Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the term for over one act of reproduction during a lifetime?
What is the term for over one act of reproduction during a lifetime?
- Reproductive senescence
- Iteroparity (correct)
- Semelparity
- Facultative semelparity
Which species are known to exhibit semelparity?
Which species are known to exhibit semelparity?
- Phascogale, Dasykaluta, and northern quoll
- Northern quoll, dibbler, and red deer
- Red deer and Antechinus
- Antechinus, Phascogale, and Dasykaluta (correct)
What is the term for the physiological mechanism leading to death in the northern quoll?
What is the term for the physiological mechanism leading to death in the northern quoll?
- Facultative semelparity
- Different than in other four genera (correct)
- Iteroparity
- Reproductive senescence
What happens to the reproductive output of females as they age?
What happens to the reproductive output of females as they age?
What was observed in the long-term study on Isle of Rhum on red deer?
What was observed in the long-term study on Isle of Rhum on red deer?
What happens to the mortality rates of milk hinds?
What happens to the mortality rates of milk hinds?
What is the term for the strategy of investing everything in one last attempt at reproduction?
What is the term for the strategy of investing everything in one last attempt at reproduction?
Which group of females suckle their young more than prime age females?
Which group of females suckle their young more than prime age females?
What is the primary goal of natural selection regarding the costs and benefits of a behaviour?
What is the primary goal of natural selection regarding the costs and benefits of a behaviour?
What is the term for the highest milk fat content of any known mammal?
What is the term for the highest milk fat content of any known mammal?
What is the primary advantage of giving birth to precocial young, as seen in cavies?
What is the primary advantage of giving birth to precocial young, as seen in cavies?
What is the energy cost of lactation in terms of basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
What is the energy cost of lactation in terms of basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
What is the term for a single act of reproduction during a lifetime?
What is the term for a single act of reproduction during a lifetime?
What is the primary disadvantage of altricial young, as seen in house mice?
What is the primary disadvantage of altricial young, as seen in house mice?
What is the energy cost of gestation in terms of basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
What is the energy cost of gestation in terms of basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
What is the primary trade-off in reproductive investment strategies?
What is the primary trade-off in reproductive investment strategies?
What is the primary definition of benefits in the context of behaviour?
What is the primary definition of benefits in the context of behaviour?
What is the primary reason for selection to maximize benefits while minimizing costs?
What is the primary reason for selection to maximize benefits while minimizing costs?
What is the primary characteristic of reproductive strategies?
What is the primary characteristic of reproductive strategies?
What is the primary reason why grey seal pups have a high milk fat content?
What is the primary reason why grey seal pups have a high milk fat content?
What is the primary difference between cavies and house mice in terms of their young?
What is the primary difference between cavies and house mice in terms of their young?
What is the primary consequence of breeding on an individual's longevity?
What is the primary consequence of breeding on an individual's longevity?
What is the primary trade-off associated with reproductive investment strategies?
What is the primary trade-off associated with reproductive investment strategies?
What is the primary consequence of reproduction on an individual's energy reserves?
What is the primary consequence of reproduction on an individual's energy reserves?
What is the key difference between iteroparity and semelparity?
What is the key difference between iteroparity and semelparity?
What is the phenomenon where reproductive output declines with age?
What is the phenomenon where reproductive output declines with age?
Why do milk hinds have lower fecundity in the following year?
Why do milk hinds have lower fecundity in the following year?
What is the term for the strategy of investing everything in one last attempt at reproduction, typically at the end of an individual's expected natural lifespan?
What is the term for the strategy of investing everything in one last attempt at reproduction, typically at the end of an individual's expected natural lifespan?
What is the relationship between population density and fecundity in red deer?
What is the relationship between population density and fecundity in red deer?
Why do very old females suckle their young more than prime age females?
Why do very old females suckle their young more than prime age females?
What is the primary difference between the two facultatively semelparous species mentioned in the text?
What is the primary difference between the two facultatively semelparous species mentioned in the text?
What is the primary finding of the long-term study on Isle of Rhum on red deer females?
What is the primary finding of the long-term study on Isle of Rhum on red deer females?
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Study Notes
Costs and Benefits of Behaviour
- Every behaviour has associated costs and benefits, where benefits increase inclusive fitness and costs reduce it.
- Selection acts to maximize benefits while minimizing costs, leading to optimal behaviours that give the greatest reward relative to cost.
Reproductive Investment Strategies
- Reproductive strategies refer to morphological, physiological, or behavioural adaptations associated with producing offspring or caring for another's young.
- Examples include genitalia morphology, mating behaviour, gestation period, litter size and sex ratio, lactation period, milk composition, and offspring care.
Reproductive Strategies in Different Species
- Grey seal:
- Gives birth on land, vulnerable to predators
- High milk fat content to fatten pup quickly
- One pup per litter, once a year
- Cavy/guinea pig:
- Gives birth to precocial young
- Female mass: 700g, litter size: 1-6, pup mass: 70g
- Pregnancy lasts 65 days, total litter mass equivalent to 40% of female mass
- House mouse:
- Gives birth to altricial young
- Female mass: 25g, litter size: 4-15, pup mass: 1.5g
- Pregnancy lasts 19 days, total litter mass equivalent to 60% of female mass
Reproductive Trade-Offs
- Basic trade-off: how many breeding attempts in a lifetime?
- Reproduction is energetically expensive: gestation (1.2-1.5 times BMR), lactation (2.5-5.0 times BMR)
- Females must increase energy intake or utilize fat reserves
- Breeding lowers longevity
Semelparity and Iteroparity
- Semelparity: single act of reproduction in a lifetime (e.g., Antechinus, Phascogale, Dasykaluta species)
- Iteroparity: multiple acts of reproduction in a lifetime
- Facultative semelparity: occurs in some populations of two other genera, and the northern quoll (different physiological mechanism leading to death)
Case Study: Red Deer
- Long-term study on Isle of Rhum illustrates costs and trade-offs associated with reproduction
- Females categorized by reproductive experience and costs
- Fecundity, fat reserves, mortality rates, and age-dependent fecundity rates are affected by reproductive costs
- Population density and age interact to affect reproductive outcomes
- Terminal investment strategy: old females invest everything in one last breeding attempt
Costs and Benefits of Behaviour
- Every behaviour has associated costs and benefits, where benefits increase inclusive fitness and costs reduce it.
- Selection acts to maximize benefits while minimizing costs, leading to optimal behaviours that give the greatest reward relative to cost.
Reproductive Investment Strategies
- Reproductive strategies refer to morphological, physiological, or behavioural adaptations associated with producing offspring or caring for another's young.
- Examples include genitalia morphology, mating behaviour, gestation period, litter size and sex ratio, lactation period, milk composition, and offspring care.
Reproductive Strategies in Different Species
- Grey seal:
- Gives birth on land, vulnerable to predators
- High milk fat content to fatten pup quickly
- One pup per litter, once a year
- Cavy/guinea pig:
- Gives birth to precocial young
- Female mass: 700g, litter size: 1-6, pup mass: 70g
- Pregnancy lasts 65 days, total litter mass equivalent to 40% of female mass
- House mouse:
- Gives birth to altricial young
- Female mass: 25g, litter size: 4-15, pup mass: 1.5g
- Pregnancy lasts 19 days, total litter mass equivalent to 60% of female mass
Reproductive Trade-Offs
- Basic trade-off: how many breeding attempts in a lifetime?
- Reproduction is energetically expensive: gestation (1.2-1.5 times BMR), lactation (2.5-5.0 times BMR)
- Females must increase energy intake or utilize fat reserves
- Breeding lowers longevity
Semelparity and Iteroparity
- Semelparity: single act of reproduction in a lifetime (e.g., Antechinus, Phascogale, Dasykaluta species)
- Iteroparity: multiple acts of reproduction in a lifetime
- Facultative semelparity: occurs in some populations of two other genera, and the northern quoll (different physiological mechanism leading to death)
Case Study: Red Deer
- Long-term study on Isle of Rhum illustrates costs and trade-offs associated with reproduction
- Females categorized by reproductive experience and costs
- Fecundity, fat reserves, mortality rates, and age-dependent fecundity rates are affected by reproductive costs
- Population density and age interact to affect reproductive outcomes
- Terminal investment strategy: old females invest everything in one last breeding attempt
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