Western Civilization Midterm Practice

Schmalkaldic League

• A defensive military organization
• Composed of Protestant German territorial states

Theological Constructs

• The following were not inventions of the Middle Ages:
  • Divinity of Christ
  • Holy Trinity

Renaissance Donor Paintings

• Donor paintings were more representative of the Renaissance
• Incorporated a portrait of the donor
• Emphasized charity by a specific donor
• Portraiture was uncommon in the Middle Ages
• Represented a secularization impulse

Peace of Westphalia Effects

• The Netherlands and Switzerland gained formal independence
• Non-intervention in domestic affairs became a general political principle
• Holy Roman Empire legally recognized Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism
• Switzerland recognized as a sovereign state

Role of Jesuits in Catholic Reformation

• Jesuits contributed to re-catholicization of parts of Eastern Europe
• Jesuits were the first Catholic missionaries to East Asia
• Jesuits played an out-sized role in promoting Catholic Education

Peace of Augsburg

• The Peace of Augsburg was depressing to Charles V
• It made Lutheranism a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire
• Established religious division

Aristotle's Influence on the Catholic Church

• Shaped "scholasticism" of medieval theologians
• Inspired emphasis on dialectical reasoning and formal debate: synthesis-antithesis-SYNTHESIS
• Influenced medieval theologians to create a category of "virtuous pagans"
• Helped medieval scholars to propound a belief in the unity of all knowledge

Differences Between Catholics and Protestants

• The following does not accurately describe a difference between Catholics and Protestants:
  • Protestants rejected the Nicene Creed and the doctrine of the Trinity

Self-Governing Republics in Early Modern Europe

• The following might be considered self-governing republics:
  • Venice
  • Geneva
  • The United Netherlands

Nickname Bloody Mary

• Mary Tudor, Queen of England, was so named for persecuting Protestants

Causes of the Price Revolution

• 16th-century inflation was due to population growth
• 16th-century inflation was due to massive crop failures
• 16th-century inflation was due to an influx of precious metals
• 16th-century inflation was also due to the debasing of widely used currencies

Effects of the Norman Conquest of England

• Shaped the emergence of the modern English language
• Led to the introduction of new bureaucratic structures that helped the medieval state to centralize
• Influenced the elaboration of an English "Common Law" tradition
• Led ultimately to the Hundred Years' War
• It fostered state growth and centralization under Norman kingship

Theory of a Western Military Revolution

• Includes the idea that military organization drove innovations in fortification
• Includes the idea that military growth led to the expansion and centralization of the state
• Includes the idea that improved military administration allowed states to field massively larger armies by the late 18th century

Fourth Lateran Council

• Helped entrench the power of the medieval Church:
  • Condemned heresy and affirmed the primacy of Catholic Christianity
  • Sacramental theory was confirmed as official Church doctrine
  • The Pope was declared above all secular authorities

Impact of the Babylonian Captivity

• Helped make the Reformation possible:
  • Caused many Europeans to lose faith in the integrity of the Papacy
  • Exposed how the Catholic Church could be dominated by other secular rulers

Importance of the Donation of Constantine

• Best explains the importance of the "Donation of Constantine":
  • The importance of Renaissance philology and source critique in exposing medieval forgeries
  • Justification for the secular authority of the Papacy
  • Church control over the Papal States

Medieval Sacramental Theory

• The following are true about the medieval Sacramental Theory:
  • It was attacked by Protestant reformers in the sixteenth century
  • The Fourth Lateran Council confirmed Sacramental Theory as a formal Church doctrine
  • Sacramental theory increased the Church's control over the lives of lay believers
  • It included communion

Role of the Printing Press

• Best characterizes the role of the printing press in the spread of the Protestant Reformation:
  • The rapid reproduction of illustrated broadsheets allowed people to learn quickly about new cultural and theological developments
  • Protestant critics were able to use illustrated broadsheets to mock and lampoon the Papacy

Reasons for the Protestant Reformation in the Holy Roman Empire

• Separate territorial states sought greater independence from Rome
• Territorial division made it difficult to impose a single religion

Anglican Reformation

• King Henry VII wanted to divorce his wife

Councils of Trent

• The Council of Trent did not revise the medieval doctrines of:
  • Limbo
  • Ban the sale of indulgences

Spanish Sponsorship of Columbus

• The following help explain why the Spanish sponsored Columbus's exploration of the "New World:"
  • The Spanish were just completing the Reconquista
  • Spanish hoped to compete with the Portuguese by finding a westward route to Asia

Effects of Hugh Capet's Rule

• Increased use of the Capetian dialect
• Growth of the medieval French State
• Establishment of a dynastic principle

Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV Conflict

• Primarily had to do with the struggle between ecclesiastical and secular authorities in medieval Christendom
• Concerned whether the secular state should be allowed to appoint high-ranking Church officials
• Concerned the independence or autonomy of the medieval Church

Epithet Virgin Queen

• Elizabeth I refused to marry in order to preserve her independence as the ruler of England

Huguenot/Calvinist

• Henri of Navarre

Three-Field Crop Rotation

• Increased agricultural productivity by allowing a portion of the land to lie fallow
• Increased harvests and contributed to population growth

Firearms

• Firearms played a significant role in European military conflicts at the time of the Quattrocento (early Renaissance)

Differences Between Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy

• Decentralized ecclesiastical authority
• Church's relationship to secular authority
• The celibacy of the clergy
• Supreme authority of the Pope

Division Between Western Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches in 1054

• The following was not an issue that influenced the formal division between the Western Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches in 1054:
  • The Divinity of Christ

Western Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Traditions

• Both subscribe to the doctrine of the council of Nicaea (325 CE)
• Both are Christian

Use of Table Forks in Italy

• Elites began using table forks during the Middle Ages

Introduction of Table Forks

• Westerners began using table forks during the 16th century

Domesday Book

• The Domesday Book contributed to the centralization of the English state
• Allowed Norman rulers to catalogue and tax property ownership

Martin Luther

• Emphasized philology, scholarship, and fidelity to written texts
• Had his own portrait painted by the German painter Lucas Cranach
• Promoted the use of vernacular German

Giorgio Vasari

• Famous for a biography of Michelangelo
• Famous for identifying the greatest artists of the Italian Renaissance

Spices From Plant Roots

• Turmeric
• Nutmeg

Asian Spice Trade

• Nutmeg
• Cinnamon
• Piper nigrum
• Mace

Influence of Martin Luther

• He shaped the modern German language with Bible translation
• He helped to initiate the religious division of Europe between Protestantism and Catholicism
• His theology weakened the power of those secular rulers who embraced Protestantism

16th Century Power.

• Charles V

Bartolome de Las Casas

• Member of the Jesuit Order

Medieval Polities

• England
• France

Discovery of the Gyre

• Possible to circumnavigate the tip of souther Africa

South Atlantic Gyre

• Travel around the southern tip of Africa
• Development of a Portuguese empire
• Eventual eastward route to India
• Circumvention of the Venetian/Ottoman/Arabic monopoly of the spice trade to Europe

Treaty of Tordesillas

• It dates from the 15th century
• Was brokered by the Pope
• Defined colonial boundaries in the "New World"
• Resolved a potential conflict between Spain and Portugal

Where Thirty Years War Fought

• The Holy empire

Marco Polo

• Inspired the "Orientalist" imagination of Europe
• Provided a precise, detailed travelogue
• Made travel too the "Far East" appear to be a real possibility

Contributed Outbreak Thirty Years W

• Threat to the confessional parity among the electors of the Holy Roman Empire
• Refusal by the Bohemian nobility to elect a Habsburg as King of Bohemia

The Eucharist

• Ulrich Zwingli

Leon Battista Alberti's Della Pittura or On Painting

• Marked the growing importance of painting in the Renaissance
• Promoted realism and fidelity to natural depiction
• Described and offered a guidebook for using perspective in painting

Colombian Exchange

• The role of "Old World"
• Killing people
• Diseases
• The "Old World"
• Tobacco
• Potatoes
• Cacao

Martin Luther

• Sola Fide

Characteristics

• Personal pledge or vow of loyalty
• Elaboration of military service

Middle Passage Refers

• The second leg of the triangle trade

Three of the War Henries

• Henry of Navarre
• Henry duc de Guise
• Henry III

Influences Black Death

• Increased the value of labor
• Reduced the population of Europe 1/3 or more
• Increased the scapegoating of a Jewish minority
• Strengthened manorialism by weakening its rights of serfs

More extensive readings

• Headlines of a newspaper
• Skimming a novel

Serenissma refers

• Stability of Venetian Culture

Bodin and Hobbes:

• Both elaborated secular political theories
• Both were responding to the chaos of civil wars
• Both lived through a period of religious conflict
• Bothe argued against a division of power

Main belligerents of 80 year war:

-Spain and Spanish Netherland

Low Church Protestants

• low church Protestants distrusted the absolutist pretense of Charles I
• Low church Protestants didn't like to centralized administration of angeric church
• low church Protestants feared that Laud was tempting to impose Catholic style ritual
• Low church saw episcopal church structure is minimize to their own theological and political Convictions

Tudor Protestants

• Henry VIII
• Elizabeth I
• Lady Jane Grey

Significant that Martin Luther translated the BIble to German

• Helped establish to grander of modern German language (also known
• As high German]

French Absolutism

• To Centralize state bureaucracy and increase tax venues

Perspective

• How does the use of perspective in the visual arts reflect the emerging values of the Renaissance?
• It helps to make traditional religious figures seem less sacral and more human
• It emphasizes realisms and naturalism
• It promotes at least non-religious themes in painting

Scholars

• Theologians
• Important scholars who shaped medieval catholic doctors
• Universities academics

The Battle of Waterloo

• Secure the French defeat in the restoration of the bourbon Dynasty
• Provided with an important historical referent

Constantine

• The greatest to promote early Christian

Napoleon Bonaparte

• Crowning himself emperor of France therefore, a dictator Napoleon Europe as a military

Constitutional System Introduced

• The growth of manufacturing on the content

In 1510, spices were cheaply in Lisbon than Venice

• Portuguese avoidmed the eastern Mediterranean

Third Estate Withdraw

• Demonstrates the declining hold on the monarchy

National Assembly

• Failed to grant full religious minorities
• Failed allow women to retain their personal part

the following reasons can the following be claimed that the Pope was not just a spiritual, but also a Secular ruler?

• Because the Pope rules over possible states
• Because the functions is the lord of vassal States

Context Of Reformation

• Protest and distraction of many the Christians

explain the over the tears during the regular phase of French Revolution

• The perceived threat of enemies of internal and internal
• They believed to third one of the greatest new

The Triangle Trade

• Asia
• Europe
• Americans
• Africa

The Encyclopedie

• Subscribes to efficacy and P

Value in Resissancd painting

• The most the perspective and individualism
• Naturalism

Deism to equate with

• Gods watch maker
• Belief and not really and religion

Enlisted on new paint

• To make the world the and just said human

Threefield and new technology:

• Agricultural Revolution
• Heavy club
• Of a new home