Seafood Processing and Waste Generation
510 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What percentage of the total harvest is processed into chilled, frozen, smoked, dried, fermented, or marinated products?

  • 80% (correct)
  • 50%
  • 70%
  • 60%

    • What is the approximate percentage of waste generated during shrimp processing?

  • 60%
  • 50% (correct)
  • 30%
  • 70%

    • How much shell waste is generated yearly from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

  • 20,000 MT
  • 30,000 MT
  • 10,000 MT
  • 18,000 MT (correct)

    • What is the approximate percentage of by-products generated from lobster processing?

    <p>50-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much water is required for processing each ton of raw seafood?

    <p>10-40 m3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main nutrient lost during seafood discards?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of proteins in shrimp head waste?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of shell waste from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much wastewater is released daily from one of the largest herring-processing factories in Europe?

    <p>1,500 m3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the water requirement for farmed fish production per metric ton of fish?

    <p>1.5-6 m3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue with the seafood industry?

    <p>It generates large volumes of waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the parts of fish that are commonly discarded?

    <p>Shell, head, bones, intestine, fin, and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the environmental hazards associated with seafood waste?

    <p>Loss of nutrients and serious environmental hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the wastewater discharged by the seafood industry?

    <p>Voluminous amounts of wastewater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the by-catch of commercial fishing operations?

    <p>Low-value under-utilized fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the nutrients present in seafood waste?

    <p>They are rich in nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the author's affiliation?

    <p>Department of Fish Processing Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the journal where the article was published?

    <p>Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of seafood waste?

    <p>By-catch and processing discards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much of global seafood production was wasted in 2018?

    <p>35% of 178.5 million tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the projected global seafood production for human consumption by 2030?

    <p>204 million tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the generation of seafood waste?

    <p>Consumer preferences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of fish stocks were within biologically sustainable levels in 2017?

    <p>65.8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environmental impact of landfill compared to other waste disposal options?

    <p>10 times larger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of food waste globally?

    <p>1.3 billion tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bioconversion processes?

    <p>To recover valuable ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TSS and FOG of process effluents on the environment?

    <p>Decreases oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the environmental hazards associated with seafood process effluents?

    <p>Eutrophication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of food loss and waste for the whole fisheries sector?

    <p>35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development regarding food waste?

    <p>To halve per capita global food waste by 2030</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using microbial fermentations for bioconversion processes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

    <p>They involve corrosive and water-intensive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of alkali treatment on chitin?

    <p>It hydrolyzes chitin and partially deacetylates it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of traditional solvent extraction of fish oil?

    <p>It causes oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of sustainable seafood processing?

    <p>To minimize waste generation and conserve resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a measure for addressing environmental hazards and nutrient losses in the seafood industry?

    <p>Selective trawling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>Reduces environmental pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

    <p>They are cost-effective and have minimal environmental impacts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the choice of green extraction technique?

    <p>The target compound features and food matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of enzymes in food quality assessment?

    <p>Functioning as analytical tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of bioconversion reactions?

    <p>To detach food components from their matrices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of enzymatic techniques in seafood processing?

    <p>Low energy requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major bioconversion processes?

    <p>Microbial and enzymatic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of enzyme commonly used in biotechnology?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-mediated bioconversions?

    <p>To convert raw materials into products with desired qualities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be recovered from seafood processing discards through bioconversion processes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of fermentation?

    <p>It is safe, environmental-friendly, and energy savvy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a green technique for extracting compounds from seafood processing by-products?

    <p>Microwave-assisted extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some compounds that can be extracted from seafood processing discards?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fermentation has been used for the development of fermented fishery products?

    <p>Lactic acid fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of bioactive peptides derived from seafood processing discards?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that affects the efficiency of lactic acid fermentation?

    <p>Inoculums size and initial pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the novel approach in bioconversion reactions?

    <p>The use of algae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of reactor used in downstream processing for the recovery of seafood components?

    <p>Membrane bioreactor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of microbial fermentation of waste?

    <p>Production of hydrolytic enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of valorization of seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>To reduce environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using enzymes in seafood processing?

    <p>Energy efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bioprocessing of seafood processing discards?

    <p>To recover valuable compounds and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of shell waste from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of isoelectric solubilization precipitation (ISP) process?

    <p>To dissolve sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using biological treatments for seafood waste?

    <p>Reduced environmental hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of proteins recovered from seafood processing discards?

    <p>They can be used in food products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using chitosan and its oligosaccharides?

    <p>They are antioxidants and antibacterial agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>To reduce waste and increase profitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of gelatin in food products?

    <p>It is used as a gelling agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of bioconversion processes for protein recovery?

    <p>Retains native properties of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of fish oil in food products?

    <p>It is used as a functional agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lactic acid formed during sugar breakdown in seafood?

    <p>Suppressing growth of spoilage-causing microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of fed-batch operation over conventional batch operation?

    <p>Higher biodegradation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chitinases in microbial growth?

    <p>Catalyzing the cleavage of β-1,4-O-glycosidic linkages in chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB)?

    <p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of microbial fermentation on seafood proteins?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of microbial fermentation in seafood processing?

    <p>Enhancing the nutritional value of the seafood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of microbial fermentation in seafood processing?

    <p>Production of aquafeed and fertilizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lipases in microbial growth?

    <p>Hydrolyzing triacylglycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using microbial fermentation for seafood processing?

    <p>Low environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of fermentation of shrimp shell waste by lactic acid bacteria?

    <p>Removal of calcium and protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of microorganisms in seafood processing?

    <p>To convert waste into a highly nutritive fertilizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the microbe-assisted aerobic bioprocess of aquaculture solid waste?

    <p>Maximization of nitrogen bioconversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of fed-batch biodegradation over batch biodegradation?

    <p>Higher production of target compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aerobic continuous bioreactor in treating high saline fish processing wastewater?

    <p>Removal of offensive odor from the effluent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the anaerobic digestion process?

    <p>Formation of CO2 and hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of algae in the bioprocess?

    <p>Degradation of organic contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the integration of anaerobic digestion and activated sludge aerated bioreactor?

    <p>Removal of up to 95% of COD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of microorganisms in the activated sludge system?

    <p>Degradation of organic materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dissolved air flotation system in anaerobic digestion?

    <p>Removal of organic contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of fermentation over chemical treatment for the extraction of collagen?

    <p>Viable alternative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major advantage of open ponds for cultivating phototrophic algae?

    <p>Low production and operating costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major limitation of heterotrophic cultivation in closed systems?

    <p>Susceptibility to contamination by other microbial species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of proteins in algal mass (SCP)?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key advantage of microalgae for producing third-generation biofuel?

    <p>Rapid growth rate and high lipid content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using microalgae for bioconversions of food, fishery, and agricultural waste?

    <p>Production of biomass rich in bioactive compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate carbon fixation rate of microalgae cultivation in wastewater?

    <p>1.83 kg CO2/kg biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using consortium of hydrolytic enzymes for degrading crab shells, prawn shells, and fish scales?

    <p>Release of reducing sugars for ethanol fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using microalgae as a source of SCP for replacing expensive soy meal and fishmeal in animal and aquaculture feeds?

    <p>Comparable biomass productivity to terrestrial crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding a weak acid to the washed meat mince?

    <p>To induce gelation of the proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated water requirement for producing microalgae as SCP?

    <p>200-1,000 liters of water per kg of dry biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical temperature range used for incubation during enzymatic hydrolysis of seafood processing discards?

    <p>35-37°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using anaerobic digestion of seafood processing wastewater by Chlorella sp. for biogas production?

    <p>Supports biogas production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using food-grade polysaccharides in flocculation and precipitation of proteins?

    <p>To recover proteins from process effluents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of mild heating to 50°C during the preparation of thermo-stable protein dispersions?

    <p>An enhancement of the gelation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of thermo-stable protein dispersions prepared from fishery products?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the concentrate obtained from cooking wastewaters of snow crab?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of enzymatic hydrolysis of seafood processing discards?

    <p>Recovery of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of fish frames treated with commercial proteases?

    <p>Higher protein content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ultrafiltration and electroflocculation in protein recovery?

    <p>To concentrate proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using enzymatically hydrolyzed proteins as functional additives?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum protein content of Fish Protein Isolates (FPIs)?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Fish Protein Isolates (FPIs) and surimi?

    <p>FPIs contain sarcoplasmic proteins along with myofibrillar proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of collagen-based novel functional food ingredients?

    <p>Reducing the utilization of chemical food additives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding collagen hydrolysate (CH) to silver carp protein isolate prior to gelation?

    <p>It improves the water holding capacity of the gel while reducing its breaking force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of collagen isolated from silver carp?

    <p>Type I collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of tilapia type I collagen?

    <p>As a biodegradable scaffold biomaterial for regenerative medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pre-treatment step for extracting gelatin from collagen?

    <p>Dilute NaOH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of gelatin extracted from big eye tuna skin?

    <p>It has glycine, up to 32% of total amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that makes use of the ability of muscle structural proteins to undergo gelation under mild acidic conditions?

    <p>Mild acid induced gelation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the mechanical deboning step in the mild acid induced gelation process?

    <p>To remove bones and heads from fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of crude protein found in the raw heads, shells, and tails of Northern pink shrimp and spotted shrimp?

    <p>57.9 ± 5.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major components of seafood processing discards?

    <p>Crude protein, fat, crude fiber, and ash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average percentage of calcium in seafood processing discards?

    <p>5.8 ± 1.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary environmental concern with seafood processing effluents?

    <p>Pollution of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual loss of proteins in the US due to seafood discards?

    <p>208 billion g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of disposing solid waste from seafood processing?

    <p>Landfill disposal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environmental impact of ocean dumping of by-catch?

    <p>Reduced oxygen levels at the ocean bottom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual cost of disposing lobster processing waste?

    <p>About $7.5 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of composting and ensilage of seafood waste?

    <p>Longer process time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of anaerobic decomposition of seafood waste in landfills?

    <p>Methane and ammonia production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the raw material is discarded as by-products during finfish processing?

    <p>25-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of shell waste generated yearly from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

    <p>18,000 MT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of the edible seafood supply that is not available for human consumption?

    <p>47%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the wastewater discharged by the seafood industry?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of wastewater released daily from one of the largest herring-processing factories in Europe?

    <p>1,500 m3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of chitin in shrimp head waste?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of solid waste generated from freshwater fish processing?

    <p>40-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of water required for processing each ton of raw seafood?

    <p>10-40 m3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of proteins in seafood processing discards?

    <p>60-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of shell waste generated yearly from shrimp and crab processing in the EU?

    <p>100,000 MT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of nutrients in seafood waste?

    <p>Proteins, amino acids, lipids, and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environmental impact of seafood waste?

    <p>Loss of nutrients and environmental hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>To reduce waste generation and environmental hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bioconversion processes in seafood waste management?

    <p>To convert waste into valuable products and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

    <p>Lower environmental impact and nutrient recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the nutrients present in seafood waste?

    <p>They can be recovered and utilized through bioconversion and bio-refinery approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of sustainable seafood processing?

    <p>To reduce waste generation and environmental hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using microbial fermentations for bioconversion processes?

    <p>Lower environmental impact and higher nutrient recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environmental impact of landfill compared to other waste disposal options?

    <p>It is 10 times larger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TSS and FOG of process effluents on the environment?

    <p>They have an adverse effect on the oxygen balance and flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the generation of seafood waste?

    <p>Inadequate use of catch due to unattractive color and smaller size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the projected global seafood production for human consumption by 2030?

    <p>204 MT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of sustainable seafood processing?

    <p>To minimize environmental pollution and conserve water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

    <p>They have several limitations, including corrosion and water usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

    <p>Environmental friendliness and safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of alkali treatment on chitin?

    <p>It causes the hydrolysis of chitin and partial deacetylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels in 2017?

    <p>65.8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of traditional solvent extraction of fish oil?

    <p>It can cause oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bioconversion processes?

    <p>Recovery of valuable ingredients from seafood waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the nutrients present in seafood waste?

    <p>They can be recovered and utilized through bioconversion processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>It reduces environmental hazards and conserves water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development regarding food waste?

    <p>To reduce food waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>Recovery of valuable resources and reduction of environmental hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of food waste globally?

    <p>1.3 billion tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a measure for addressing environmental hazards and nutrient losses in the seafood industry?

    <p>Selective trawling and valorization of wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using microbial fermentations for bioconversion processes?

    <p>Ability to recover a wide range of valuable ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

    <p>They reduce environmental hazards and conserve water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of sustainable seafood processing?

    <p>Reducing environmental hazards and promoting sustainable resource use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of lipid content in the raw heads, shells, and tails of Northern pink shrimp and spotted shrimp?

    <p>9.3-11.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major component of total suspended solids (TSS) in seafood processing effluents?

    <p>Proteinous matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environmental impact of ocean dumping of seafood processing waste?

    <p>Reduced oxygen levels at the ocean bottom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual loss of proteins in the US seafood industry due to discards?

    <p>208 billion g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of proteins in lobster liver?

    <p>41%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major environmental hazard associated with anaerobic decomposition of seafood waste in landfills?

    <p>Methane (CH4) emission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of crude protein in the solid discards of seafood processing?

    <p>57.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major component of the characteristic features of seafood processing effluents?

    <p>Total suspended solids (TSS) and fats, oils, and grease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual loss of n-3-PUFAs in the US seafood industry due to discards?

    <p>1.8 trillion mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage associated with cultivating phototrophic algae in open ponds?

    <p>Low production and operating costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of single-cell proteins (SCP) produced from microalgae?

    <p>Animal feeds and aquaculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated water requirement for cultivating microalgae?

    <p>200-1,000 liters per kg of dry biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of cultivating microalgae in wastewater?

    <p>Rapid atmospheric carbon fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of microalgae in biofuel production?

    <p>They have high lipid content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using microorganisms for bioconversions of food, fishery, and agricultural waste?

    <p>Production of bioactive compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-mediated bioconversions?

    <p>Convert waste into bioactive compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of using enzymes in seafood processing?

    <p>Low energy requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of direct transformation of lipidic biomass into biodiesel?

    <p>Lower cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of anaerobic digestion of seafood processing wastewater by Chlorella sp.?

    <p>Biogas production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common application of enzymatic hydrolysis of protein from aquatic by-products?

    <p>Food, pet feed, pharmaceutical, and other industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major class of compounds that can be extracted from seafood processing discards?

    <p>Nitrogenous, lipid, polysaccharide, and mineral-based compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of microalgae cultivation in closed systems?

    <p>Elimination of light requirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a green technique for extracting compounds from seafood processing by-products?

    <p>Microwave-, ultrasonic-, and supercritical fluid extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of enzymatic techniques in seafood processing?

    <p>Safety, low energy requirements, and low cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of enzymes in food quality assessment?

    <p>Food quality assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be recovered from seafood processing discards through bioconversion processes?

    <p>Lipids, carotenoids, polysaccharides, and various minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

    <p>Low energy requirements, safety, and low cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a goal of sustainable seafood processing?

    <p>Minimizing waste and environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bioconversion reactions in seafood processing?

    <p>To initially detach food components from their matrices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of microbial fermentation in seafood processing?

    <p>It is a safe and environmentally friendly process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the choice of green extraction technique for seafood processing by-products?

    <p>The target compound features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

    <p>They have adverse impacts on the properties of the isolated components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using microbial fermentations for bioconversion processes?

    <p>They are environmentally friendly and safe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of biophysical process that can favor the release of components from food matrices?

    <p>Modification of temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

    <p>They have minimum adverse impacts on the properties of the isolated components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of bioconversion processes in seafood processing?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-mediated bioconversions?

    <p>To convert raw materials into products with desired qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of enzymatic techniques in seafood processing?

    <p>They are environmentally friendly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of lactic acid formed during sugar breakdown in seafood processing?

    <p>Enhancing the activity of acid proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of fed-batch fermentation over conventional batch operation?

    <p>Higher biodegradation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chitinases in microbial fermentation?

    <p>Cleaving the β-1,4-O-glycosidic linkages in chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of microbial fermentation in seafood processing?

    <p>Production of aquafeed and fertilizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lactic acid bacteria in fish fermentation?

    <p>Forming lactic acid and promoting acid proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using microbial fermentation for seafood processing?

    <p>Reducing energy requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of fermenting shrimp shell waste by symbiotic lactic acid bacteria?

    <p>Removal of calcium and protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of microbial growth in seafood processing?

    <p>Production of hydrolytic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of applying microbe-assisted bioconversions to seafood processing waste?

    <p>Production of aquafeed and fertilizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using microorganisms for bioconversion processes?

    <p>Lower energy requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum protein content of fish protein isolates (FPIs)?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between fish protein isolates (FPIs) and surimi?

    <p>FPIs contain sarcoplasmic proteins, while surimi only contains myofibrillar proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of marine collagen in biomedical and food industries?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of adding collagen hydrolysate (CH) to silver carp protein isolate?

    <p>Improvement in gel properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biocompatibility of tilapia type I collagen?

    <p>It is biocompatible and can be used as a scaffold biomaterial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of gelatin extracted from big eye tuna skin?

    <p>It has a high glycine content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind the mild acid induced gelation process?

    <p>The ability of muscle structural proteins to undergo gelation under mild acidic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the gelatin extracted from collagen of skins and bones of various marine and freshwater fishery sources?

    <p>It has good gelling properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of collagen and collagen hydrolysate (CH) in food and biomedical applications?

    <p>They have nutritional benefits and can be used as natural antioxidants and texturizing agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using fish protein isolates (FPIs) as raw materials?

    <p>They retain biochemical, nutritional, and functional properties of native proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of microorganisms in the treatment of seafood industry process effluents?

    <p>To degrade the organic materials in the presence of dissolved oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of anaerobic digestion of tuna processing effluents?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of algae-based bioconversions in seafood processing?

    <p>To degrade organic contents and remove CO2, NH3-N, and H2S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of fermentation of dried skipjack tuna waste with L. plantarum and B. licheniformis?

    <p>Conversion of fish waste into a highly nutritive fertilizer with a nitrogen content of 12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of fed-batch biodegradation in the production of target compounds?

    <p>It gives a higher production of target compounds compared to batch biodegradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-assisted aerobic bioprocess of aquaculture solid waste?

    <p>To maximize nitrogen bioconversion in the form of ammonium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of fermentation over chemical treatment for the extraction of collagen?

    <p>Fermentation is a more viable alternative to chemical treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an aerobic continuous bioreactor in treating high saline fish processing wastewater?

    <p>To remove the offensive odor of the effluent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of anaerobic digestion of seafood industry effluents in a dissolved air flotation system?

    <p>Removal of organic contents and production of biogas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of microbe-assisted aerobic bioprocess of aquaculture solid waste in nitrogen bioconversion?

    <p>It maximizes nitrogen bioconversion in the form of ammonium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the nitrogenous fraction in seafood processing discards?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of isoelectric solubilization precipitation (ISP) in protein recovery from seafood discards?

    <p>To dissolve sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using bioconversion processes for protein recovery from seafood discards?

    <p>To retain native properties of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of proteins in seafood processing discards?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of high intensity sonication, electro-flocculation, and ultrafiltration in protein recovery from seafood discards?

    <p>To enhance protein precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of bioavailability in seafood-derived compounds?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using chitosan and its oligosaccharides in food products?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of gelatin in food products?

    <p>To provide gelling and edible coating properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using bioconversion processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

    <p>To recover valuable compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

    <p>They are not efficient in recovering valuable compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main constituents of seafood processing discards?

    <p>Shell, head, bones, intestine, fin, and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the nutrients present in seafood waste?

    <p>They can be recovered and utilized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main environmental hazard associated with seafood waste?

    <p>Nutrient loss and environmental hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>To recover valuable nutrients and compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of bioconversion processes for seafood waste?

    <p>To recover valuable nutrients and compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

    <p>They can recover valuable nutrients and compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the by-catch of commercial fishing operations?

    <p>They are low-value fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of sustainable seafood processing?

    <p>To minimize environmental impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range to which the homogenate is lowered to induce gelation of proteins?

    <p>3.5-4.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature range for mild heating to enhance the viscosity fall during the gelation process?

    <p>40-50◦C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fish species is an exception to the thermo-stable protein dispersions prepared from fishery products?

    <p>Shark</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using food-grade polysaccharides such as carrageenan, alginate, and carboxy methylcellulose in protein recovery?

    <p>To flocculate and precipitate proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of thermo-stable protein dispersions prepared from fishery products?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to recover proteins from herring industry processing effluents?

    <p>Electroflocculation and ultrafiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the concentrate obtained from cooking wastewaters of snow crab?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal temperature range for incubation during enzymatic hydrolysis of seafood processing discards?

    <p>35-37◦C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using enzymatic hydrolysis to extract proteins from seafood processing discards?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of fish protein hydrolyzates (FPHs) in the food industry?

    <p>Functional ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total weight of the Northern pink shrimp and spotted shrimp is accounted for by their crude protein?

    <p>20-30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of lipid content in the raw heads, shells, and tails of Northern pink shrimp and spotted shrimp?

    <p>9.3-11.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual loss of n-3 PUFA in the US due to seafood discards?

    <p>1.8 trillion mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of total suspended solids (TSS) in seafood processing effluents?

    <p>Proteinous matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environmental impact of ocean dumping of seafood waste?

    <p>Reduced oxygen levels at the ocean bottom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual cost of disposing of lobster processing waste?

    <p>$7.5 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of composting and ensilage of seafood waste?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main environmental impact of anaerobic decomposition of seafood in landfills?

    <p>Formation of methane and ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of seafood processing effluents?

    <p>Total suspended solids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the loss of nutrients during seafood processing?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the significant amount of solid waste generated in the seafood industry?

    <p>Centralized pre-processing operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of whole shellfish that constitutes waste on a wet weight basis?

    <p>50% of whole shellfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the annual amount of shell waste generated from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

    <p>18,000 MT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of edible seafood supply that is not available for human consumption?

    <p>40-50% of the edible seafood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average protein content of seafood processing discards?

    <p>60% proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of water required for processing each ton of raw seafood?

    <p>10-40 m3 water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of shell waste from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main nutrient lost during seafood discards?

    <p>Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern associated with the seafood industry's wastewater discharge?

    <p>Water pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of shell waste generated from shrimp processing in the EU?

    <p>100,000 MT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

    <p>They have minimal environmental impacts and are cost-effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bioconversion reactions?

    <p>To detach food components from their matrices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the choice of green extraction technique?

    <p>The target compound features and the matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of bioconversion process that employs externally added enzymes?

    <p>Enzymatic process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of microbial fermentation?

    <p>It is a safe, environmental-friendly, and energy-savvy process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-mediated bioconversions?

    <p>To detach food components from their matrices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of bioconversion processes?

    <p>Treatment of wastewater and production of nutrient-rich biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

    <p>They have minimal environmental impacts and are cost-effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of green technique used for industrial recovery of biomolecules from seafood by-products?

    <p>Novel green extraction techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of bioconversion processes?

    <p>They have minimal environmental impacts and are cost-effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of open ponds for algae cultivation?

    <p>Low production and operating costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of proteins can be found in single cell proteins (SCP)?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main environmental issue associated with landfill disposal of seafood waste?

    <p>Climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of microalgae cultivation in wastewater?

    <p>Higher atmospheric carbon fixation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of sustainable seafood processing?

    <p>Optimize resource use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of Bacillus sp., Brevibacterium sp., and Vibrio sp. in seafood processing?

    <p>Degradation of crab shells, prawn shells, and fish scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of conventional chemical and physical methods for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

    <p>Corrosive and require large volumes of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using microalgae for biofuel production?

    <p>Rapid growth and high lipid content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development regarding food waste?

    <p>Halve per capita global food waste and reduce food losses along production and supply chains by 2030</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TSS and FOG of process effluents on the environment?

    <p>Adversely influence the oxygen balance and flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of biodiesel compared to petroleum diesel?

    <p>Lower emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of SCP in animal and aquaculture feeds?

    <p>Replacement of expensive soy meal and fishmeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>Isolate commercially valuable ingredients and improve the economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated water requirement for microalgae cultivation?

    <p>200-1,000 liters of water per kg of dry biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

    <p>Reduce environmental hazards and conserve water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of anaerobic digestion of seafood processing wastewater by Chlorella sp.?

    <p>Biogas production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge facing the seafood industry in terms of environmental pollution?

    <p>Reducing environmental pollution, conserving water, and preventing losses of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of alkali treatment on chitin extraction from crustacean shells?

    <p>Hydrolyzes chitin and leads to partial deacetylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of Fadhil et al.'s method for producing liquid biofuels?

    <p>Trans-esterification of fish oil with methanol and ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of traditional solvent extraction of fish oil?

    <p>Causes oxidation of the oil, leading to loss of unsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the nitrogen content of the fertilizer produced through solid state fermentation of skipjack tuna waste?

    <p>12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential application of enzymes in seafood processing?

    <p>For food quality assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganisms were used to ferment the dried skipjack tuna waste?

    <p>L.plantarum and B.licheniformis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of enzymatic techniques in seafood processing?

    <p>Low cost and high safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the generation of seafood waste?

    <p>Consumers prefer only a few select seafood items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of converting fish waste to liquid fertilizer using mixed microorganisms?

    <p>28% degradation of fish waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels in 2017?

    <p>65.8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of fermentation over chemical treatment for the extraction of collagen?

    <p>Viable alternative to chemical treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds can be recovered from seafood processing discards through bioconversion processes?

    <p>Proteins, lipids, and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bioconversion processes in seafood waste treatment?

    <p>To recover valuable ingredients from bycatch, processing discards, and effluents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of marine biotechnology-based downstream processes in seafood processing?

    <p>To support the recovery of seafood components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of fed-batch biodegradation of shrimp-shell powder with B.cereus?

    <p>3-12% higher values of target compounds compared to batch biodegradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the projected global seafood production for human consumption by 2030?

    <p>204 MT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of bioconversion reactions in seafood processing?

    <p>To upgrade existing technologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in the activated sludge system for treating seafood industry process effluents?

    <p>To degrade organic materials in the presence of dissolved oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

    <p>They are environmentally friendly and cost-effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of anaerobic digestion of tuna processing effluents?

    <p>Removal of up to 95% of the COD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of hydrolases, a popular enzyme in biotechnology?

    <p>They are highly specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of food waste globally?

    <p>1.3 billion tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microalgae in bioprocessing of seafood industry discards?

    <p>To degrade organic contents and remove CO2, NH3-N, and H2S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using microwave-assisted extraction for recovering compounds from seafood processing by-products?

    <p>It is a green technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be produced from seafood discards using enzymatic hydrolysis?

    <p>Novel compounds with applications in food and pharmaceutical industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using microbial fermentations for bioconversion processes?

    <p>They help with the recovery of valuable ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the bioconversion process in seafood processing?

    <p>To reduce the environmental impact of seafood processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of seafood waste?

    <p>Unattractive color, smaller size, and high fat content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using algae-based bioconversions for seafood industry effluents?

    <p>To degrade organic contents and remove pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of bioactive compounds extracted from seafood processing discards?

    <p>In various industries including food, pharmaceutical, and agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-mediated bioconversions?

    <p>They help with the recovery of valuable ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of downstream processing in seafood processing?

    <p>To recover seafood components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

    <p>It supports sustainable seafood production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum protein content of fish protein isolates (FPIs)?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of collagen is isolated from silver carp?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of collagen-based novel functional food ingredients?

    <p>To reduce the utilization of chemical food additives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding collagen hydrolysate (CH) to silver carp protein isolate?

    <p>To improve gelation properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of tilapia type I collagen?

    <p>Biodegradable scaffold biomaterial for regenerative medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of gelatin extracted from collagen?

    <p>Glycine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of extracting gelatin from collagen?

    <p>Pre-treatment with dilute NaOH, followed by swelling with dilute acetic acid and then by warm water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of mild acid induced gelation?

    <p>To extract proteins from fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between fish protein isolates (FPIs) and surimi?

    <p>FPIs contain sarcoplasmic proteins, unlike surimi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using collagen and collagen hydrolysate (CH) in food applications?

    <p>They improve texture and reduce the utilization of chemical food additives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding weak acid, such as acetic acid, during the preparation of thermo-stable protein dispersions?

    <p>To lower the pH of the homogenate and induce gelation of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of preparing thermo-stable protein dispersions from fishery products?

    <p>They have varied applications, such as preparation of fish protein powder or edible packaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of flocculation in protein recovery from process effluents?

    <p>To precipitate proteins using food-grade polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of enzymatically hydrolyzed proteins (FPHs) as functional additives?

    <p>They have good foaming and emulsifying properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteolytic enzymes in extracting proteins from seafood processing discards?

    <p>To break down proteins into peptides and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of concentrating proteins from process effluents using electroflocculation (EF) and ultrafiltration (UF)?

    <p>It recovers up to 80% of proteins and fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of enzymatic treatment for extracting proteins from seafood processing discards?

    <p>It enables the extraction of high-quality proteins with good functional properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mild heating to 50°C in the preparation of thermo-stable protein dispersions?

    <p>To enhance the gelation process and reduce viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the properties of enzymatically hydrolyzed proteins (FPHs)?

    <p>They affect the functional properties of FPHs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of recovering proteins from by-catch fish?

    <p>It reduces the environmental impact of seafood processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of bioconversion processes in seafood processing?

    <p>To recover valuable compounds from seafood discards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of proteins in seafood processing discards?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of isoelectric solubilization precipitation (ISP) process?

    <p>To recover proteins from seafood discards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using bioprocesses for protein recovery?

    <p>They can retain the native properties of the proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of focusing on bioavailability, interaction with other ingredients, nutritional, biotechnological, and sensorial aspects of seafood-derived compounds?

    <p>It can significantly favor valorization of fisheries by-products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of high intensity sonication, electro-flocculation, and ultrafiltration in the ISP process?

    <p>They are used to enhance the precipitation of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using seafood-derived compounds?

    <p>They have numerous health benefits and can impart functional properties to food products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of gelatin in food processing?

    <p>To provide gelling, edible coating, emulsification, and microencapsulation properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the nitrogenous fraction of seafood processing discards?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using chitosan and its oligosaccharides?

    <p>They are applied as antioxidants, antibacterial, and antifungal agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of lactic acid formation during sugar breakdown on microorganisms?

    <p>Suppresses their growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of fed-batch operation over conventional batch operation in microbial fermentation?

    <p>Higher biodegradation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chitinases in microbial fermentation?

    <p>Cleave the β-1,4-O-glycosidic linkages in chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for fermentation of seafood processing discards?

    <p>Rapid decrease in pH and promotion of acid proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of microbial fermentation in seafood processing?

    <p>Valorization of seafood processing discards and effluents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of microbe-assisted bioconversions over conventional processes for valorization of seafood processing discards?

    <p>Environmentally friendly and safe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipases in microbial fermentation?

    <p>Hydrolyze triacylglycerol and synthesize ester compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of fermentation of seafood processing discards by lactic acid bacteria (LAB)?

    <p>Removal of calcium, protein, and carotenoids from shrimp waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of bioremediation using microorganisms and their aggregates?

    <p>Removal of pollutants from the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of microbial fermentation in food production?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of shells?

    <p>Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature required for the thermal decomposition of shells?

    <p>Above 1000 °C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of calcining shells?

    <p>Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) converts into lime (CaO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the traditional value of shells in many cultures?

    <p>As tools or ornaments, and as a form of money</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of mollusc species marketed for ornamental purposes?

    <p>At least 5000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the paper?

    <p>To provide an overview of shell waste reutilization possibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of valorizing shell waste?

    <p>To unlock markets for new products derived from shell waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hierarchy of waste disposal, according to the European Commission?

    <p>Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Dispose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the shell waste?

    <p>Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of publications were published between 1990 and 1999?

    <p>4.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of shell waste reutilization?

    <p>To reduce the environmental impact of shell waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of shell waste in the construction sector?

    <p>As concrete components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of enzymatic cleaning of shells?

    <p>To increase the purity of CaCO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of publications from 2020 to 2022?

    <p>44.44%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are shells washed with large amounts of freshwater?

    <p>To remove salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative method to enzymatic cleaning of shells?

    <p>Washing with freshwater and heating at 500°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of mollusc and crustacean shells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the database used to access bibliometric data?

    <p>Scopus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key word used for searching the database of available literature?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scope of this review?

    <p>Global perspective on shell applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the total world fisheries and aquaculture production in 2019?

    <p>178 million tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the overall crab mass is represented by waste crab, shrimp, and lobster shells?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of mollusc shells in live weight, depending on the species?

    <p>65-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the disposed shells if their disposal is uncontrolled?

    <p>They modify soils, waters, and marine ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are shells detached from flesh in various processing steps?

    <p>Due to inadequate preservation infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate amount of waste crab, shrimp, and lobster shells produced globally every year?

    <p>8 million tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main problem with the disposal of shells?

    <p>They cause environmental damage and visual pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of mollusc shells in the seafood industry?

    <p>They are a significant by-product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of waste shells in environmental remediation?

    <p>Water purification and bio-filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are calcined shells more effective than raw shells in phosphate removal?

    <p>They are more stable in acidic environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of phosphate removal from seawater using oyster shell waste?

    <p>Adsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of crushed seashells in nitrate removal from fish farm wastewater?

    <p>They have an alkalizing effect on the wastewater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of using enzymes in shell valorization?

    <p>They are too expensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge of cleaning shells for valorization?

    <p>Reducing the water consumption during cleaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calcination or pyrolysis of shells?

    <p>To form lime (CaO) for use as an adsorbent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of gastropod shells in environmental remediation?

    <p>Internal cleaning through decomposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using shell waste as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment?

    <p>It is a sustainable and environmentally friendly method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of shell valorization?

    <p>To reduce the waste generated by the seafood industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of crushed oyster shells on the process of biological nitrification and ammonia removal in synthetic wastewater?

    <p>It accelerates the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the absorption capacity of soft calcite prepared from waste blue mussel shells?

    <p>977% ± 84%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of calcination temperature on the heavy metal removal efficiency of shells?

    <p>Higher temperature increases the efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of oyster calcite on lead (Pb2+) removal from contaminated water?

    <p>It increases the removal efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using calcined oyster shells as a biosorbent material?

    <p>Removal of pollutants such as SO2, sulfur trioxide, and hydrogen sulfide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of calcined shells on soil pH?

    <p>It increases the pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of applying calcined oyster shells to agricultural soil?

    <p>It decreases the heavy metal content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of waste shells in green roofing structures?

    <p>As a drainage layer to reduce runoff water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge in using waste shells as a sustainable solution for large quantities?

    <p>High-energy conversion of shells requires special machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of crushing mussel shells on copper-rich vineyard and mine soils?

    <p>It decreases the Cu2+ desorption rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using calcium acetate for road de-icing?

    <p>It is more environmentally friendly than sodium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using crushed mollusc shells in soil remediation?

    <p>It is a valuable replacement for mined limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of demineralization and deproteination of crustacean shells?

    <p>It yields water-insoluble chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of calcining waste shells for large-scale applications?

    <p>It requires high temperatures and special machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells as a biosorbent material in flue gas treatment?

    <p>It can remove SO2 and NOx more efficiently than limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of chitin and chitosan in water treatment?

    <p>They are used as flocculants for potable water and industrial effluents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of waste shells in reef restoration?

    <p>As a complex habitat for biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using crushed freshwater bivalve shells for road de-icing?

    <p>It is more environmentally friendly than calcium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge in using waste shells as a sustainable solution?

    <p>High-energy conversion of shells requires special machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells in green roofing structures?

    <p>It reduces runoff water and enhances biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of calcium in the food and nutraceutical industry?

    <p>Natural shell powder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of chitosan in the food industry?

    <p>As a preservative, thickener and stabilizer for sauces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of calcium supplementation from shell powders?

    <p>It increases bone mineral density, especially in the lumbar region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of shrimp waste meal in the aquaculture industry?

    <p>As a feed ingredient in hatchery and grow-out systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antibacterial property of chitosan in food products?

    <p>It inhibits bacterial growth on surfaces of aquatic and meat products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of deproteinization of crustacean shell waste?

    <p>To convert chitinous waste into chitin-derived products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using chitosan in fruit coatings?

    <p>It provides a protective, fungistatic, and antibacterial effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of shell powders in livestock feed?

    <p>As a source of calcium for bone health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of covalent immobilization of chitinase on glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan?

    <p>To overcome the limitations of deproteinization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using chitosan as a food additive?

    <p>It provides a protective, fungistatic, and antibacterial effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides act as antioxidants?

    <p>By scavenging free radicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using chitosan in fish feed?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chitosan oligosaccharides on peripheral blood pressure?

    <p>It reduces blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge associated with extracting chemicals from waste crustacean shells?

    <p>The process is destructive and requires fractionation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of chitin and chitosan?

    <p>As an anti-arthritic agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which chitosan reduces LDL-cholesterol levels?

    <p>By removing cholesterol via ionic binding with bile salts and acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of carboxylating chitosan oligosaccharides on ACE inhibition?

    <p>It depends on the degree of substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using aminoethyl-chitin (AEC) as an ACE inhibitor?

    <p>It is a competitive inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge associated with the production of chitosan from shrimp shells?

    <p>The use of hazardous chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of shells from crustaceans and molluscs?

    <p>As a functional material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of acid mine drainage?

    <p>Exposure of pyrite to water and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ocean acidification on marine organisms?

    <p>It makes them more sensitive to changes in pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using waste shells in constructed wetlands?

    <p>To reduce the usage of natural minerals such as limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of acid mine drainage on the environment?

    <p>It has a negative effect on aquatic organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells in ocean deacidification?

    <p>It decreases the amount of CO2 in seawater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of shell reefs on seawater carbonate?

    <p>It increases the amount of seawater carbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of waste shells in mussel banks?

    <p>They control the benthic acidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells in marine sediments?

    <p>It increases the pH of the sediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of waste shells on the accumulation of by-products from anaerobic metabolic pathways?

    <p>It decreases the accumulation of by-products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells as settlement substrates for free-living shellfish larvae?

    <p>It increases the growth rate of the larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of chitin film and fiber?

    <p>Medical wound-dressing material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chitosan in wound healing?

    <p>Release cytokines, including transforming growth factor-beta, platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using mollusc shells as biofiller?

    <p>Improves mechanical properties of plastic and paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of chitosan in biopackaging?

    <p>As an antimicrobial biopackaging material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in the development of biomaterials from shell waste?

    <p>Lack of stability of chitosan-based materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using mollusc shells for biocomposites?

    <p>Enhances the mechanical properties of plastic and paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chitin and chitosan in wound healing?

    <p>Increase macrophage production and release cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of chitosan in the cosmetic industry?

    <p>Hair care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using biopolymers from waste shells?

    <p>Offers an eco-friendly alternative to petroleum-based plastics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in the development of biomaterials from chitin?

    <p>Difficulty in processing chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of using waste shells as an aggregate replacement material?

    <p>The transportation of shells from further distances increases its overall price</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the repurposing of waste shells important for the environment?

    <p>It helps to sequester CO2 from the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current fate of most aqua-cultured bivalves and crustaceans?

    <p>They are traded fresh and their shells are disposed of as domestic waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary step in order to upgrade waste shells for large-scale applications?

    <p>Collecting waste shells in an organized manner and estimating their quantities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential way to reduce the environmental impact of waste shell repurposing?

    <p>Using cleaner energy sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor to consider when evaluating the feasibility of waste shell repurposing?

    <p>Both environmental impact and economic value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to support the development of a sustainable waste shell bioeconomy?

    <p>Integrated support from government, industry, and local communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider the collection, cleaning, storage, transport, and utilization costs of waste shells?

    <p>To evaluate the feasibility of waste shell repurposing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of chitin whiskers in biomedical engineering?

    <p>Nanotechnology and nanocomposite materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of mollusc shells that has potential in bone tissue bioengineering?

    <p>Nacreous structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using hydroxyapatite from clam shells in sunscreen formulations?

    <p>It reduces the risk of photo-allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of chitosan in pharmaceuticals?

    <p>Enzyme immobilization and excipients for oral drug delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chitin in biomedical applications?

    <p>Anticancer and antibacterial therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of synthesizing chitosan from chitin?

    <p>Deacetylation of chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using chitin nanoparticles in biomedical applications?

    <p>They have excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of chitin hydrogels in biomedical engineering?

    <p>Drug delivery vehicles and cell scaffolds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using oyster shell powder in biomedical applications?

    <p>It stimulates bone cell differentiation and bone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hydroxyapatite in biomedical applications?

    <p>It has osteoconductive properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of concrete?

    <p>Cement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using mollusc shells in construction?

    <p>To reduce the cost of production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of incorporating mollusc shell ash/powder on the compressive strength of concrete?

    <p>It decreases the strength initially but increases with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells in construction?

    <p>It reduces the environmental impact of construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge in using waste shells in construction?

    <p>The high cost of shell cleaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using mollusc shells in green cement?

    <p>It reduces the environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high chloride content in aggregates on reinforced concrete?

    <p>It increases the corrosion of steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of waste shells in construction?

    <p>As a replacement for conventional aggregates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells in asphalt modifiers?

    <p>It improves the consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using waste shells in construction?

    <p>It reduces the environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Seafood Processing and Waste Generation

    • Seafood industry generates large volumes of waste, including processing discards, effluents, and by-catch.
    • Processing discards consist of shell, head, bones, intestine, fin, skin, and low-value underutilized fish.
    • By-catch refers to the portion of the total harvest not adequately used as food due to unattractive color, smaller size, and high fat content.

    Characteristics of Seafood Waste

    • Solid waste constitutes 50% of whole shellfish, such as shrimp, krill, and crab.
    • Shrimp waste contains about 70% head and 30% shell.
    • Lobster processing generates 50-70% of the shellfish as by-products, including heads, shells, livers, and eggs.
    • Finfish processing generates 25-50% of the raw material as waste.

    Nutrient Loss and Environmental Impacts

    • Seafood waste is rich in nutrients, including proteins, amino acids, lipids, carotenoids, and minerals.
    • Loss of nutrients in seafood waste is estimated to be around 208 billion grams of protein and 1.8 trillion milligrams of n-3 PUFA per year.
    • Environmental impacts of seafood waste include ocean dumping, reduced oxygen levels, burial or smothering of living organisms, and introduction of disease to the ecosystem.

    Measures for Sustainable Seafood Processing

    • Improve waste utilization to prevent or minimize environmental impact.
    • Implement selective trawling to reduce by-catches.
    • Treat wastes and effluents to reduce environmental hazards.
    • Valorize wastes by recovering useful ingredients.

    Conventional Processes for Waste Valorization and Their Limitations

    • Conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents are based on chemical and physical methods.
    • These processes have limitations, including:
      • Alkali treatment causes hydrolysis of chitin and partial deacetylation of chitin.
      • Chemical refining of fish oil can cause oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.
      • Large volumes of fresh water are required for washing and processing.

    Biological Processes for Valorization

    • Biological processes offer a green and sustainable approach to valorize seafood waste.
    • Bioconversion reactions, including microbial fermentation and enzymatic processes, can be used to detach food components from their matrices.
    • Algal biotechnology and bio-refinery approaches can be used to recover valuable ingredients and biofuels.
    • Biological processes have minimal environmental impacts, are cost-effective, and are safe.### Algae-Induced Biotransformations
    • Help in the treatment of wastewater and production of nutrient-rich biomass
    • Biophysical processes like pH and temperature modifications can favor the release of components like proteins and lipids from food matrices

    Microbe-Mediated Bioconversions

    • Also known as fermentation, which is safe, environmentally friendly, and energy-efficient
    • Process uses live microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, mycelium, or microalgae) to convert raw materials into products with desired qualities
    • Types of fermentation: traditional, biomass, and precision fermentation
    • Fermentation can be used to produce cell mass, enzymes, flavors, food additives, and other high-value products
    • Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used for a long time for the development of fermented fishery products
    • Fermentation can bring about diversity into foods, make otherwise inedible foods products edible, enhance nutritional value, decrease toxicity, preserve food, and decrease cooking time and energy requirements

    Microbe-Assisted Bioconversions

    • Ideal for bioremediation of seafood processing waste and production of aquafeed and fertilizer
    • Fermentation of fish by-products gives rise to quality protein hydrolysates and oil, and produces antioxidant compounds
    • Solid-state fermentation can convert fish waste into a highly nutritive fertilizer

    Algae-Based Bioconversions

    • Microalgae such as Chlorella, Spirulina, Dunaliella, diatoms, and cyanobacteria are commonly used as sources of functional materials in natural foods
    • These organisms have a high growth rate in nutrient media under phototrophic conditions
    • They can be cultivated in open ponds or in closed photo-bioreactors, or heterotrophically in closed systems
    • Microalgae are promising agents for bioconversions of food, fishery, and agricultural waste into biomass rich in bioactive compounds

    Enzyme-Assisted Bioconversions

    • Processing with enzymes has enormous potential in waste management
    • Enzymes can mitigate hazards of conventional chemical transformations, help produce novel compounds, and function as analytical tools for food quality assessment
    • Enzymes can be used as additional processing aids to conventional processes or can be exclusively used to upgrade existing technologies in seafood processing
    • Examples of enzymes used in biotechnology include carbohydrases, proteases, and lipases

    Downstream Processing for the Recovery of Seafood Components

    • The by-catch and the various seafood processing discards are rich in balanced proteins, collagen, enzymes, lipid, carotenoids, polysaccharides, and minerals

    • These can be recovered by coupling the various bioconversion processes, supported by marine biotechnology-based downstream processes

    • Examples of downstream processes include pressurized liquid, sub-critical, super-critical, enzymemediated, microwave-, and ultrasound-assisted extractions### Seafood Processing Discards as a Source of Proteins

    • Seafood processing discards contain up to 60% proteins, making them a good source of proteins.

    • Proteins from seafood processing discards can be recovered using bioprocessing techniques.

    Isoelectric Solubilization Precipitation (ISP)

    • ISP is a gentle bioprocess that involves homogenization of fish or processing discards with dilute acid or alkali.
    • The process dissolves sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins, while removing impurities such as bone, skin, oil, and membranes.
    • Up to 90% of dissolved proteins can be precipitated by raising the pH of the solution to their iso-electric pH.
    • The process can be enhanced by coupling with high intensity sonication, electro-flocculation, and ultrafiltration.

    Recovery of Proteins from Various Fish Species

    • Proteins have been recovered from various fish species, including mackerel, catfish, rockfish, Pacific whiting, rainbow trout, and Atlantic croaker.
    • Fish protein isolates (FPIs) have protein contents of at least 65% and fat below 2%.
    • FPIs differ from conventional surimi, which is a concentrate of fish myofibrillar proteins.

    Properties of Fish Protein Isolates (FPIs)

    • FPIs retain biochemical, nutritional, and functional properties of the native proteins.
    • They can be used in applications such as development of restructured food products, protein supplements, and bioactive peptides.

    Collagen and Collagen Hydrolysate (CH)

    • Collagen is another protein from marine sources that can be recovered from seafood processing discards.
    • Collagen-based novel functional food ingredients contain nutritional benefits, such as essential and non-essential amino acids.
    • Collagen and CH can be used as natural antioxidants and texturizing agents.

    Mild Acid Induced Gelation

    • This process involves the ability of muscle structural proteins to undergo gelation under mild acidic conditions when water is strongly bound to the protein matrices.
    • The process can be used to prepare thermo-stable protein dispersions from fishery products.

    Flocculation

    • Proteins can be flocculated and precipitated by food-grade polysaccharides, such as carrageenan, alginate, and carboxy methylcellulose.
    • The proteins can be recovered from process effluents using electroflocculation and ultrafiltration.

    Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Proteins

    • Proteolytic enzymes from various sources can be used to extract proteins from seafood processing discards as fish protein hydrolyzates (FPHs).
    • The ideal treatment conditions include incubation temperature, enzyme to substrate ratio, and incubation time.
    • FPHs can be concentrated by spray drying or ultrafiltration and have beneficial effects on growth performances and feed utilization at low inclusion levels.

    Seafood Processing and Waste Generation

    • Seafood industry generates large volumes of waste, including processing discards, effluents, and by-catch.
    • Processing discards consist of shell, head, bones, intestine, fin, skin, and low-value underutilized fish.
    • By-catch refers to the portion of the total harvest not adequately used as food due to unattractive color, smaller size, and high fat content.

    Characteristics of Seafood Waste

    • Solid waste constitutes 50% of whole shellfish, such as shrimp, krill, and crab.
    • Shrimp waste contains about 70% head and 30% shell.
    • Lobster processing generates 50-70% of the shellfish as by-products, including heads, shells, livers, and eggs.
    • Finfish processing generates 25-50% of the raw material as waste.

    Nutrient Loss and Environmental Impacts

    • Seafood waste is rich in nutrients, including proteins, amino acids, lipids, carotenoids, and minerals.
    • Loss of nutrients in seafood waste is estimated to be around 208 billion grams of protein and 1.8 trillion milligrams of n-3 PUFA per year.
    • Environmental impacts of seafood waste include ocean dumping, reduced oxygen levels, burial or smothering of living organisms, and introduction of disease to the ecosystem.

    Measures for Sustainable Seafood Processing

    • Improve waste utilization to prevent or minimize environmental impact.
    • Implement selective trawling to reduce by-catches.
    • Treat wastes and effluents to reduce environmental hazards.
    • Valorize wastes by recovering useful ingredients.

    Conventional Processes for Waste Valorization and Their Limitations

    • Conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents are based on chemical and physical methods.
    • These processes have limitations, including:
      • Alkali treatment causes hydrolysis of chitin and partial deacetylation of chitin.
      • Chemical refining of fish oil can cause oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.
      • Large volumes of fresh water are required for washing and processing.

    Biological Processes for Valorization

    • Biological processes offer a green and sustainable approach to valorize seafood waste.
    • Bioconversion reactions, including microbial fermentation and enzymatic processes, can be used to detach food components from their matrices.
    • Algal biotechnology and bio-refinery approaches can be used to recover valuable ingredients and biofuels.
    • Biological processes have minimal environmental impacts, are cost-effective, and are safe.### Algae-Induced Biotransformations
    • Help in the treatment of wastewater and production of nutrient-rich biomass
    • Biophysical processes like pH and temperature modifications can favor the release of components like proteins and lipids from food matrices

    Microbe-Mediated Bioconversions

    • Also known as fermentation, which is safe, environmentally friendly, and energy-efficient
    • Process uses live microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, mycelium, or microalgae) to convert raw materials into products with desired qualities
    • Types of fermentation: traditional, biomass, and precision fermentation
    • Fermentation can be used to produce cell mass, enzymes, flavors, food additives, and other high-value products
    • Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used for a long time for the development of fermented fishery products
    • Fermentation can bring about diversity into foods, make otherwise inedible foods products edible, enhance nutritional value, decrease toxicity, preserve food, and decrease cooking time and energy requirements

    Microbe-Assisted Bioconversions

    • Ideal for bioremediation of seafood processing waste and production of aquafeed and fertilizer
    • Fermentation of fish by-products gives rise to quality protein hydrolysates and oil, and produces antioxidant compounds
    • Solid-state fermentation can convert fish waste into a highly nutritive fertilizer

    Algae-Based Bioconversions

    • Microalgae such as Chlorella, Spirulina, Dunaliella, diatoms, and cyanobacteria are commonly used as sources of functional materials in natural foods
    • These organisms have a high growth rate in nutrient media under phototrophic conditions
    • They can be cultivated in open ponds or in closed photo-bioreactors, or heterotrophically in closed systems
    • Microalgae are promising agents for bioconversions of food, fishery, and agricultural waste into biomass rich in bioactive compounds

    Enzyme-Assisted Bioconversions

    • Processing with enzymes has enormous potential in waste management
    • Enzymes can mitigate hazards of conventional chemical transformations, help produce novel compounds, and function as analytical tools for food quality assessment
    • Enzymes can be used as additional processing aids to conventional processes or can be exclusively used to upgrade existing technologies in seafood processing
    • Examples of enzymes used in biotechnology include carbohydrases, proteases, and lipases

    Downstream Processing for the Recovery of Seafood Components

    • The by-catch and the various seafood processing discards are rich in balanced proteins, collagen, enzymes, lipid, carotenoids, polysaccharides, and minerals

    • These can be recovered by coupling the various bioconversion processes, supported by marine biotechnology-based downstream processes

    • Examples of downstream processes include pressurized liquid, sub-critical, super-critical, enzymemediated, microwave-, and ultrasound-assisted extractions### Seafood Processing Discards as a Source of Proteins

    • Seafood processing discards contain up to 60% proteins, making them a good source of proteins.

    • Proteins from seafood processing discards can be recovered using bioprocessing techniques.

    Isoelectric Solubilization Precipitation (ISP)

    • ISP is a gentle bioprocess that involves homogenization of fish or processing discards with dilute acid or alkali.
    • The process dissolves sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins, while removing impurities such as bone, skin, oil, and membranes.
    • Up to 90% of dissolved proteins can be precipitated by raising the pH of the solution to their iso-electric pH.
    • The process can be enhanced by coupling with high intensity sonication, electro-flocculation, and ultrafiltration.

    Recovery of Proteins from Various Fish Species

    • Proteins have been recovered from various fish species, including mackerel, catfish, rockfish, Pacific whiting, rainbow trout, and Atlantic croaker.
    • Fish protein isolates (FPIs) have protein contents of at least 65% and fat below 2%.
    • FPIs differ from conventional surimi, which is a concentrate of fish myofibrillar proteins.

    Properties of Fish Protein Isolates (FPIs)

    • FPIs retain biochemical, nutritional, and functional properties of the native proteins.
    • They can be used in applications such as development of restructured food products, protein supplements, and bioactive peptides.

    Collagen and Collagen Hydrolysate (CH)

    • Collagen is another protein from marine sources that can be recovered from seafood processing discards.
    • Collagen-based novel functional food ingredients contain nutritional benefits, such as essential and non-essential amino acids.
    • Collagen and CH can be used as natural antioxidants and texturizing agents.

    Mild Acid Induced Gelation

    • This process involves the ability of muscle structural proteins to undergo gelation under mild acidic conditions when water is strongly bound to the protein matrices.
    • The process can be used to prepare thermo-stable protein dispersions from fishery products.

    Flocculation

    • Proteins can be flocculated and precipitated by food-grade polysaccharides, such as carrageenan, alginate, and carboxy methylcellulose.
    • The proteins can be recovered from process effluents using electroflocculation and ultrafiltration.

    Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Proteins

    • Proteolytic enzymes from various sources can be used to extract proteins from seafood processing discards as fish protein hydrolyzates (FPHs).
    • The ideal treatment conditions include incubation temperature, enzyme to substrate ratio, and incubation time.
    • FPHs can be concentrated by spray drying or ultrafiltration and have beneficial effects on growth performances and feed utilization at low inclusion levels.

    Seafood Processing and Waste Generation

    • Seafood industry generates large volumes of waste, including processing discards, effluents, and by-catch.
    • Processing discards consist of shell, head, bones, intestine, fin, skin, and low-value underutilized fish.
    • By-catch refers to the portion of the total harvest not adequately used as food due to unattractive color, smaller size, and high fat content.

    Characteristics of Seafood Waste

    • Solid waste constitutes 50% of whole shellfish, such as shrimp, krill, and crab.
    • Shrimp waste contains about 70% head and 30% shell.
    • Lobster processing generates 50-70% of the shellfish as by-products, including heads, shells, livers, and eggs.
    • Finfish processing generates 25-50% of the raw material as waste.

    Nutrient Loss and Environmental Impacts

    • Seafood waste is rich in nutrients, including proteins, amino acids, lipids, carotenoids, and minerals.
    • Loss of nutrients in seafood waste is estimated to be around 208 billion grams of protein and 1.8 trillion milligrams of n-3 PUFA per year.
    • Environmental impacts of seafood waste include ocean dumping, reduced oxygen levels, burial or smothering of living organisms, and introduction of disease to the ecosystem.

    Measures for Sustainable Seafood Processing

    • Improve waste utilization to prevent or minimize environmental impact.
    • Implement selective trawling to reduce by-catches.
    • Treat wastes and effluents to reduce environmental hazards.
    • Valorize wastes by recovering useful ingredients.

    Conventional Processes for Waste Valorization and Their Limitations

    • Conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents are based on chemical and physical methods.
    • These processes have limitations, including:
      • Alkali treatment causes hydrolysis of chitin and partial deacetylation of chitin.
      • Chemical refining of fish oil can cause oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.
      • Large volumes of fresh water are required for washing and processing.

    Biological Processes for Valorization

    • Biological processes offer a green and sustainable approach to valorize seafood waste.
    • Bioconversion reactions, including microbial fermentation and enzymatic processes, can be used to detach food components from their matrices.
    • Algal biotechnology and bio-refinery approaches can be used to recover valuable ingredients and biofuels.
    • Biological processes have minimal environmental impacts, are cost-effective, and are safe.### Algae-Induced Biotransformations
    • Help in the treatment of wastewater and production of nutrient-rich biomass
    • Biophysical processes like pH and temperature modifications can favor the release of components like proteins and lipids from food matrices

    Microbe-Mediated Bioconversions

    • Also known as fermentation, which is safe, environmentally friendly, and energy-efficient
    • Process uses live microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, mycelium, or microalgae) to convert raw materials into products with desired qualities
    • Types of fermentation: traditional, biomass, and precision fermentation
    • Fermentation can be used to produce cell mass, enzymes, flavors, food additives, and other high-value products
    • Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used for a long time for the development of fermented fishery products
    • Fermentation can bring about diversity into foods, make otherwise inedible foods products edible, enhance nutritional value, decrease toxicity, preserve food, and decrease cooking time and energy requirements

    Microbe-Assisted Bioconversions

    • Ideal for bioremediation of seafood processing waste and production of aquafeed and fertilizer
    • Fermentation of fish by-products gives rise to quality protein hydrolysates and oil, and produces antioxidant compounds
    • Solid-state fermentation can convert fish waste into a highly nutritive fertilizer

    Algae-Based Bioconversions

    • Microalgae such as Chlorella, Spirulina, Dunaliella, diatoms, and cyanobacteria are commonly used as sources of functional materials in natural foods
    • These organisms have a high growth rate in nutrient media under phototrophic conditions
    • They can be cultivated in open ponds or in closed photo-bioreactors, or heterotrophically in closed systems
    • Microalgae are promising agents for bioconversions of food, fishery, and agricultural waste into biomass rich in bioactive compounds

    Enzyme-Assisted Bioconversions

    • Processing with enzymes has enormous potential in waste management
    • Enzymes can mitigate hazards of conventional chemical transformations, help produce novel compounds, and function as analytical tools for food quality assessment
    • Enzymes can be used as additional processing aids to conventional processes or can be exclusively used to upgrade existing technologies in seafood processing
    • Examples of enzymes used in biotechnology include carbohydrases, proteases, and lipases

    Downstream Processing for the Recovery of Seafood Components

    • The by-catch and the various seafood processing discards are rich in balanced proteins, collagen, enzymes, lipid, carotenoids, polysaccharides, and minerals

    • These can be recovered by coupling the various bioconversion processes, supported by marine biotechnology-based downstream processes

    • Examples of downstream processes include pressurized liquid, sub-critical, super-critical, enzymemediated, microwave-, and ultrasound-assisted extractions### Seafood Processing Discards as a Source of Proteins

    • Seafood processing discards contain up to 60% proteins, making them a good source of proteins.

    • Proteins from seafood processing discards can be recovered using bioprocessing techniques.

    Isoelectric Solubilization Precipitation (ISP)

    • ISP is a gentle bioprocess that involves homogenization of fish or processing discards with dilute acid or alkali.
    • The process dissolves sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins, while removing impurities such as bone, skin, oil, and membranes.
    • Up to 90% of dissolved proteins can be precipitated by raising the pH of the solution to their iso-electric pH.
    • The process can be enhanced by coupling with high intensity sonication, electro-flocculation, and ultrafiltration.

    Recovery of Proteins from Various Fish Species

    • Proteins have been recovered from various fish species, including mackerel, catfish, rockfish, Pacific whiting, rainbow trout, and Atlantic croaker.
    • Fish protein isolates (FPIs) have protein contents of at least 65% and fat below 2%.
    • FPIs differ from conventional surimi, which is a concentrate of fish myofibrillar proteins.

    Properties of Fish Protein Isolates (FPIs)

    • FPIs retain biochemical, nutritional, and functional properties of the native proteins.
    • They can be used in applications such as development of restructured food products, protein supplements, and bioactive peptides.

    Collagen and Collagen Hydrolysate (CH)

    • Collagen is another protein from marine sources that can be recovered from seafood processing discards.
    • Collagen-based novel functional food ingredients contain nutritional benefits, such as essential and non-essential amino acids.
    • Collagen and CH can be used as natural antioxidants and texturizing agents.

    Mild Acid Induced Gelation

    • This process involves the ability of muscle structural proteins to undergo gelation under mild acidic conditions when water is strongly bound to the protein matrices.
    • The process can be used to prepare thermo-stable protein dispersions from fishery products.

    Flocculation

    • Proteins can be flocculated and precipitated by food-grade polysaccharides, such as carrageenan, alginate, and carboxy methylcellulose.
    • The proteins can be recovered from process effluents using electroflocculation and ultrafiltration.

    Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Proteins

    • Proteolytic enzymes from various sources can be used to extract proteins from seafood processing discards as fish protein hydrolyzates (FPHs).
    • The ideal treatment conditions include incubation temperature, enzyme to substrate ratio, and incubation time.
    • FPHs can be concentrated by spray drying or ultrafiltration and have beneficial effects on growth performances and feed utilization at low inclusion levels.

    Fisheries and Aquaculture Production

    • The total world fisheries and aquaculture production showed a 41% growth from 2000 to 2019, reaching 178 million tons in 2019.
    • Molluscs comprised 13% of the total production, while crustaceans comprised 9%.

    Shell Waste Generation and Composition

    • Close to 8 million tons of waste crab, shrimp, and lobster shells are produced globally each year, comprising up to 60% of overall crab mass.
    • Over 10 million tons of mollusc shells are produced annually, with over 70% represented by oyster, clam, scallop, and mussel shells.
    • Shell waste accounts for 65-90% of live weight, depending on the species.
    • Mussels have the greatest increase in production and shell contribution compared to other shellfish species.

    Shell Waste Disposal and Environmental Impacts

    • Disposed shells are primarily dumped at sea or sent to landfills, causing environmental damage.
    • Shell waste can lead to decomposition of residual tissues, foul odors, and visual pollution.
    • Shell waste is generated at various locations, including fisheries, aquaculture, processing companies, restaurants, and individual consumers.

    Chemical Composition of Shells

    • Shells are composed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
    • The decomposition of shells requires high temperatures of over 1000°C, resulting in high energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

    Valorization of Shell Waste

    • Shell waste can be valorized through various applications, including agriculture, medicine, chemical production, construction, environmental protection, and cosmetics.
    • The valorization of shells and the unlocking of markets for new products is essential for sustainable waste management.

    Cleaning and Preparation of Shells

    • Shells need to be cleaned prior to industrial use.
    • Cleaning methods include washing with freshwater, heating at 500°C to burn off residual organic material, and enzymatic cleaning.

    Environmental Applications of Shell Waste

    • Shell waste can be used for water purification and bio-filters, particularly in wastewater treatment and phosphate removal.
    • Calcined shells can be used for heavy metal removal from water and wastewater.
    • Shell waste can be used for soil remediation, acid mine drainage treatment, and ocean deacidification.

    Sustainability Challenges

    • Cleaning shells with freshwater is water-intensive, and the use of enzymes is costly.
    • The calcination of shells requires high temperatures, resulting in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.### Sensitivity to Ocean Acidification
    • Shellfish are more sensitive to ocean acidification at the larval stage than at the adult stage
    • Ocean acidification can negatively impact shellfish production
    • Increasing seawater alkalinity can help mitigate the effects of ocean acidification
    • Restoration of macroalgae and seagrass beds can remove CO2 from seawater during photosynthesis

    Use of Waste Shells

    • Waste shells can be used to buffer decreases in seawater carbonate due to ocean acidification
    • Placing shell reefs adjacent to shellfish farms can improve pH and carbonate geochemical conditions
    • Waste shells can control benthic acidity, prevent heavy metal speciation, and reduce eutrophication
    • Waste shells can serve as settlement substrates for free-living shellfish larvae and as shelter for other aquatic organisms

    Flue Gas Treatment

    • Calcined shell waste can be used as an excellent biosorbent material to remove pollutants like SO2, SO3, H2S, and NOx
    • Calcined oyster shells can be used to prepare CaO adsorbent for CO2 sequestration

    Road De-icing

    • Crushed freshwater bivalve shells can be used as an alternative to sodium chloride (NaCl) for road de-icing
    • Calcium-magnesium acetate or calcium acetate derivatives can be used as environmentally friendly road de-icers

    Green Roofing

    • Mollusc shells can be used as a material for green roofing structures, such as drainage layers, or to help neutralize acid rain
    • Shells have bioremediation potential and can be used to reduce runoff water

    Sustainability Challenges

    • Calcination of waste shells requires high temperatures and special machinery, making it a non-sustainable solution
    • Using raw shells as bio-filters can be a more sustainable solution, but requires careful consideration of instability in acidic waters and sludge formation

    Food and Feed Additives; Nutraceuticals

    • Waste shells can be used to produce natural shell powder, a relevant source of calcium for the food and nutraceutical industry
    • Chitin is widely used to immobilize enzymes and whole cells in the food industry
    • Chitosan is used as a preservative, thickener, and stabilizer in food products

    Calcium Supplement

    • Calcium supplementation from shell powders can improve bone health, blood circulation, and eggshell quality in livestock

    Protein Supplement

    • Meals derived from crustacean shell waste are usable feed ingredients, rich in essential amino acids
    • Shell fermentation products can be used as a feed ingredient in the aquaculture industry

    Antibacterials for Food

    • Macromolecular chitosan has powerful antibacterial properties, inhibiting bacterial growth on surfaces of aquatic and meat products

    Bioactive Molecules/Antioxidants

    • Chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides act as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and preventing oxidative sequences

    Bioactive Molecules/Cholesterol Reduction

    • Chitosan acts as a hypocholesterolemic agent, reducing LDL-cholesterol levels and increasing HDL-cholesterol levels

    Bioactive Molecules/Blood Pressure Reduction

    • Chitosan oligosaccharides have angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, reducing peripheral blood pressure and having an anti-hypertensive effect

    Sustainability Challenges

    • Extracting chemicals from waste crustacean shells is destructive and expensive, requiring fractionation and the use of hazardous chemicals
    • A sustainable fractionation method to separate proteins, CaCO3, and chitin without hazardous chemicals is needed

    Biomaterials

    • Shells of both crustaceans and molluscs have potential applications in biofuels, flavors, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, and biomaterials
    • Chitin and chitosan can be used as chemical building blocks for various biomedical applications

    Bone Tissue Regeneration/Bioceramic

    • Powdered oyster nacre can stimulate bone cell differentiation and bone formation in vitro and in vivo
    • Oyster shell powder can be used as an injectable osteogenic biomaterial for treating vertebral bone loss

    Cosmetics

    • Clam shell powder has potential as a new biomaterial with high calcium, phosphate, chitin, and protein content
    • Hydroxyapatite from shells can be used as an additive in sunscreen lotions, substituting oxybenzone, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide

    Wound Healing

    • Chitin film and fiber can be used as a wound-dressing material, exhibiting bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties

    Biocomposites/Biofillers

    • Calcined, powdered mollusc shells can be used as additives for polyesters, endowing antibacterial properties to biocomposites

    Biopackaging

    • Biopolymers deriving from waste shells can be used to manufacture eco-friendly bioplastics for biomedical, industrial, and household applications### Antimicrobial Biopackaging

    • Chitosan-based biopackaging is a promising active packaging type developed in the last decade

    • Chitosan is easier to process than chitin, but its stability is lower due to its hydrophilic character and pH sensitivity

    Sustainability Challenges

    • Many potential applications for shell waste as biomaterials are only developed as niche applications or tested at laboratory scale
    • Further investigation is needed to develop new separation and enrichment technologies, and to stabilize bioactive molecules
    • The production of hydroxyapatite from waste shells is an example of a sustainable and industrially advantageous process

    Construction

    • Shells have been used in construction as path aggregates, mortar mixes, and as a replacement for conventional aggregates in concrete
    • Mollusc shells can be used as cement additives or aggregates, improving the elasticity and bonding between the binder matrix and aggregates
    • Waste shell powder can supplement non-renewable limestone powder in cement-based materials and can be modified to mitigate noise pollution
    • The use of waste shells in construction helps with waste management and produces cost-efficient, green concrete

    Construction Applications

    • Waste shells can be used to produce gypsum plaster or green cement, which is used mainly in interior applications
    • Shells can be incorporated as asphalt modifiers, improving its consistency, hardness, and elasticity
    • The utilization of waste shells in concrete reduces the environmental pressure, damage, and shortages due to excessive quarrying and limestone extraction

    Sustainability Challenges in Construction

    • The pretreatment of waste shells requires washing and calcination, which uses significant amounts of resources and energy
    • High chloride content in aggregates can cause faster corrosion of steel, and its use should be avoided in reinforced concrete
    • The cost of shell cleaning may be higher than in conventional aggregates, and the transportation of additional quantities of shells may increase its overall price
    • The quantity of waste shells available may not be sustainable enough as an aggregate replacement material

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Learn about the types of waste generated by the seafood industry, including processing discards, effluents, and by-catch, and their characteristics.

    More Like This

    Chilling Fish Processing Technology in the Tropics Chapter 3 Quiz
    6 questions

    Chilling Fish Processing Technology in the Tropics Chapter 3 Quiz

    ConsiderateUtopia avatar
    ConsiderateUtopia
    Fisheries and Seafood Processing
    256 questions

    Fisheries and Seafood Processing

    EffectiveOnyx3989 avatar
    EffectiveOnyx3989
    Hazard Analysis and Controls for Scallops
    76 questions

    Hazard Analysis and Controls for Scallops

    EffectiveOnyx3989 avatar
    EffectiveOnyx3989
    Seafood Processing Controls
    136 questions

    Seafood Processing Controls

    EffectiveOnyx3989 avatar
    EffectiveOnyx3989
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser