Seafood Processing and Waste Generation

510 Questions

What percentage of the total harvest is processed into chilled, frozen, smoked, dried, fermented, or marinated products?

80%

What is the approximate percentage of waste generated during shrimp processing?

50%

How much shell waste is generated yearly from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

18,000 MT

What is the approximate percentage of by-products generated from lobster processing?

50-70%

How much water is required for processing each ton of raw seafood?

10-40 m3

What is the main nutrient lost during seafood discards?

Proteins

What is the approximate percentage of proteins in shrimp head waste?

65%

What is the main component of shell waste from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

Chitin

How much wastewater is released daily from one of the largest herring-processing factories in Europe?

1,500 m3

What is the water requirement for farmed fish production per metric ton of fish?

1.5-6 m3

What is the main issue with the seafood industry?

It generates large volumes of waste.

What are the parts of fish that are commonly discarded?

Shell, head, bones, intestine, fin, and skin

What are the environmental hazards associated with seafood waste?

Loss of nutrients and serious environmental hazards

What is the main component of the wastewater discharged by the seafood industry?

Voluminous amounts of wastewater

What are the by-catch of commercial fishing operations?

Low-value under-utilized fish

What is the significance of the nutrients present in seafood waste?

They are rich in nutrients

What is the author's affiliation?

Department of Fish Processing Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, India

What is the journal where the article was published?

Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems

What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

All of the above

What is the primary component of seafood waste?

By-catch and processing discards

How much of global seafood production was wasted in 2018?

35% of 178.5 million tons

What is the projected global seafood production for human consumption by 2030?

204 million tons

What is the main reason for the generation of seafood waste?

Consumer preferences

What percentage of fish stocks were within biologically sustainable levels in 2017?

65.8%

What is the environmental impact of landfill compared to other waste disposal options?

10 times larger

What is the estimated amount of food waste globally?

1.3 billion tons

What is the primary purpose of bioconversion processes?

To recover valuable ingredients

What is the effect of TSS and FOG of process effluents on the environment?

Decreases oxygen levels

What is one of the environmental hazards associated with seafood process effluents?

Eutrophication

What is the estimated percentage of food loss and waste for the whole fisheries sector?

35%

What is the goal of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development regarding food waste?

To halve per capita global food waste by 2030

What is the main benefit of using microbial fermentations for bioconversion processes?

All of the above

What is a limitation of conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

They involve corrosive and water-intensive processes

What is the effect of alkali treatment on chitin?

It hydrolyzes chitin and partially deacetylates it

What is a drawback of traditional solvent extraction of fish oil?

It causes oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids

What is the goal of sustainable seafood processing?

To minimize waste generation and conserve resources

What is a measure for addressing environmental hazards and nutrient losses in the seafood industry?

Selective trawling

What is the benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

Reduces environmental pollution

What is the main advantage of biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

They are cost-effective and have minimal environmental impacts.

What determines the choice of green extraction technique?

The target compound features and food matrix.

What is the potential application of enzymes in food quality assessment?

Functioning as analytical tools

What is the main purpose of bioconversion reactions?

To detach food components from their matrices.

What is a characteristic of enzymatic techniques in seafood processing?

Low energy requirements

What are the two major bioconversion processes?

Microbial and enzymatic processes.

What is a type of enzyme commonly used in biotechnology?

All of the above

What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-mediated bioconversions?

To convert raw materials into products with desired qualities.

What can be recovered from seafood processing discards through bioconversion processes?

All of the above

What is the main advantage of fermentation?

It is safe, environmental-friendly, and energy savvy.

What is a green technique for extracting compounds from seafood processing by-products?

Microwave-assisted extraction

What are some compounds that can be extracted from seafood processing discards?

All of the above

What type of fermentation has been used for the development of fermented fishery products?

Lactic acid fermentation.

What is a potential application of bioactive peptides derived from seafood processing discards?

All of the above

What is the main factor that affects the efficiency of lactic acid fermentation?

Inoculums size and initial pH.

What is the novel approach in bioconversion reactions?

The use of algae.

What is a type of reactor used in downstream processing for the recovery of seafood components?

Membrane bioreactor

What is the result of microbial fermentation of waste?

Production of hydrolytic enzymes.

What is the goal of valorization of seafood processing discards and effluents?

To reduce environmental impact

What is a benefit of using enzymes in seafood processing?

Energy efficiency

What is the primary purpose of bioprocessing of seafood processing discards?

To recover valuable compounds and nutrients

What is the main component of shell waste from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

Chitin

What is the goal of isoelectric solubilization precipitation (ISP) process?

To dissolve sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins

What is the benefit of using biological treatments for seafood waste?

Reduced environmental hazards

What is the significance of proteins recovered from seafood processing discards?

They can be used in food products

What is the main advantage of using chitosan and its oligosaccharides?

They are antioxidants and antibacterial agents

What is the goal of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

To reduce waste and increase profitability

What is the significance of gelatin in food products?

It is used as a gelling agent

What is the benefit of bioconversion processes for protein recovery?

Retains native properties of proteins

What is the significance of fish oil in food products?

It is used as a functional agent

What is the primary role of lactic acid formed during sugar breakdown in seafood?

Suppressing growth of spoilage-causing microorganisms

What is the benefit of fed-batch operation over conventional batch operation?

Higher biodegradation rate

What is the primary function of chitinases in microbial growth?

Catalyzing the cleavage of β-1,4-O-glycosidic linkages in chitin

What is the primary product of fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB)?

Lactic acid

What is the result of microbial fermentation on seafood proteins?

All of the above

What is the primary benefit of microbial fermentation in seafood processing?

Enhancing the nutritional value of the seafood

What is the primary application of microbial fermentation in seafood processing?

Production of aquafeed and fertilizer

What is the primary role of lipases in microbial growth?

Hydrolyzing triacylglycerol

What is the primary advantage of using microbial fermentation for seafood processing?

Low environmental impact

What is the primary result of fermentation of shrimp shell waste by lactic acid bacteria?

Removal of calcium and protein

What is the primary role of microorganisms in seafood processing?

To convert waste into a highly nutritive fertilizer

What is the result of the microbe-assisted aerobic bioprocess of aquaculture solid waste?

Maximization of nitrogen bioconversion

What is the benefit of fed-batch biodegradation over batch biodegradation?

Higher production of target compounds

What is the role of aerobic continuous bioreactor in treating high saline fish processing wastewater?

Removal of offensive odor from the effluent

What is the main component of the anaerobic digestion process?

Formation of CO2 and hydrogen

What is the function of algae in the bioprocess?

Degradation of organic contents

What is the result of the integration of anaerobic digestion and activated sludge aerated bioreactor?

Removal of up to 95% of COD

What is the function of microorganisms in the activated sludge system?

Degradation of organic materials

What is the role of dissolved air flotation system in anaerobic digestion?

Removal of organic contents

What is the benefit of fermentation over chemical treatment for the extraction of collagen?

Viable alternative

What is the major advantage of open ponds for cultivating phototrophic algae?

Low production and operating costs

What is the major limitation of heterotrophic cultivation in closed systems?

Susceptibility to contamination by other microbial species

What is the approximate percentage of proteins in algal mass (SCP)?

60%

What is the key advantage of microalgae for producing third-generation biofuel?

Rapid growth rate and high lipid content

What is the benefit of using microalgae for bioconversions of food, fishery, and agricultural waste?

Production of biomass rich in bioactive compounds

What is the approximate carbon fixation rate of microalgae cultivation in wastewater?

1.83 kg CO2/kg biomass

What is the advantage of using consortium of hydrolytic enzymes for degrading crab shells, prawn shells, and fish scales?

Release of reducing sugars for ethanol fermentation

What is the benefit of using microalgae as a source of SCP for replacing expensive soy meal and fishmeal in animal and aquaculture feeds?

Comparable biomass productivity to terrestrial crops

What is the purpose of adding a weak acid to the washed meat mince?

To induce gelation of the proteins

What is the estimated water requirement for producing microalgae as SCP?

200-1,000 liters of water per kg of dry biomass

What is the typical temperature range used for incubation during enzymatic hydrolysis of seafood processing discards?

35-37°C

What is the advantage of using anaerobic digestion of seafood processing wastewater by Chlorella sp. for biogas production?

Supports biogas production

What is the purpose of using food-grade polysaccharides in flocculation and precipitation of proteins?

To recover proteins from process effluents

What is the result of mild heating to 50°C during the preparation of thermo-stable protein dispersions?

An enhancement of the gelation process

What is a potential application of thermo-stable protein dispersions prepared from fishery products?

All of the above

What is the primary component of the concentrate obtained from cooking wastewaters of snow crab?

Proteins

What is the benefit of enzymatic hydrolysis of seafood processing discards?

Recovery of proteins

What is a characteristic of fish frames treated with commercial proteases?

Higher protein content

What is the purpose of ultrafiltration and electroflocculation in protein recovery?

To concentrate proteins

What is a benefit of using enzymatically hydrolyzed proteins as functional additives?

All of the above

What is the minimum protein content of Fish Protein Isolates (FPIs)?

65%

What is the primary difference between Fish Protein Isolates (FPIs) and surimi?

FPIs contain sarcoplasmic proteins along with myofibrillar proteins

What is the potential application of collagen-based novel functional food ingredients?

Reducing the utilization of chemical food additives

What is the effect of adding collagen hydrolysate (CH) to silver carp protein isolate prior to gelation?

It improves the water holding capacity of the gel while reducing its breaking force

What is the type of collagen isolated from silver carp?

Type I collagen

What is the application of tilapia type I collagen?

As a biodegradable scaffold biomaterial for regenerative medicine

What is the pre-treatment step for extracting gelatin from collagen?

Dilute NaOH

What is the characteristic of gelatin extracted from big eye tuna skin?

It has glycine, up to 32% of total amino acids

What is the process that makes use of the ability of muscle structural proteins to undergo gelation under mild acidic conditions?

Mild acid induced gelation

What is the purpose of the mechanical deboning step in the mild acid induced gelation process?

To remove bones and heads from fish

What is the percentage of crude protein found in the raw heads, shells, and tails of Northern pink shrimp and spotted shrimp?

57.9 ± 5.3%

What is the major components of seafood processing discards?

Crude protein, fat, crude fiber, and ash

What is the average percentage of calcium in seafood processing discards?

5.8 ± 1.3%

What is the primary environmental concern with seafood processing effluents?

Pollution of water

What is the estimated annual loss of proteins in the US due to seafood discards?

208 billion g

What is the primary method of disposing solid waste from seafood processing?

Landfill disposal

What is the environmental impact of ocean dumping of by-catch?

Reduced oxygen levels at the ocean bottom

What is the estimated annual cost of disposing lobster processing waste?

About $7.5 million

What is the limitation of composting and ensilage of seafood waste?

Longer process time

What is the result of anaerobic decomposition of seafood waste in landfills?

Methane and ammonia production

What percentage of the raw material is discarded as by-products during finfish processing?

25-50%

What is the estimated amount of shell waste generated yearly from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

18,000 MT

What is the approximate percentage of the edible seafood supply that is not available for human consumption?

47%

What is the main component of the wastewater discharged by the seafood industry?

Water

What is the estimated amount of wastewater released daily from one of the largest herring-processing factories in Europe?

1,500 m3

What is the approximate percentage of chitin in shrimp head waste?

65%

What is the estimated amount of solid waste generated from freshwater fish processing?

40-50%

What is the estimated amount of water required for processing each ton of raw seafood?

10-40 m3

What is the approximate percentage of proteins in seafood processing discards?

60-70%

What is the estimated amount of shell waste generated yearly from shrimp and crab processing in the EU?

100,000 MT

What is the primary source of nutrients in seafood waste?

Proteins, amino acids, lipids, and minerals

What is the environmental impact of seafood waste?

Loss of nutrients and environmental hazards

What is the purpose of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

To reduce waste generation and environmental hazards

What is the role of bioconversion processes in seafood waste management?

To convert waste into valuable products and resources

What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

Lower environmental impact and nutrient recovery

What is the significance of the nutrients present in seafood waste?

They can be recovered and utilized through bioconversion and bio-refinery approaches

What is the main goal of sustainable seafood processing?

To reduce waste generation and environmental hazards

What is the benefit of using microbial fermentations for bioconversion processes?

Lower environmental impact and higher nutrient recovery

What is the environmental impact of landfill compared to other waste disposal options?

It is 10 times larger

What is the effect of TSS and FOG of process effluents on the environment?

They have an adverse effect on the oxygen balance and flora

What is the primary reason for the generation of seafood waste?

Inadequate use of catch due to unattractive color and smaller size

What is the projected global seafood production for human consumption by 2030?

204 MT

What is the goal of sustainable seafood processing?

To minimize environmental pollution and conserve water

What is a limitation of conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

They have several limitations, including corrosion and water usage

What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

Environmental friendliness and safety

What is the effect of alkali treatment on chitin?

It causes the hydrolysis of chitin and partial deacetylation

What is the estimated percentage of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels in 2017?

65.8%

What is a drawback of traditional solvent extraction of fish oil?

It can cause oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids

What is the primary purpose of bioconversion processes?

Recovery of valuable ingredients from seafood waste

What is the significance of the nutrients present in seafood waste?

They can be recovered and utilized through bioconversion processes

What is the main benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

It reduces environmental hazards and conserves water

What is the goal of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development regarding food waste?

To reduce food waste

What is the main benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

Recovery of valuable resources and reduction of environmental hazards

What is the estimated amount of food waste globally?

1.3 billion tons

What is a measure for addressing environmental hazards and nutrient losses in the seafood industry?

Selective trawling and valorization of wastes

What is the main advantage of using microbial fermentations for bioconversion processes?

Ability to recover a wide range of valuable ingredients

What is the main advantage of biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

They reduce environmental hazards and conserve water

What is the primary goal of sustainable seafood processing?

Reducing environmental hazards and promoting sustainable resource use

What is the approximate percentage of lipid content in the raw heads, shells, and tails of Northern pink shrimp and spotted shrimp?

9.3-11.6%

What is the major component of total suspended solids (TSS) in seafood processing effluents?

Proteinous matter

What is the environmental impact of ocean dumping of seafood processing waste?

Reduced oxygen levels at the ocean bottom

What is the estimated annual loss of proteins in the US seafood industry due to discards?

208 billion g

What is the approximate percentage of proteins in lobster liver?

41%

What is the major environmental hazard associated with anaerobic decomposition of seafood waste in landfills?

Methane (CH4) emission

What is the benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

All of the above

What is the approximate percentage of crude protein in the solid discards of seafood processing?

57.9%

What is the major component of the characteristic features of seafood processing effluents?

Total suspended solids (TSS) and fats, oils, and grease

What is the estimated annual loss of n-3-PUFAs in the US seafood industry due to discards?

1.8 trillion mg

What is the main advantage associated with cultivating phototrophic algae in open ponds?

Low production and operating costs

What is the primary application of single-cell proteins (SCP) produced from microalgae?

Animal feeds and aquaculture

What is the estimated water requirement for cultivating microalgae?

200-1,000 liters per kg of dry biomass

What is the benefit of cultivating microalgae in wastewater?

Rapid atmospheric carbon fixation

What is the significance of microalgae in biofuel production?

They have high lipid content

What is the benefit of using microorganisms for bioconversions of food, fishery, and agricultural waste?

Production of bioactive compounds

What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-mediated bioconversions?

Convert waste into bioactive compounds

What is a significant advantage of using enzymes in seafood processing?

Low energy requirements

What is the advantage of direct transformation of lipidic biomass into biodiesel?

Lower cost

What is the benefit of anaerobic digestion of seafood processing wastewater by Chlorella sp.?

Biogas production

What is a common application of enzymatic hydrolysis of protein from aquatic by-products?

Food, pet feed, pharmaceutical, and other industries

What is a major class of compounds that can be extracted from seafood processing discards?

Nitrogenous, lipid, polysaccharide, and mineral-based compounds

What is the significance of microalgae cultivation in closed systems?

Elimination of light requirement

What is a green technique for extracting compounds from seafood processing by-products?

Microwave-, ultrasonic-, and supercritical fluid extraction

What is a benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

All of the above

What is a characteristic of enzymatic techniques in seafood processing?

Safety, low energy requirements, and low cost

What is a potential application of enzymes in food quality assessment?

Food quality assessment

What can be recovered from seafood processing discards through bioconversion processes?

Lipids, carotenoids, polysaccharides, and various minerals

What is the main advantage of biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

Low energy requirements, safety, and low cost

What is a goal of sustainable seafood processing?

Minimizing waste and environmental impact

What is the primary purpose of bioconversion reactions in seafood processing?

To initially detach food components from their matrices

What is a characteristic of microbial fermentation in seafood processing?

It is a safe and environmentally friendly process

What determines the choice of green extraction technique for seafood processing by-products?

The target compound features

What is a limitation of conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

They have adverse impacts on the properties of the isolated components

What is the main benefit of using microbial fermentations for bioconversion processes?

They are environmentally friendly and safe

What is a type of biophysical process that can favor the release of components from food matrices?

Modification of temperature

What is the main advantage of biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

They have minimum adverse impacts on the properties of the isolated components

What is a potential application of bioconversion processes in seafood processing?

All of the above

What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-mediated bioconversions?

To convert raw materials into products with desired qualities

What is a characteristic of enzymatic techniques in seafood processing?

They are environmentally friendly

What is the primary effect of lactic acid formed during sugar breakdown in seafood processing?

Enhancing the activity of acid proteases

What is the main advantage of fed-batch fermentation over conventional batch operation?

Higher biodegradation rate

What is the primary function of chitinases in microbial fermentation?

Cleaving the β-1,4-O-glycosidic linkages in chitin

What is the primary application of microbial fermentation in seafood processing?

Production of aquafeed and fertilizer

What is the primary role of lactic acid bacteria in fish fermentation?

Forming lactic acid and promoting acid proteases

What is the primary benefit of using microbial fermentation for seafood processing?

Reducing energy requirements

What is the primary outcome of fermenting shrimp shell waste by symbiotic lactic acid bacteria?

Removal of calcium and protein

What is the primary application of microbial growth in seafood processing?

Production of hydrolytic enzymes

What is the primary outcome of applying microbe-assisted bioconversions to seafood processing waste?

Production of aquafeed and fertilizer

What is the primary advantage of using microorganisms for bioconversion processes?

Lower energy requirements

What is the minimum protein content of fish protein isolates (FPIs)?

65%

What is the main difference between fish protein isolates (FPIs) and surimi?

FPIs contain sarcoplasmic proteins, while surimi only contains myofibrillar proteins

What is the application of marine collagen in biomedical and food industries?

All of the above

What is the result of adding collagen hydrolysate (CH) to silver carp protein isolate?

Improvement in gel properties

What is the biocompatibility of tilapia type I collagen?

It is biocompatible and can be used as a scaffold biomaterial

What is the characteristic of gelatin extracted from big eye tuna skin?

It has a high glycine content

What is the principle behind the mild acid induced gelation process?

The ability of muscle structural proteins to undergo gelation under mild acidic conditions

What is the characteristic of the gelatin extracted from collagen of skins and bones of various marine and freshwater fishery sources?

It has good gelling properties

What is the significance of collagen and collagen hydrolysate (CH) in food and biomedical applications?

They have nutritional benefits and can be used as natural antioxidants and texturizing agents

What is the advantage of using fish protein isolates (FPIs) as raw materials?

They retain biochemical, nutritional, and functional properties of native proteins

What is the primary function of microorganisms in the treatment of seafood industry process effluents?

To degrade the organic materials in the presence of dissolved oxygen

What is the result of anaerobic digestion of tuna processing effluents?

All of the above

What is the purpose of algae-based bioconversions in seafood processing?

To degrade organic contents and remove CO2, NH3-N, and H2S

What is the result of fermentation of dried skipjack tuna waste with L. plantarum and B. licheniformis?

Conversion of fish waste into a highly nutritive fertilizer with a nitrogen content of 12%

What is the significance of fed-batch biodegradation in the production of target compounds?

It gives a higher production of target compounds compared to batch biodegradation

What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-assisted aerobic bioprocess of aquaculture solid waste?

To maximize nitrogen bioconversion in the form of ammonium ions

What is the advantage of fermentation over chemical treatment for the extraction of collagen?

Fermentation is a more viable alternative to chemical treatment

What is the purpose of an aerobic continuous bioreactor in treating high saline fish processing wastewater?

To remove the offensive odor of the effluent

What is the result of anaerobic digestion of seafood industry effluents in a dissolved air flotation system?

Removal of organic contents and production of biogas

What is the significance of microbe-assisted aerobic bioprocess of aquaculture solid waste in nitrogen bioconversion?

It maximizes nitrogen bioconversion in the form of ammonium ions

What is the primary component of the nitrogenous fraction in seafood processing discards?

Proteins

What is the purpose of isoelectric solubilization precipitation (ISP) in protein recovery from seafood discards?

To dissolve sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins

What is the benefit of using bioconversion processes for protein recovery from seafood discards?

To retain native properties of proteins

What is the estimated percentage of proteins in seafood processing discards?

60%

What is the purpose of high intensity sonication, electro-flocculation, and ultrafiltration in protein recovery from seafood discards?

To enhance protein precipitation

What is the significance of bioavailability in seafood-derived compounds?

All of the above

What is the main advantage of using chitosan and its oligosaccharides in food products?

All of the above

What is the purpose of gelatin in food products?

To provide gelling and edible coating properties

What is the main benefit of using bioconversion processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

To recover valuable compounds

What is the main limitation of conventional processes for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

They are not efficient in recovering valuable compounds

What are the main constituents of seafood processing discards?

Shell, head, bones, intestine, fin, and skin

What is the significance of the nutrients present in seafood waste?

They can be recovered and utilized

What is the main environmental hazard associated with seafood waste?

Nutrient loss and environmental hazards

What is the main goal of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

To recover valuable nutrients and compounds

What is the benefit of bioconversion processes for seafood waste?

To recover valuable nutrients and compounds

What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

They can recover valuable nutrients and compounds

What is the significance of the by-catch of commercial fishing operations?

They are low-value fish

What is the main goal of sustainable seafood processing?

To minimize environmental impacts

What is the pH range to which the homogenate is lowered to induce gelation of proteins?

3.5-4.0

What is the temperature range for mild heating to enhance the viscosity fall during the gelation process?

40-50◦C

Which of the following fish species is an exception to the thermo-stable protein dispersions prepared from fishery products?

Shark

What is the purpose of using food-grade polysaccharides such as carrageenan, alginate, and carboxy methylcellulose in protein recovery?

To flocculate and precipitate proteins

What is the primary application of thermo-stable protein dispersions prepared from fishery products?

All of the above

What is the primary method used to recover proteins from herring industry processing effluents?

Electroflocculation and ultrafiltration

What is the primary component of the concentrate obtained from cooking wastewaters of snow crab?

All of the above

What is the ideal temperature range for incubation during enzymatic hydrolysis of seafood processing discards?

35-37◦C

What is the primary benefit of using enzymatic hydrolysis to extract proteins from seafood processing discards?

All of the above

What is the primary application of fish protein hydrolyzates (FPHs) in the food industry?

Functional ingredients

What percentage of the total weight of the Northern pink shrimp and spotted shrimp is accounted for by their crude protein?

20-30%

What is the range of lipid content in the raw heads, shells, and tails of Northern pink shrimp and spotted shrimp?

9.3-11.6%

What is the estimated annual loss of n-3 PUFA in the US due to seafood discards?

1.8 trillion mg

What is the main component of total suspended solids (TSS) in seafood processing effluents?

Proteinous matter

What is the environmental impact of ocean dumping of seafood waste?

Reduced oxygen levels at the ocean bottom

What is the estimated annual cost of disposing of lobster processing waste?

$7.5 million

What is the main drawback of composting and ensilage of seafood waste?

All of the above

What is the main environmental impact of anaerobic decomposition of seafood in landfills?

Formation of methane and ammonia

What is the main component of seafood processing effluents?

Total suspended solids

What is the main reason for the loss of nutrients during seafood processing?

All of the above

What is the primary reason for the significant amount of solid waste generated in the seafood industry?

Centralized pre-processing operations

What is the estimated percentage of whole shellfish that constitutes waste on a wet weight basis?

50% of whole shellfish

What is the annual amount of shell waste generated from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

18,000 MT

What is the percentage of edible seafood supply that is not available for human consumption?

40-50% of the edible seafood supply

What is the average protein content of seafood processing discards?

60% proteins

What is the amount of water required for processing each ton of raw seafood?

10-40 m3 water

What is the primary component of shell waste from Argentine red shrimp (ARS) processing?

Chitin

What is the main nutrient lost during seafood discards?

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

What is the main concern associated with the seafood industry's wastewater discharge?

Water pollution

What is the estimated amount of shell waste generated from shrimp processing in the EU?

100,000 MT

What is a characteristic of biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

They have minimal environmental impacts and are cost-effective

What is the primary purpose of bioconversion reactions?

To detach food components from their matrices

What determines the choice of green extraction technique?

The target compound features and the matrix

What is a type of bioconversion process that employs externally added enzymes?

Enzymatic process

What is a characteristic of microbial fermentation?

It is a safe, environmental-friendly, and energy-savvy process

What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-mediated bioconversions?

To detach food components from their matrices

What is the potential application of bioconversion processes?

Treatment of wastewater and production of nutrient-rich biomass

What is a benefit of using biological processes in waste treatment and resource recovery?

They have minimal environmental impacts and are cost-effective

What is a type of green technique used for industrial recovery of biomolecules from seafood by-products?

Novel green extraction techniques

What is the main advantage of bioconversion processes?

They have minimal environmental impacts and are cost-effective

What is the advantage of open ponds for algae cultivation?

Low production and operating costs

What percentage of proteins can be found in single cell proteins (SCP)?

60%

What is the main environmental issue associated with landfill disposal of seafood waste?

Climate change

What is the benefit of microalgae cultivation in wastewater?

Higher atmospheric carbon fixation rate

What is the main goal of sustainable seafood processing?

Optimize resource use

What is the application of Bacillus sp., Brevibacterium sp., and Vibrio sp. in seafood processing?

Degradation of crab shells, prawn shells, and fish scales

What is the limitation of conventional chemical and physical methods for valorization of seafood discards and effluents?

Corrosive and require large volumes of water

What is the benefit of using microalgae for biofuel production?

Rapid growth and high lipid content

What is the primary concern of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development regarding food waste?

Halve per capita global food waste and reduce food losses along production and supply chains by 2030

What is the effect of TSS and FOG of process effluents on the environment?

Adversely influence the oxygen balance and flora

What is the effect of biodiesel compared to petroleum diesel?

Lower emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide

What is the application of SCP in animal and aquaculture feeds?

Replacement of expensive soy meal and fishmeal

What is the main benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

Isolate commercially valuable ingredients and improve the economy

What is the estimated water requirement for microalgae cultivation?

200-1,000 liters of water per kg of dry biomass

What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

Reduce environmental hazards and conserve water

What is the benefit of anaerobic digestion of seafood processing wastewater by Chlorella sp.?

Biogas production

What is the main challenge facing the seafood industry in terms of environmental pollution?

Reducing environmental pollution, conserving water, and preventing losses of nutrients

What is the limitation of alkali treatment on chitin extraction from crustacean shells?

Hydrolyzes chitin and leads to partial deacetylation

What is the application of Fadhil et al.'s method for producing liquid biofuels?

Trans-esterification of fish oil with methanol and ethanol

What is the main drawback of traditional solvent extraction of fish oil?

Causes oxidation of the oil, leading to loss of unsaturated fatty acids

What was the nitrogen content of the fertilizer produced through solid state fermentation of skipjack tuna waste?

12%

Which of the following is a potential application of enzymes in seafood processing?

For food quality assessment

Which microorganisms were used to ferment the dried skipjack tuna waste?

L.plantarum and B.licheniformis

What is the main advantage of enzymatic techniques in seafood processing?

Low cost and high safety

What is the primary reason for the generation of seafood waste?

Consumers prefer only a few select seafood items

What was the result of converting fish waste to liquid fertilizer using mixed microorganisms?

28% degradation of fish waste

What is the estimated percentage of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels in 2017?

65.8%

What is the main advantage of fermentation over chemical treatment for the extraction of collagen?

Viable alternative to chemical treatment

Which of the following compounds can be recovered from seafood processing discards through bioconversion processes?

Proteins, lipids, and minerals

What is the primary purpose of bioconversion processes in seafood waste treatment?

To recover valuable ingredients from bycatch, processing discards, and effluents

What is the role of marine biotechnology-based downstream processes in seafood processing?

To support the recovery of seafood components

What was the result of fed-batch biodegradation of shrimp-shell powder with B.cereus?

3-12% higher values of target compounds compared to batch biodegradation

What is the projected global seafood production for human consumption by 2030?

204 MT

What is the main purpose of bioconversion reactions in seafood processing?

To upgrade existing technologies

What is the role of microorganisms in the activated sludge system for treating seafood industry process effluents?

To degrade organic materials in the presence of dissolved oxygen

What is the main advantage of biological treatments for seafood waste?

They are environmentally friendly and cost-effective

What is the result of anaerobic digestion of tuna processing effluents?

Removal of up to 95% of the COD

What is a characteristic of hydrolases, a popular enzyme in biotechnology?

They are highly specific

What is the estimated amount of food waste globally?

1.3 billion tons

What is the role of microalgae in bioprocessing of seafood industry discards?

To degrade organic contents and remove CO2, NH3-N, and H2S

What is the main advantage of using microwave-assisted extraction for recovering compounds from seafood processing by-products?

It is a green technique

What can be produced from seafood discards using enzymatic hydrolysis?

Novel compounds with applications in food and pharmaceutical industries

What is the main benefit of using microbial fermentations for bioconversion processes?

They help with the recovery of valuable ingredients

What is the significance of the bioconversion process in seafood processing?

To reduce the environmental impact of seafood processing

What is the primary component of seafood waste?

Unattractive color, smaller size, and high fat content

What is the benefit of using algae-based bioconversions for seafood industry effluents?

To degrade organic contents and remove pollutants

What is the potential application of bioactive compounds extracted from seafood processing discards?

In various industries including food, pharmaceutical, and agriculture

What is the role of microorganisms in microbe-mediated bioconversions?

They help with the recovery of valuable ingredients

What is the main purpose of downstream processing in seafood processing?

To recover seafood components

What is the benefit of valorizing seafood processing discards and effluents?

It supports sustainable seafood production

What is the minimum protein content of fish protein isolates (FPIs)?

65%

What type of collagen is isolated from silver carp?

Type I

What is the primary function of collagen-based novel functional food ingredients?

To reduce the utilization of chemical food additives

What is the purpose of adding collagen hydrolysate (CH) to silver carp protein isolate?

To improve gelation properties

What is the application of tilapia type I collagen?

Biodegradable scaffold biomaterial for regenerative medicine

What is the primary component of gelatin extracted from collagen?

Glycine

What is the process of extracting gelatin from collagen?

Pre-treatment with dilute NaOH, followed by swelling with dilute acetic acid and then by warm water

What is the purpose of mild acid induced gelation?

To extract proteins from fish

What is the difference between fish protein isolates (FPIs) and surimi?

FPIs contain sarcoplasmic proteins, unlike surimi

What is the benefit of using collagen and collagen hydrolysate (CH) in food applications?

They improve texture and reduce the utilization of chemical food additives

What is the purpose of adding weak acid, such as acetic acid, during the preparation of thermo-stable protein dispersions?

To lower the pH of the homogenate and induce gelation of proteins

What is the benefit of preparing thermo-stable protein dispersions from fishery products?

They have varied applications, such as preparation of fish protein powder or edible packaging

What is the purpose of flocculation in protein recovery from process effluents?

To precipitate proteins using food-grade polysaccharides

What is the benefit of enzymatically hydrolyzed proteins (FPHs) as functional additives?

They have good foaming and emulsifying properties

What is the role of proteolytic enzymes in extracting proteins from seafood processing discards?

To break down proteins into peptides and amino acids

What is the benefit of concentrating proteins from process effluents using electroflocculation (EF) and ultrafiltration (UF)?

It recovers up to 80% of proteins and fatty acids

What is the benefit of enzymatic treatment for extracting proteins from seafood processing discards?

It enables the extraction of high-quality proteins with good functional properties

What is the role of mild heating to 50°C in the preparation of thermo-stable protein dispersions?

To enhance the gelation process and reduce viscosity

What is the significance of the properties of enzymatically hydrolyzed proteins (FPHs)?

They affect the functional properties of FPHs

What is the benefit of recovering proteins from by-catch fish?

It reduces the environmental impact of seafood processing

What is the main purpose of bioconversion processes in seafood processing?

To recover valuable compounds from seafood discards

What is the approximate percentage of proteins in seafood processing discards?

60%

What is the purpose of isoelectric solubilization precipitation (ISP) process?

To recover proteins from seafood discards

What is the benefit of using bioprocesses for protein recovery?

They can retain the native properties of the proteins

What is the importance of focusing on bioavailability, interaction with other ingredients, nutritional, biotechnological, and sensorial aspects of seafood-derived compounds?

It can significantly favor valorization of fisheries by-products

What is the role of high intensity sonication, electro-flocculation, and ultrafiltration in the ISP process?

They are used to enhance the precipitation of proteins

What is the main advantage of using seafood-derived compounds?

They have numerous health benefits and can impart functional properties to food products

What is the purpose of gelatin in food processing?

To provide gelling, edible coating, emulsification, and microencapsulation properties

What is the main component of the nitrogenous fraction of seafood processing discards?

Proteins

What is the benefit of using chitosan and its oligosaccharides?

They are applied as antioxidants, antibacterial, and antifungal agents

What is the primary effect of lactic acid formation during sugar breakdown on microorganisms?

Suppresses their growth

What is the main advantage of fed-batch operation over conventional batch operation in microbial fermentation?

Higher biodegradation rate

What is the primary function of chitinases in microbial fermentation?

Cleave the β-1,4-O-glycosidic linkages in chitin

What is the primary benefit of using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for fermentation of seafood processing discards?

Rapid decrease in pH and promotion of acid proteases

What is the primary application of microbial fermentation in seafood processing?

Valorization of seafood processing discards and effluents

What is the primary advantage of microbe-assisted bioconversions over conventional processes for valorization of seafood processing discards?

Environmentally friendly and safe

What is the primary function of lipases in microbial fermentation?

Hydrolyze triacylglycerol and synthesize ester compounds

What is the primary benefit of fermentation of seafood processing discards by lactic acid bacteria (LAB)?

Removal of calcium, protein, and carotenoids from shrimp waste

What is the primary goal of bioremediation using microorganisms and their aggregates?

Removal of pollutants from the environment

What is the primary advantage of microbial fermentation in food production?

All of the above

What is the primary component of shells?

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

What is the temperature required for the thermal decomposition of shells?

Above 1000 °C

What is the result of calcining shells?

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) converts into lime (CaO)

What has been the traditional value of shells in many cultures?

As tools or ornaments, and as a form of money

What is the estimated number of mollusc species marketed for ornamental purposes?

At least 5000

What is the purpose of the paper?

To provide an overview of shell waste reutilization possibilities

What is the goal of valorizing shell waste?

To unlock markets for new products derived from shell waste

What is the hierarchy of waste disposal, according to the European Commission?

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Dispose

What is the main component of the shell waste?

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

What percentage of publications were published between 1990 and 1999?

4.3%

What is the importance of shell waste reutilization?

To reduce the environmental impact of shell waste

What is the primary application of shell waste in the construction sector?

As concrete components

What is the purpose of enzymatic cleaning of shells?

To increase the purity of CaCO3

What is the approximate percentage of publications from 2020 to 2022?

44.44%

Why are shells washed with large amounts of freshwater?

To remove salt

What is the alternative method to enzymatic cleaning of shells?

Washing with freshwater and heating at 500°C

What is the main application of mollusc and crustacean shells?

All of the above

What is the database used to access bibliometric data?

Scopus

What is the key word used for searching the database of available literature?

All of the above

What is the scope of this review?

Global perspective on shell applications

What was the total world fisheries and aquaculture production in 2019?

178 million tons

What percentage of the overall crab mass is represented by waste crab, shrimp, and lobster shells?

60%

What is the approximate percentage of mollusc shells in live weight, depending on the species?

65-90%

What happens to the disposed shells if their disposal is uncontrolled?

They modify soils, waters, and marine ecosystems

Why are shells detached from flesh in various processing steps?

Due to inadequate preservation infrastructure

What is the approximate amount of waste crab, shrimp, and lobster shells produced globally every year?

8 million tons

What is the main problem with the disposal of shells?

They cause environmental damage and visual pollution

What is the significance of mollusc shells in the seafood industry?

They are a significant by-product

What is the primary application of waste shells in environmental remediation?

Water purification and bio-filtration

Why are calcined shells more effective than raw shells in phosphate removal?

They are more stable in acidic environments

What is the primary mechanism of phosphate removal from seawater using oyster shell waste?

Adsorption

What is the role of crushed seashells in nitrate removal from fish farm wastewater?

They have an alkalizing effect on the wastewater

What is the limitation of using enzymes in shell valorization?

They are too expensive

What is the primary challenge of cleaning shells for valorization?

Reducing the water consumption during cleaning

What is the purpose of calcination or pyrolysis of shells?

To form lime (CaO) for use as an adsorbent

What is the primary application of gastropod shells in environmental remediation?

Internal cleaning through decomposition

What is the primary advantage of using shell waste as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment?

It is a sustainable and environmentally friendly method

What is the primary goal of shell valorization?

To reduce the waste generated by the seafood industry

What is the effect of crushed oyster shells on the process of biological nitrification and ammonia removal in synthetic wastewater?

It accelerates the process

What is the absorption capacity of soft calcite prepared from waste blue mussel shells?

977% ± 84%

What is the effect of calcination temperature on the heavy metal removal efficiency of shells?

Higher temperature increases the efficiency

What is the effect of oyster calcite on lead (Pb2+) removal from contaminated water?

It increases the removal efficiency

What is the benefit of using calcined oyster shells as a biosorbent material?

Removal of pollutants such as SO2, sulfur trioxide, and hydrogen sulfide

What is the effect of calcined shells on soil pH?

It increases the pH

What is the effect of applying calcined oyster shells to agricultural soil?

It decreases the heavy metal content

What is the application of waste shells in green roofing structures?

As a drainage layer to reduce runoff water

What is the challenge in using waste shells as a sustainable solution for large quantities?

High-energy conversion of shells requires special machinery

What is the effect of crushing mussel shells on copper-rich vineyard and mine soils?

It decreases the Cu2+ desorption rates

What is the benefit of using calcium acetate for road de-icing?

It is more environmentally friendly than sodium chloride

What is the advantage of using crushed mollusc shells in soil remediation?

It is a valuable replacement for mined limestone

What is the effect of demineralization and deproteination of crustacean shells?

It yields water-insoluble chitin

What is the limitation of calcining waste shells for large-scale applications?

It requires high temperatures and special machinery

What is the benefit of using waste shells as a biosorbent material in flue gas treatment?

It can remove SO2 and NOx more efficiently than limestone

What is the application of chitin and chitosan in water treatment?

They are used as flocculants for potable water and industrial effluents

What is the application of waste shells in reef restoration?

As a complex habitat for biodiversity

What is the benefit of using crushed freshwater bivalve shells for road de-icing?

It is more environmentally friendly than calcium chloride

What is the challenge in using waste shells as a sustainable solution?

High-energy conversion of shells requires special machinery

What is the benefit of using waste shells in green roofing structures?

It reduces runoff water and enhances biodiversity

What is the primary source of calcium in the food and nutraceutical industry?

Natural shell powder

What is the main application of chitosan in the food industry?

As a preservative, thickener and stabilizer for sauces

What is the benefit of calcium supplementation from shell powders?

It increases bone mineral density, especially in the lumbar region

What is the application of shrimp waste meal in the aquaculture industry?

As a feed ingredient in hatchery and grow-out systems

What is the antibacterial property of chitosan in food products?

It inhibits bacterial growth on surfaces of aquatic and meat products

What is the purpose of deproteinization of crustacean shell waste?

To convert chitinous waste into chitin-derived products

What is the benefit of using chitosan in fruit coatings?

It provides a protective, fungistatic, and antibacterial effect

What is the application of shell powders in livestock feed?

As a source of calcium for bone health

What is the purpose of covalent immobilization of chitinase on glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan?

To overcome the limitations of deproteinization

What is the advantage of using chitosan as a food additive?

It provides a protective, fungistatic, and antibacterial effect

What is the primary mechanism by which chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides act as antioxidants?

By scavenging free radicals

What is the benefit of using chitosan in fish feed?

All of the above

What is the effect of chitosan oligosaccharides on peripheral blood pressure?

It reduces blood pressure

What is a challenge associated with extracting chemicals from waste crustacean shells?

The process is destructive and requires fractionation

What is the potential application of chitin and chitosan?

As an anti-arthritic agent

What is the mechanism by which chitosan reduces LDL-cholesterol levels?

By removing cholesterol via ionic binding with bile salts and acids

What is the effect of carboxylating chitosan oligosaccharides on ACE inhibition?

It depends on the degree of substitution

What is the benefit of using aminoethyl-chitin (AEC) as an ACE inhibitor?

It is a competitive inhibitor

What is the main challenge associated with the production of chitosan from shrimp shells?

The use of hazardous chemicals

What is the potential application of shells from crustaceans and molluscs?

As a functional material

What is the main cause of acid mine drainage?

Exposure of pyrite to water and oxygen

What is the effect of ocean acidification on marine organisms?

It makes them more sensitive to changes in pH

What is the purpose of using waste shells in constructed wetlands?

To reduce the usage of natural minerals such as limestone

What is the effect of acid mine drainage on the environment?

It has a negative effect on aquatic organisms

What is the benefit of using waste shells in ocean deacidification?

It decreases the amount of CO2 in seawater

What is the effect of shell reefs on seawater carbonate?

It increases the amount of seawater carbonate

What is the role of waste shells in mussel banks?

They control the benthic acidity

What is the benefit of using waste shells in marine sediments?

It increases the pH of the sediment

What is the effect of waste shells on the accumulation of by-products from anaerobic metabolic pathways?

It decreases the accumulation of by-products

What is the benefit of using waste shells as settlement substrates for free-living shellfish larvae?

It increases the growth rate of the larvae

What is the main application of chitin film and fiber?

Medical wound-dressing material

What is the function of chitosan in wound healing?

Release cytokines, including transforming growth factor-beta, platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha

What is the benefit of using mollusc shells as biofiller?

Improves mechanical properties of plastic and paper

What is the potential application of chitosan in biopackaging?

As an antimicrobial biopackaging material

What is a challenge in the development of biomaterials from shell waste?

Lack of stability of chitosan-based materials

What is an advantage of using mollusc shells for biocomposites?

Enhances the mechanical properties of plastic and paper

What is the role of chitin and chitosan in wound healing?

Increase macrophage production and release cytokines

What is a potential application of chitosan in the cosmetic industry?

Hair care

What is a benefit of using biopolymers from waste shells?

Offers an eco-friendly alternative to petroleum-based plastics

What is a challenge in the development of biomaterials from chitin?

Difficulty in processing chitin

What is the main limitation of using waste shells as an aggregate replacement material?

The transportation of shells from further distances increases its overall price

Why is the repurposing of waste shells important for the environment?

It helps to sequester CO2 from the atmosphere

What is the current fate of most aqua-cultured bivalves and crustaceans?

They are traded fresh and their shells are disposed of as domestic waste

What is a necessary step in order to upgrade waste shells for large-scale applications?

Collecting waste shells in an organized manner and estimating their quantities

What is a potential way to reduce the environmental impact of waste shell repurposing?

Using cleaner energy sources

What is a factor to consider when evaluating the feasibility of waste shell repurposing?

Both environmental impact and economic value

What is necessary to support the development of a sustainable waste shell bioeconomy?

Integrated support from government, industry, and local communities

Why is it important to consider the collection, cleaning, storage, transport, and utilization costs of waste shells?

To evaluate the feasibility of waste shell repurposing

What is the primary application of chitin whiskers in biomedical engineering?

Nanotechnology and nanocomposite materials

What is the main component of mollusc shells that has potential in bone tissue bioengineering?

Nacreous structures

What is the benefit of using hydroxyapatite from clam shells in sunscreen formulations?

It reduces the risk of photo-allergic reactions

What is the application of chitosan in pharmaceuticals?

Enzyme immobilization and excipients for oral drug delivery

What is the role of chitin in biomedical applications?

Anticancer and antibacterial therapy

What is the process of synthesizing chitosan from chitin?

Deacetylation of chitin

What is the benefit of using chitin nanoparticles in biomedical applications?

They have excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability

What is the application of chitin hydrogels in biomedical engineering?

Drug delivery vehicles and cell scaffolds

What is the benefit of using oyster shell powder in biomedical applications?

It stimulates bone cell differentiation and bone formation

What is the role of hydroxyapatite in biomedical applications?

It has osteoconductive properties

What is the primary component of concrete?

Cement

What is the purpose of using mollusc shells in construction?

To reduce the cost of production

What is the effect of incorporating mollusc shell ash/powder on the compressive strength of concrete?

It decreases the strength initially but increases with age

What is the benefit of using waste shells in construction?

It reduces the environmental impact of construction

What is the main challenge in using waste shells in construction?

The high cost of shell cleaning

What is the benefit of using mollusc shells in green cement?

It reduces the environmental impact

What is the effect of high chloride content in aggregates on reinforced concrete?

It increases the corrosion of steel

What is the potential application of waste shells in construction?

As a replacement for conventional aggregates

What is the benefit of using waste shells in asphalt modifiers?

It improves the consistency

What is the main advantage of using waste shells in construction?

It reduces the environmental impact

Study Notes