UNIT 2 - Chapter 5 - Short Answers Study

The belief that all knowledge is derived from experience, especially sensory experience.

Thomas Hobbes

To satisfy as many human needs as possible and to prevent humans from fighting with each other.

<p>Materialism, believing that all human activity can be reduced to atoms in motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His visit to Galileo in 1635, where he learned about mechanistic principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An absolute monarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans are naturally aggressive, selfish, and greedy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through sensory experience, rejecting innate ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hobbes explained attention by the fact that as long as sense organs retain the motion caused by certain external objects, they cannot respond to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary qualities cause sensations that correspond to actual attributes of physical bodies, while secondary qualities cause sensations that have no counterparts in the physical world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Appetite and aversion are the primary motivators of human behavior, with appetite seeking pleasurable experiences and aversion avoiding painful experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dreams are the result of the imagination, which is caused by the decay of sense impressions over time, and are typically vivid because they are not competing with new sensory impressions during sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The law of contiguity proposes that events experienced together are remembered together and are subsequently thought of together, explaining the coherent order of mental events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hobbes believed that all that exists is matter and motion, and that there is no non-material mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple ideas are caused by sensory stimulation or reflection, while complex ideas are composites of simple ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sense organs receive motion from external bodies, causing internal motion that results in mental phenomena such as thought and imagination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hobbes defined will as the action tendency that prevails when a number of conflicting tendencies to act exist simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concept of 'minute corpuscles' suggests that physical objects are composed of small particles with intrinsic qualities that can be experienced in different arrangements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke believed that humans are not born with any innate ideas, whether they be moral, logical, or mathematical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to Locke, all ideas come from either sensation (direct sensory stimulation) or reflection (the ability to use the powers of the mind to creatively rearrange ideas derived from sensory experience).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple ideas are the mental remnants of sensations, whether from sensation or reflection, which cannot be divided or analyzed further into other ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complex ideas arise when the operations of the mind are applied to simple ideas through reflection, combining and rearranging them into new configurations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to Locke, humans are motivated by the search for pleasure and the avoidance of pain, which is the basis of his hedonistic theory of human motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary qualities have the power to create in us ideas that correspond to actual attributes of physical objects, whereas secondary qualities produce ideas that do not correspond to anything in the physical world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The paradox of the basins is Locke's observation that warm water can feel either hot or cold depending on the initial temperature of the hand, revealing that temperature is a secondary quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke used association to explain how faulty beliefs can result from accidents of time or circumstance, where ideas become linked through chance or habit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke's mind-body dualism posits the existence of a separate mind and body, whereas Hobbes's physical monism asserts that the mind is purely physical and material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The distinction between primary and secondary qualities highlights the difference between our psychological experiences that reflect the physical world as it actually is and those that do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pleasure and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary qualities are aspects of physical objects that have the power to produce ideas that correspond to actual attributes of physical objects, whereas secondary qualities produce ideas that do not correspond to anything in the physical world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The association of ideas is the process by which ideas become connected in the mind, either through natural or rational reasons, or through accidents of time or circumstance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke believed that nurture (experience) is much more important than nature (innate ability) for character development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke advised parents to 'harden' their children by having them sleep on hard rather than soft beds, and by exposing them to moderate amounts of coldness and wetness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke advocated for mild physical punishment of students, but not severe physical punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The freedom to think pleasurable thoughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke believed that the senses provide the information that the mind thinks about and has emotional reactions toward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To help children develop good health, effective learning habits, and a strong character.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke's approach to dealing with irrational fears was remarkably similar to exposure therapy, where the individual is gradually exposed to the feared object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke's ideas on education were radical and innovative in his time, but now they appear rather routine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke targeted the notion of innate moral principles, which he believed were built on the assumption of one innate moral truth or another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through experience, where certain sensations are consistently observed to go together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It showed how all complex perceptions could be understood as compounds of elementary sensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke's empiricist movement sought to replace religion based on revelation with natural law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Berkeley offered an empirical explanation, saying that we learn to associate the sensations caused by the convergence and divergence of the eyes with different distances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because they lack the association of visual and tactile experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the association of many sensations, including visual and tactile experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Berkeley argued that materialism pushed God out of the picture, leading to a worldview that was dangerous to both religion and morality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hume did not believe we could assume that our perceptions accurately reflect the physical world, unlike Berkeley.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reality consists of our perceptions, and God's perception gives existence to the physical world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To combine empirical philosophy with the principles of Newtonian science and create a science of human nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Berkeley rejected the existence of primary qualities, arguing that only secondary qualities (perceptions) exist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>God's perception makes external reality stable over time and the same for everyone, and the laws of nature are ideas in God's mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through careful observations and generalizations, using an inductive approach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are strong mental experiences caused by sensory stimulation, similar to what others called sensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Miracles occur when God changes his mind, varying the laws of nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>We never experience the physical world directly and can only have perceptions of it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That we can be sure of nothing, and even the notion of cause and effect is a habit of thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hume distinguished between impressions, which were strong, vivid perceptions, and ideas, which were relatively weak perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hume described three laws of association: the law of resemblance, the law of contiguity, and the law of cause and effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to Hume, a causal relationship is a consistently observed relationship and nothing more.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The imagination rearranges ideas in an almost infinite number of ways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to Hume, the 'mind' is no more than the perceptions we are having at any given moment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans learn how to act in different circumstances the same way that nonhuman animals do—through the experience of reward and punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All beliefs result from recurring experiences and are explained by the laws of association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to Hume, humans can be certain of nothing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The laws of association create certain relations as opposed to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is not ideas or impressions that cause behavior but the passions associated with those ideas or impressions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hume vastly increased the importance of what we now call psychology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sensation and reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary qualities are actual attributes of physical bodies, while secondary qualities have no counterparts in the physical world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through experience and interaction with the environment, with an emphasis on developing stress tolerance and good health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the basic building blocks of physical objects, which can be arranged in different ways to produce different sensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because if innate ideas existed, all humans would have the same ideas, which is not the case.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple ideas are basic, indivisible units of experience, while complex ideas are configurations of simple ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through physical punishment, if necessary, to discourage crying and promote stress tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the process of increasing a child's stress tolerance through gradual exposure to moderate hardships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke accepted a mind-body dualism, rejecting Hobbes' physical monism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because both environments are important for a child's development and education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilitarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vividness and frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Newtonian physics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reduction of complex ideas to simple ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A process of mental chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mind as completely passive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A science of human nature could be developed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Associations between sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hartley's goal was to synthesize Newton's conception of nerve transmission by vibration with previous versions of empiricism, especially Locke's.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hartley called the diminutive vibrations that remain in the brain after sense impressions cease 'vibratiuncles'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hartley believed that complex ideas are formed automatically by the process of association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ideas are weaker copies of sensations, and all complex ideas are made up of sensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hartley believed that understanding natural phenomena increased one's faith in God.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hartley believed that the brain vibrations caused by sense impressions give rise to sensations, and these vibrations are stored in the 'medullary substance' of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hartley's views combined empiricism and associationism with rudimentary physiological notions, unlike his predecessors who focused on empiricism or associationism alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hartley's work became a hallmark of psychology, combining philosophical and physiological ideas in a new way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voluntary behavior involves the repetition of spontaneous actions that lead to pleasurable consequences, whereas spontaneous activity is simply emitted by an organism without external stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The laws of association are still at work in voluntary behavior, where spontaneous actions become associated with pleasure or pain, leading to their repetition or reduction in frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>La Mettrie believed that humans are machines, and all mental experiences, including sensations and thoughts, are nothing but movements of particles in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Condillac believed that all human mental attributes can be explained using only the concept of sensation, making it unnecessary to postulate an autonomous mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voluntary behavior involves actions that are performed because of their previous effectiveness in a given situation, whereas reflexive behavior is controlled by external stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The goal of these French philosophers was to explain the mind in a way that stresses its mechanical nature, using only a few basic principles, and minimizing metaphysical speculation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gassendi saw humans as complex physical machines, and believed that all human activity can be explained by the functions of the brain, eliminating the need for a nonphysical mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bain's voluntary behavior is essentially a form of trial-and-error learning, where actions that lead to pleasurable consequences are repeated, and those that lead to painful consequences are reduced in frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>La Mettrie believed that humans are machines that differ from other animals only in complexity, and that all human mental experiences can be explained by physical processes in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The imaginary sentient statue is a thought experiment used by Condillac to demonstrate that all human mental attributes can be explained using only the concept of sensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helvétius elaborated on the implications of empiricism and sensationalism, suggesting that a person's intellectual development can be determined by controlling their experiences, and that social skills, moral behavior, and even genius can be taught through education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comte founded positivism and coined the term sociology, proposing that science should study only that which can be directly experienced, and that societies pass through three stages of development: theological, metaphysical, and scientific.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comte believed that science should study publicly observed events or overt behavior, while Mach believed that scientists can only be certain about mental phenomena and the relationships among them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mach proposed that scientists should focus on describing the relationships among mental phenomena, without any metaphysical speculation, as we can never directly experience the physical world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comte envisioned a utopian society organized based on scientific principles and beliefs, with humanity replacing God, and scientists and philosophers replacing priests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helvétius believed that by controlling experiences, one can control the contents of the mind, and thus, social skills, moral behavior, and even genius can be taught through education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The laws of the mind by which sensations cause ideas and by which ideas become associated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comte proposed that societies pass through three stages: theological, metaphysical, and scientific, with the scientific stage being the highest and most developed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comte coined the term sociology to describe the study of how different societies compare in terms of their stages of development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The science of human nature would provide information about what all humans have in common, and ethology would explain individual differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mill believed that intellectual pleasures were far more important than biological pleasures, whereas Bentham counted all forms of pleasure equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He related known physiological facts to psychological phenomena, and added the laws of compound association and constructive association to the traditional laws of association</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contiguous or similar events form compound ideas and are remembered together</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mind can rearrange the memories of various experiences to form creative associations that are different from the original experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He believed that individual differences were important to understand, and that ethology should explain how individual minds or characters form under specific circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was the first journal devoted primarily to psychological questions, and remains one of the most prestigious journals in philosophical psychology today</p> Signup and view all the answers