Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is an attitude?
What is an attitude?
- A random behavior
- An inherited trait
- A favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone (correct)
- A social norm
How well did people's expressed attitudes predict their behaviors?
How well did people's expressed attitudes predict their behaviors?
- Attitudes hardly predicted varying behaviors (correct)
- Attitudes strongly predicted behaviors in all instances
- Attitudes always perfectly predicted behaviors
- Attitudes had no link with behaviors
Why were social psychologists initially surprised with the connection between attitudes and actions?
Why were social psychologists initially surprised with the connection between attitudes and actions?
- Attitudes were found to strongly predict behaviors (correct)
- There was no connection between attitudes and actions
- Attitudes were completely unrelated to actions
- Attitudes only moderately predicted behaviors
What was the relationship between student attitudes towards cheating and their actual behavior?
What was the relationship between student attitudes towards cheating and their actual behavior?
How were attitudes toward the church related to worship attendance?
How were attitudes toward the church related to worship attendance?
What did self-described racial attitudes provide little clue to in actual situations?
What did self-described racial attitudes provide little clue to in actual situations?
How can attitudes be made potent according to the text?
How can attitudes be made potent according to the text?
What is the evidence supporting the assertion that behavior affects attitudes?
What is the evidence supporting the assertion that behavior affects attitudes?
What social phenomenon involves people agreeing to a small request and later complying with a larger request?
What social phenomenon involves people agreeing to a small request and later complying with a larger request?
Which concept involves people beginning to believe in what they say when there is no external explanation for their words?
Which concept involves people beginning to believe in what they say when there is no external explanation for their words?
What is the process where an artificial role gradually transforms into a real part of a person's identity?
What is the process where an artificial role gradually transforms into a real part of a person's identity?
In what situation do people perceive 'free will' as necessary according to the text?
In what situation do people perceive 'free will' as necessary according to the text?
What is moral hypocrisy?
What is moral hypocrisy?
How do warnings about the dangers of smoking affect those who already smoke?
How do warnings about the dangers of smoking affect those who already smoke?
What is the Principle of Aggregation in relation to attitudes predicting behavior?
What is the Principle of Aggregation in relation to attitudes predicting behavior?
How can social influences on behavior be minimized?
How can social influences on behavior be minimized?
According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, what factors influence behavior prediction?
According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, what factors influence behavior prediction?
When do attitudes best predict behavior according to the text?
When do attitudes best predict behavior according to the text?
What theory suggests that we express attitudes to appear consistent for strategic reasons?
What theory suggests that we express attitudes to appear consistent for strategic reasons?
Which theory describes the tension that arises when one is aware of two inconsistent cognitions?
Which theory describes the tension that arises when one is aware of two inconsistent cognitions?
Why do we express attitudes that match our actions according to the text?
Why do we express attitudes that match our actions according to the text?
Which concept refers to reducing dissonance by internally justifying behavior when external justification is insufficient?
Which concept refers to reducing dissonance by internally justifying behavior when external justification is insufficient?
What do individuals do to reduce discomfort according to Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
What do individuals do to reduce discomfort according to Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
Which theory involves making inferences about one's beliefs based on observed behavior?
Which theory involves making inferences about one's beliefs based on observed behavior?
What is the Low-ball technique primarily used for?
What is the Low-ball technique primarily used for?
In what situation do people tend to justify evil behavior as right according to the text?
In what situation do people tend to justify evil behavior as right according to the text?
How can moral action affect moral thinking according to the text?
How can moral action affect moral thinking according to the text?
What aspect of behavior can shape social consciousness according to the text?
What aspect of behavior can shape social consciousness according to the text?
Which type of behavior is specifically mentioned as designed to lead to attitude change on a mass scale?
Which type of behavior is specifically mentioned as designed to lead to attitude change on a mass scale?
What is the primary focus of the theories mentioned in relation to the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon?
What is the primary focus of the theories mentioned in relation to the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon?
Study Notes
Moral Hypocrisy and Attitudes
- Moral hypocrisy occurs when individuals appear moral while avoiding the costs of being so.
- Examples of moral hypocrisy include:
- Warning about the dangers of smoking but not changing one's behavior.
- Increasing public awareness about TV violence but still watching violent media.
- Participating in sex education programs about abstinence and condoms but not changing one's behavior.
Attitudes and Behavior
- Attitudes do not always predict behavior.
- Factors that influence the prediction of behavior from attitudes include:
- Social influences on what we say.
- Other influences on behavior.
- Specific attitudes about the behavior.
- The Principle of Aggregation states that the effects of an attitude become more apparent when looking at a person's aggregate or average behavior.
- The Theory of Planned Behavior suggests that knowing people's intended behaviors, and their perceived self-efficacy and control, can help predict behavior.
When Behavior Affects Attitudes
- Behavior can affect attitudes in various situations, including:
- Evil and moral acts, where individuals tend to justify their behavior.
- Peacetime, where moral actions can lead to changes in moral thinking.
- Interracial and social behaviors, which can shape social consciousness.
- Political and social movements, which can legislate behavior and lead to attitude change.
Theories Explaining Attitudes and Behavior
- Theories that help explain the attitude-follow-behavior phenomenon include:
- Self-Presentation Theory: we express attitudes that make us appear consistent for strategic reasons.
- Self-Justification Theory: we justify our actions to reduce cognitive dissonance.
- Self-Perception Theory: we make inferences about our attitudes based on our own behavior.
Cognitive Dissonance
- Cognitive dissonance is the tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions.
- To reduce dissonance, individuals may:
- Justify their actions to themselves.
- Internally justify their behavior when external justification is insufficient.
Overjustification and Intrinsic Motivation
- Overjustification occurs when external rewards or pressures reduce intrinsic motivation.
- Intrinsic motivation is the motivation to engage in an activity for personal enjoyment or satisfaction.
Attitude Definition and ABC's
- An attitude is a favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone, often rooted in beliefs and exhibited in feelings and inclinations to act.
- The ABC's of attitude are:
- Affect: the emotional component of an attitude.
- Behavior: the action component of an attitude.
- Cognition: the thought component of an attitude.
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Description
Explore the concept of moral hypocrisy and how individuals may appear moral while avoiding the costs of being so. Discover when attitudes predict behavior and the factors that influence this prediction. Examples include warnings about smoking, public awareness of TV violence, and sex education programs.
