140 Questions
What is adrenarche?
A change that occurs in the adrenal glands
What are PSUs?
Hair follicles surrounded by small muscles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
Which gland is responsible for the first endocrine event of puberty?
Adrenal gland
What is peripheral precocious puberty?
The development of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 8 in girls and 9 in boys
Which gland is responsible for the first endocrine event of puberty?
Adrenal gland
What is adrenarche?
A change that occurs in the adrenal glands
What is the main purpose of puberty?
To transition from non-reproductive to reproductive state
What is the first outward sign of estrogen activity in females during puberty?
Thelarche
What are the different factors that can cause pubertal delay?
Constitutional delay, chronic illness, hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, and hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism
During pre-puberty, how would you describe the nature of GnRH secretion?
Low levels with pulsatile nature
What is the first outward sign of estrogen activity in females during puberty?
Thelarche
What is the role of DHEAS in pubarche?
It is responsible for axillary and pubic hair growth.
What is the first outward sign of estrogen activity in females?
Thelarche
What is the main purpose of puberty?
To transition from non-reproductive to reproductive state
What is the role of androgens in male puberty?
They enlarge the larynx and deepen the voice
What is the result of the activation of the HPG axis?
Synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH
Which is the most common cause of pubertal delay?
Constitutional delay
What is the rate of height increase in females during puberty?
9 cm/year
What is the meaning of "pseudo" in peripheral precocious puberty?
It means that the condition is caused by factors outside the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
What is the result of the activation of the HPG axis?
Synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH
What is sebum?
A type of oil produced by sebaceous glands
At what age do females reach their peak height velocity (PHV)?
12 years
What hormones are secreted during adrenarche?
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS
At what point in puberty do GnRH levels drop during the day?
Early/mid puberty
What hormones are secreted during adrenarche?
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS
What is the role of androgens in male puberty?
They enlarge the larynx and deepen the voice
When does pubarche typically occur?
Before 8 years in girls and 9 years in boys.
What is the rate of height increase in females during puberty?
9 cm/year
What is the function of the myometrium in females?
Responds to estrogen
At what age do males typically reach their peak height velocity (PHV)?
14 years
What is pubarche?
The development of pubic and axillary hair
What is the main hormone responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females?
Estrogen
When is GnRH secretion still higher at night with less diurnal variation?
Mid/late puberty
What is pubarche?
The development of pubic and axillary hair
What is the hereditary factor involved in constitutional delay?
Multiple genes
What is the main hormone responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females?
Estrogen
At what age do males typically reach their peak height velocity (PHV)?
14 years
What are some of the symptoms associated with pubarche?
Acne, increased sebum production, infection, and abnormal keratinization.
What is the function of androgenic stimulation on sebaceous glands?
It increases sebum production
What is the role of LH in puberty?
Stimulates gonadal steroid synthesis and secondary sex characteristics
What is the role of LH in puberty?
Stimulates gonadal steroid synthesis and secondary sex characteristics
What are the age limits for peripheral precocious puberty in boys and girls?
Before the age of 8 in girls and 9 in boys
What is the significance of the widening of the hips in females?
Allows for easier childbirth
At what age does adrenarche typically begin?
8-10 years of age
What is the function of Leydig cells in male puberty?
They stimulate meiosis and spermatogenesis in Sertoli cells
What is the role of FSH in male puberty?
Stimulates spermatogenesis and growth of testes
What is the response of the myometrium to estrogen during puberty in females?
It becomes more sensitive
At what age does adrenarche typically begin?
8-10 years of age
What is the response of the myometrium to estrogen during puberty in females?
It becomes more sensitive
What happens to DHEAS in target tissues?
It can be converted to testosterone or DHT.
In which stage of life does GnRH secretion mainly occur during the day and not at night?
Adult
What is the role of FSH in male puberty?
Stimulates spermatogenesis and growth of testes
What is the function of Leydig cells in male puberty?
They stimulate meiosis and spermatogenesis in Sertoli cells
What is testotoxicosis?
A rare genetic disorder caused by an activating mutation of the LH receptor
What are vellus PSUs?
Small, thin, unpigmented hair follicles that cover most of the body
What is the cause of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism?
Low levels of LH and FSH
What happens to the levels of DHEA and DHEAS after they peak in the mid-20s?
They start to decline throughout life
Which of the following is a primary characteristic in males?
Development of testes
What is the average age of onset of puberty in females?
10 years
What is the role of FSH in female puberty?
Stimulates folliculogenesis with steroid synthesis
Which of the following is a primary characteristic in males?
Development of testes
What is the average age of onset of puberty in females?
10 years
What is the role of FSH in female puberty?
Stimulates folliculogenesis with steroid synthesis
What happens to the levels of DHEA and DHEAS after they peak in the mid-20s?
They start to decline throughout life
What is the significance of precocious pubarche?
It occurs before the typical age of pubarche and may indicate underlying health issues.
What is the diurnal variation of GnRH secretion during pre-puberty?
No diurnal variation
What is the main factor responsible for the increase in ovarian size and follicular growth in females?
Estrogen
What happens to vellus PSUs in response to androgen exposure?
They differentiate into two different hair types: terminal and apocrine
What is the result of testotoxicosis?
No rise in FSH, which leads to the FSH receptor on Sertoli cells not being activated
Which genetic mutation can cause hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism?
Kallman's syndrome
Are other hormones secreted by the adrenal gland affected by adrenarche?
No, they are not affected
Which hormone is responsible for the appearance of pubic and axillary hair?
Androgens
Are other hormones secreted by the adrenal gland affected by adrenarche?
No, they are not affected
What is the HPG axis?
A hormone pathway
What is the function of Sertoli cells in male puberty?
They support the development of sperm cells
What is a sex steroid-secreting tumor?
A tumor that produces sex steroids
What is the main organ responsible for producing estrogen in females during puberty?
Ovaries
What is the function of Sertoli cells in male puberty?
They support the development of sperm cells
What is the cause of hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism?
High levels of LH and FSH
What is the primary function of DHEAS?
To be converted to testosterone or DHT in target tissues.
What is the main organ responsible for producing estrogen in females during puberty?
Ovaries
Which hormone is responsible for the appearance of pubic and axillary hair?
Androgens
During which stage of life is GnRH secretion higher overall?
Early/mid puberty
Where are terminal PSUs found?
On the scalp and facial areas in men, and the pubic area and axillae in both sexes
How do apocrine PSUs differ from terminal PSUs?
They give off an odor
When does GnRH secretion decrease?
Adult
What may trigger adrenarche?
Unknown molecular signals
What is the order of the two endocrine events of puberty?
Adrenarche, gonadarche
What is the function of the hypothalamus in the HPG axis?
Releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH
What may trigger adrenarche?
Unknown molecular signals
What is the function of the HPG axis in females during puberty?
To produce estrogen
What is the relationship between DHEAS and testosterone?
DHEAS can be converted to testosterone in target tissues.
What is the order of the two endocrine events of puberty?
Adrenarche, gonadarche
Which of the following is NOT a secondary characteristic in males?
Development of testes
Are sex steroid-secreting tumors common or rare?
Rare
Which congenital condition can cause hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism?
Klinefelter's syndrome
What is the function of the HPG axis in females during puberty?
To produce estrogen
Which of the following is NOT a secondary characteristic in males?
Development of testes
What is the significance of follicular growth during puberty in females?
It is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics
Is adrenarche a normal part of the remodelling process that occurs in the adrenal glands?
Yes, it is a normal part of the process
What is the significance of vas deferens lumen increasing in males during puberty?
It allows for the production of mature gametes
What is the significance of axillary hair growth?
It is a sign of puberty.
Is adrenarche a normal part of the remodelling process that occurs in the adrenal glands?
Yes, it is a normal part of the process
What is the nature of GnRH secretion during mid/late puberty?
High levels with pulsatile nature
What is the function of gonadal steroids in puberty?
Develop secondary sex characteristics
What is the effect of chronic illness on pubertal delay?
It can cause any of the three types of delay
What is the main function of estrogen in females?
Stimulates growth of the uterus lining
What is the main concern associated with sebaceous PSUs?
Acne
What is the significance of follicular growth during puberty in females?
It is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics
What is McCune-Albright syndrome?
A genetic disorder that causes the constitutive activation of adenylate cyclase
What is the significance of vas deferens lumen increasing in males during puberty?
It allows for the production of mature gametes
What is the function of gonadal steroids in puberty?
Develop secondary sex characteristics
What is the relationship between DHEAS and acne?
Pubarche, which is associated with DHEAS, can lead to acne
What is the main difference between primary and secondary sexual characteristics in females?
Primary characteristics develop during puberty, while secondary characteristics are present at birth
What can McCune-Albright syndrome cause?
Both A and B
What is the role of testosterone in male puberty?
It stimulates meiosis and spermatogenesis in Sertoli cells
What is the main difference between the role of LH and FSH in puberty?
LH stimulates spermatogenesis, while FSH stimulates folliculogenesis
Which hormone is responsible for triggering puberty?
Luteinizing hormone (LH
During which stage of life does GnRH secretion have no diurnal variations?
Pre-puberty
What is the main difference between primary and secondary sexual characteristics in females?
Primary characteristics develop during puberty, while secondary characteristics are present at birth
What is the main difference between the role of LH and FSH in puberty?
LH stimulates spermatogenesis, while FSH stimulates folliculogenesis
What are the adrenal glands responsible for?
The development of pubic and axillary hair
What are the adrenal glands responsible for?
The development of pubic and axillary hair
What is the average annual height increase in females during puberty?
9 cm/year
Which type of PSU is characterized by small hair follicles with large sebaceous glands at the bottom?
Sebaceous PSUs
What is the role of testosterone in male puberty?
It stimulates meiosis and spermatogenesis in Sertoli cells
When does GnRH secretion have a pulsatile nature?
Pre-puberty
Which type of PSU is found on the scalp and facial areas in men?
Terminal PSUs
What is the significance of broadening of shoulders and chest in males during puberty?
It stimulates the development of muscle mass
What is the location of the adrenal glands?
Above the kidneys
What is the primary function of DHT?
To stimulate the growth of the prostate gland
What is the significance of broadening of shoulders and chest in males during puberty?
It stimulates the development of muscle mass
What is the effect of opioids on puberty?
They cause hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
Which axis is activated during gonadarche?
HPG axis
What is the location of the adrenal glands?
Above the kidneys
What is the main purpose of widening of the hips during puberty in females?
To accommodate the growth of the uterus and developing fetus
What is the main purpose of widening of the hips during puberty in females?
To accommodate the growth of the uterus and developing fetus
What is the significance of the increase in ovarian size and follicular growth in females?
Causes ovulation
Which axis is activated during gonadarche?
HPG axis
Which condition can cause gonadal dysgenesis?
Klinefelter's syndrome
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