Computer Basics Quiz

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• Developmental Psychology*
• Theories of Development:
  • Erikson's Theory: 8 stages of psychosocial development from infancy to old age
  • Piaget's Theory: 4 stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational)
• Stages of Development:
  • Infancy (0-1 year):
    • Development of trust vs. mistrust (Erikson)
    • Sensorimotor stage (Piaget)
  • Toddlerhood (1-3 years):
    • Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (Erikson)
    • Beginning of language development
  • Preschool Age (4-6 years):
    • Initiative vs. guilt (Erikson)
    • Preoperational stage (Piaget)
  • School Age (7-12 years):
    • Industry vs. inferiority (Erikson)
    • Concrete operational stage (Piaget)
  • Adolescence (13-19 years):
    • Identity vs. role confusion (Erikson)
    • Formal operational stage (Piaget)
• Cognitive Development:
  • Schemas: mental frameworks that help organize and make sense of the world
  • **### Child Development
• According to Piaget, a child's understanding of rules as agreements and conventions established and maintained through negotiations among members of a society develops around the age of 7.
• Between 2-3 years old, a child is in the period of early childhood.

Intelligence and Cognitive Development

• According to Piaget, children can anticipate the future and think about the past during the formal operational stage of intelligence development.
• Negative parenting attitude characterized by dominance and emotional distance is called rejecting.
• Animistic thinking is the tendency to attribute human-like qualities to inanimate objects.

Moral Development

• According to Kohlberg, moral development involves understanding the principles and conventions that govern human behavior.
• Post-conventional morality involves making moral decisions based on individual principles and values.

Social and Emotional Development

• Interiorization of thought refers to the ability to think logically and make decisions independently.
• Emotional development involves learning to regulate one's emotions and develop empathy for others.
• Social development involves learning to interact with others, developing relationships, and understanding social norms and conventions.

Human Development Theories

• Erikson's psychosocial theory of development proposes that individuals go through eight stages of development, each characterized by a unique conflict or crisis.
• Levinson's seasons of life theory proposes that adults go through four eras of development, each characterized by distinct themes and challenges.

Research Methods

• Longitudinal research involves studying a group of individuals over a long period of time to track changes and developments.
• Cross-sectional research involves studying individuals of different ages at a single point in time to compare differences and similarities.

Other Topics

• Imprinting refers to the process by which young animals form attachments to caregivers.
• Moratorium refers to a period of exploration and experimentation during adolescence, characterized by a delay in commitment to a particular identity or role.
• Generativity refers to the concern for the next generation and the desire to leave a positive legacy.

Zofia Dołęga - Test 01

Development Psychology

• According to E. Erikson's psychosocial development theory, a positive outcome in infancy is based on trust in the mother or caregiver.
• A child's ability to understand single words emerges around 9-10 months of age, known as receptive language.
• According to J. Piaget's theory, children develop abstract thinking in the formal operations stage.
• Parallel play, typical for 3-4-year-olds, involves playing alongside each other without interaction.

Developmental Stages

• Multifinality refers to the concept that different outcomes in adulthood can result from the same childhood experiences.
• Stages of development involve changes in cognitive processes and structures, affecting overall psychological functioning.

Social Development

• Theory of Mind is the ability to understand internal causes of others' behavior, acknowledge differences in thoughts and feelings, and take alternative perspectives.
• Social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in social behavior.

Language Development

• Language development typically completes by around 6 years of age.
• Linguistic incompetence refers to speech and language difficulties in children.

Moral Development

• According to J. Piaget, moral development progresses from heteronomy (obedience to external rules) to autonomy (self-governed moral principles).
• Kohlberg's moral development theory proposes three levels of moral development: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.

Zofia Dołęga - Test 02

Cognitive Development

• Reversibility of thought (ability to reverse the direction of a thought process) is achieved by around 6-7 years of age.
• Formal operational thinking is characterized by the ability to reason abstractly and consider multiple perspectives.

Moral Development

• Moral development involves the ability to acknowledge conflicts between values, make choices, and take responsibility.

Developmental Psychology

• Developmental tasks are age-specific challenges that individuals must accomplish to successfully transition to the next stage.
• Physical development involves changes in body size, shape, and proportions.

Human Development

• Prenatal development follows the cephalocaudal principle (head-to-toe development).
• Epigenetic theory proposes that environmental factors influence gene expression.

Please note that these study notes are based on the provided text and might not be a comprehensive summary of the topics.Here are the study notes based on the provided text:

Question 1

• According to J. Bowlby's attachment theory, a strong attachment between a mother and her child is formed between:
  • 7 months and 2.5 years of life

Question 2

• Children develop the ability to cooperate in a group at the:
  • Preschool age

Question 3

• Parallel play, where children play alongside each other without interacting, is a type of play that occurs at:
  • Preschool age

Question 4

• The concept of equifinality suggests that:
  • The same outcome can be achieved through different means

Question 5

• In the process of automatization, children develop:
  • Habitual movements (praxias)

Question 6

• The period of development that psychology focuses on is: