used to reduce runoff water

    Sustainability Challenges

    • Calcination of waste shells requires high temperatures and special machinery, making it a non-sustainable solution
    • Using raw shells as bio-filters can be a more sustainable solution, but requires careful consideration of instability in acidic waters and sludge formation

    Food and Feed Additives; Nutraceuticals

    • Waste shells can be used to produce natural shell powder, a relevant source of calcium for the food and nutraceutical industry
    • Chitin is widely used to immobilize enzymes and whole cells in the food industry
    • Chitosan is used as a preservative, thickener, and stabilizer in food products

    Calcium Supplement

    • Calcium supplementation from shell powders can improve bone health, blood circulation, and eggshell quality in livestock

    Protein Supplement

    • Meals derived from crustacean shell waste are usable feed ingredients, rich in essential amino acids
    • Shell fermentation products can be used as a feed ingredient in the aquaculture industry

    Antibacterials for Food

    • Macromolecular chitosan has powerful antibacterial properties, inhibiting bacterial growth on surfaces of aquatic and meat products

    Bioactive Molecules/Antioxidants

    • Chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides act as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and preventing oxidative sequences

    Bioactive Molecules/Cholesterol Reduction

    • Chitosan acts as a hypocholesterolemic agent, reducing LDL-cholesterol levels and increasing HDL-cholesterol levels

    Bioactive Molecules/Blood Pressure Reduction

    • Chitosan oligosaccharides have angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, reducing peripheral blood pressure and having an anti-hypertensive effect

    Sustainability Challenges

    • Extracting chemicals from waste crustacean shells is destructive and expensive, requiring fractionation and the use of hazardous chemicals
    • A sustainable fractionation method to separate proteins, CaCO3, and chitin without hazardous chemicals is needed

    Biomaterials

    • Shells of both crustaceans and molluscs have potential applications in biofuels, flavors, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, and biomaterials
    • Chitin and chitosan can be used as chemical building blocks for various biomedical applications

    Bone Tissue Regeneration/Bioceramic

    • Powdered oyster nacre can stimulate bone cell differentiation and bone formation in vitro and in vivo
    • Oyster shell powder can be used as an injectable osteogenic biomaterial for treating vertebral bone loss

    Cosmetics

    • Clam shell powder has potential as a new biomaterial with high calcium, phosphate, chitin, and protein content
    • Hydroxyapatite from shells can be used as an additive in sunscreen lotions, substituting oxybenzone, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide

    Wound Healing

    • Chitin film and fiber can be used as a wound-dressing material, exhibiting bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties

    Biocomposites/Biofillers

    • Calcined, powdered mollusc shells can be used as additives for polyesters, endowing antibacterial properties to biocomposites

    Biopackaging

    • Biopolymers deriving from waste shells can be used to manufacture eco-friendly bioplastics for biomedical, industrial, and household applications### Antimicrobial Biopackaging

    • Chitosan-based biopackaging is a promising active packaging type developed in the last decade

    • Chitosan is easier to process than chitin, but its stability is lower due to its hydrophilic character and pH sensitivity

    Sustainability Challenges

    • Many potential applications for shell waste as biomaterials are only developed as niche applications or tested at laboratory scale
    • Further investigation is needed to develop new separation and enrichment technologies, and to stabilize bioactive molecules
    • The production of hydroxyapatite from waste shells is an example of a sustainable and industrially advantageous process

    Construction

    • Shells have been used in construction as path aggregates, mortar mixes, and as a replacement for conventional aggregates in concrete
    • Mollusc shells can be used as cement additives or aggregates, improving the elasticity and bonding between the binder matrix and aggregates
    • Waste shell powder can supplement non-renewable limestone powder in cement-based materials and can be modified to mitigate noise pollution
    • The use of waste shells in construction helps with waste management and produces cost-efficient, green concrete

    Construction Applications

    • Waste shells can be used to produce gypsum plaster or green cement, which is used mainly in interior applications
    • Shells can be incorporated as asphalt modifiers, improving its consistency, hardness, and elasticity
    • The utilization of waste shells in concrete reduces the environmental pressure, damage, and shortages due to excessive quarrying and limestone extraction

    Sustainability Challenges in Construction

    • The pretreatment of waste shells requires washing and calcination, which uses significant amounts of resources and energy
    • High chloride content in aggregates can cause faster corrosion of steel, and its use should be avoided in reinforced concrete
    • The cost of shell cleaning may be higher than in conventional aggregates, and the transportation of additional quantities of shells may increase its overall price
    • The quantity of waste shells available may not be sustainable enough as an aggregate replacement material

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    Learn about the types of waste generated by the seafood industry, including processing discards, effluents, and by-catch, and their characteristics.

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