Human Muscular System

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between skeletal muscles and the other two types of muscles?

Involuntary movement

Voluntary movement (correct)

Location in the body

Type of protein present

What is the purpose of lever systems in the body?

To provide a mechanical advantage (correct)

To generate heat through shivering

To regulate body movement

To stabilize body temperature

What type of levers occur when the pivot/fulcrum is located between the effort and load?

Third-class levers

First-class levers (correct)

Second-class levers

Fourth-class levers

What is the function of myoglobin in skeletal muscles?

To give muscles their distinct red color Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical term for muscle cramping?

None of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of transforming atmospheric nitrogen into bioavailable forms?

Nitrogen fixation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants?

Leaves Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of flowers?

Botany Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the beneficial symbiotic relationship between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants?

Mutualism Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic that distinguishes monocots from dicots?

Number of cotyledon Signup and view all the answers

Where does digestion begin in the body?

Mouth Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of photopsin in the eye?

Responsible for color vision Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the external ear and ear canal?

To collect sound vibrations and direct them inward Signup and view all the answers

What is the cornea composed of?

Six different layers Signup and view all the answers

What could be a cause of a person's increased sensitivity to sound?

Tiredness, stress, or anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What type of lever is the atlanto-occipital joint an example of in the human body?

First-class lever Signup and view all the answers

What is true about BMR in humans?

It is dependent on temperature, gender, age, and genetics Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fibrous connective tissue in the body?

To protect and give structure to other tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glutamine in the human body?

A nitrogen donor and carrier Signup and view all the answers

What is not a part of the oral cavity?

Lungs Signup and view all the answers

What could be a possible cause of increased sensitivity to sound?

Serotonin dysregulation Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of viruses?

Metabolic inertness Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a disease from an infection?

The etiology of the illness Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an opportunistic infection?

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in persons with AIDS Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of disordered eating?

A pathological and unhealthy pattern of eating Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of bulimia nervosa?

Recurrent binge eating with a sensation of no control over eating Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa?

Identifying and changing unhealthy thought patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical term for difficult or labored breathing?

Dyspnea Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of general anesthesia?

To render the patient unconscious during a medical procedure Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of analgesics?

To accomplish a state of analgesia, or pain relief Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bones in the human body?

To provide structure and protection to the body and its organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the scientific study of bones?

Osteology Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which analgesics work to reduce pain?

By inhibiting the release of prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between analgesia and anesthesia?

Analgesia stops pain, while anesthesia stops sensation and consciousness Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic that distinguishes vascular plants from nonvascular plants?

The presence of xylem and phloem Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the androecium in a flower?

To produce pollen Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of transferring pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same or another flower?

Pollination Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of pollen in wind-pollinated plants?

Lightweight and smooth Signup and view all the answers

What is the result when pollen reaches the ovary and combines with an ovule?

Seed production occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pollinator in most plants?

Bees Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the atlanto-occipital joint in the body?

To allow for neck extension Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glutamine in the human body?

As a nitrogen donor and carrier Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of fibrous connective tissue?

It is composed of sturdy, but flexible collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between BMR and temperature in humans?

BMR is independent of temperature Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of fibrous connective tissue?

Tendons, ligaments, and fasciae Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alimentary canal?

To break down and absorb food in the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of rods in the retina?

To detect vision in low light conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the external ear and ear canal?

To collect and direct sound vibrations inward Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure present on the anterior or outer-most surface of the eye?

Cornea Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of skeletal muscles in the body?

To provide support and movement Signup and view all the answers

What could be a possible cause of increased sensitivity to sound?

Head trauma or surgery Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the contraction of muscles to regulate body temperature?

Shivering thermogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of myofibrils in skeletal muscle cells?

Striated Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of increasing the distance between the force and the load in a lever system?

An increase in the strength of the lever system Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the layer of connective tissue that covers groups of muscle fibers?

Connective tissue sheath Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristics of bulimia nervosa?

Recurrent binge eating, defined as eating a definitively larger amount of food Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the medicine used to subdue a patient during medical procedures?

Anesthesia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the relief or reduction of pain through the use of analgesics?

Analgesia Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical term for difficult or labored breathing?

Dyspnea Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa?

Identifying and changing unhealthy thought patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of local anesthetics?

To block positively charged particles from moving through the sodium channel of nerve cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the scientific study of bones?

Osteology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bones in the human body?

To provide structure and protection to the body and its organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic that distinguishes vascular plants from nonvascular plants?

The presence of xylem and phloem Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which opioids work to reduce pain?

By attaching to receptors and blocking pain messages to the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the cuticle in plant leaves?

To protect the leaf from excess water loss and damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the palisade layer in plant leaves?

To facilitate photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of transforming atmospheric nitrogen into bioavailable forms?

Nitrogen fixation Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic that distinguishes monocots from dicots?

The number of cotyledon Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the beneficial symbiotic relationship between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants?

Mutualism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the calyx in a flower?

To protect the flower bud Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of successful fertilization in plants?

The formation of a seed Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of pollen in wind-pollinated plants?

Lightweight and smooth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of pollination in plants?

To ensure the continuous reproduction and survival of plants Signup and view all the answers

What type of pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from one flower to another of the same plant?

Self-pollination Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why viruses are considered non-living?

They are unable to reproduce on their own Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a non-infectious disease?

Autoimmune disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the scientific study of viruses?

Virology Signup and view all the answers

What could be a cause of a person's increased sensitivity to sound?

Damage to the stapedial nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which normally harmless microorganisms cause disease in someone with a weakened immune system?

Opportunistic infection Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Muscles

There are three types of muscles in the body: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles.
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones through tendons and have voluntary movement.
Skeletal muscle structure is composed of bundles of muscle fibers, each containing tubules called myofibrils made of actin and myosin proteins.
The arrangement of myofibrils creates striated skeletal muscle.
Skeletal muscles serve various functions, including movement, support, and homeostasis.
Examples of skeletal muscle conditions include muscular dystrophy, carpal tunnel syndrome, and myasthenia gravis.

Lever Systems

Lever systems in the body consist of muscles, bones, and joints that provide a mechanical advantage.
There are four parts of a lever system: a lever (bone), pivot/fulcrum (joint), effort (force generated by muscle contraction), and load (weight moved by the lever).
The strength of a lever system increases as the force is moved farther away from the load.
There are three types of lever systems: first-class, second-class, and third-class levers.
Examples of lever systems in the body include the atlanto-occipital joint (first-class), plantar flexion (second-class), and elbow flexion (third-class).

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

BMR is the minimum amount of calories required for basic functions at rest.
BMR is different from Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR).
Harris and Benedict first published an equation for BMR, which was later revised by Mifflin-St. Jeor.
BMR is dependent on factors such as temperature, gender, age, and genetics.
A respirometer can measure an animal's BMR.

Connective Tissue

Connective tissue supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues in the body.
Fibrous connective tissue is composed of sturdy, flexible collagen fibers.
Types of fibrous connective tissue include ligaments, tendons, and fasciae.
The Achilles tendon is the largest and strongest tendon in the body.

Glutamine

Glutamine is one of the 11 non-essential amino acids produced by the human body.
Glutamine is important during pregnancy, lactation, neonatal growth, and recovery from trauma and chronic illness.
Glutamine has two amino groups, making it a nitrogen donor and carrier.
Glutamine is found in dietary sources such as eggs, legumes, and meat products.
Glutamine deficiency can lead to higher mortality and morbidity rates.

Digestion

Digestion begins in the mouth and is the breakdown and absorption of food in the body.
Saliva is a clear liquid produced by salivary glands that contains enzymes to initiate digestion.
The alimentary canal is the long tube where food passes through and wastes are eliminated.
Mouth infections can occur if saliva production is inadequate.

Vision

Photoreceptors (rods and cones) in the retina convert light into electrical signals.
The optic nerve transmits information from the retina to the brain.
The brain processes the information to form a picture of what is seen.

Hearing

The external ear collects sound vibrations and directs them inward.
The ear canal, or auditory canal, is responsible for collecting sound vibrations.
The shape and structure of the ear canal amplify and provide details about the vibrations.
The eardrum, or tympanic membrane, begins to vibrate when air vibrations meet it.
The vibrations are transferred to the inner ear and become liquid vibrations.
The cochlea is a tiny curled fluid-filled structure that absorbs the vibrations.
The movement of microscopic hairs in the cochlea stimulates nerves, creating an electrical signal that travels to the brain.

Cornea

The cornea is the outermost surface of the eye.
It is made up of six layers, each serving different functions.
Minor and severe medical conditions can affect the cornea.
While minor conditions can be treated with the cornea's self-repair mechanisms, more severe conditions can lead to permanent damage.

Sensitivity to Sound

Increased sensitivity to sound can be caused by various factors, including fatigue, stress, anxiety, or medical conditions.
Damage to the facial nerve or brain can lead to increased sensitivity to sound.
Conditions such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or Williams syndrome may also contribute to increased sensitivity.
Stress or anxiety can also cause increased sensitivity to sound.

Virology

Virology is the scientific study of viruses.
Viruses are small collections of genetic coding with DNA or RNA surrounded by a protective protein coat.
Viruses can be either small (17 nanometers to 1.5 micrometers) or giant (700 to 1000 nanometers in length).
Viruses are not considered living because they are not able to reproduce on their own and are metabolically inert.
Viruses depend on host cells to reproduce and continue infection.

Infections

Infections are caused by external harmful agents, called pathogens, that invade and cause illness in the body.
Examples of pathogens include viruses, bacteria, parasites, and prions.
Infectivity is determined by how effectively a pathogen can cause an infection.
Diseases are illnesses that arise from perturbations in bodily or biological functions.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens, while noninfectious diseases have different etiologies.

Disordered Eating

Disordered eating is a pathological and unhealthy pattern to eating.
Disordered eating can progress to bulimia nervosa, which is an eating disorder.
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by binge eating and compensatory behavior.
There are two main subtypes of bulimia nervosa: purging and non-purging.

Dyspnea

Dyspnea is labored or difficult breathing.
Dyspnea can be caused by allergic reactions, lung and heart disease, and foreign body aspiration.
Treatments for dyspnea focus on the underlying disease and may require medical assistance.

Anesthesia

Anesthesia is medicine used to subdue a patient during medical procedures.
Anesthesia can be classified into local, regional, and general anesthesia.
General anesthesia has multiple stages, including the REM stage and the surgical stage.
Side effects of general anesthesia include lingering numbness, nausea, and fatigue.
A rare but serious risk of general anesthesia is malignant hyperthermia.

Analgesics

Analgesics are drugs used to accomplish a state of analgesia, or pain relief.
Analgesic drugs can be broken down into several groups, based on their uses and functions.
Examples of analgesic groups include NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors, and opioids.

Analgesia

Analgesia is the relief or reduction of pain through the use of analgesics.
Analgesics can be classified into OTC medications and opioids.
Anesthesia is different from analgesia, as it refers to the loss of sensation or even consciousness.
There are two types of anesthesia: local and general.

Osteology

Osteology is the scientific study of bones.
Bones perform an important role by providing structure and protection to the body and its organs.
Osteology has implications in the fields of medicine, surgery, paleontology, and evolutionary biology.
The skeletal system of humans is comprised of 206 bones on average.### Human Bones
Divided into 2 categories: appendicular bones (found in appendages like arms and legs) and axial bones (found along the central axis of the human body)
Axial bones include bones in the skull and ribs and sternum
The skull is comprised of 22 bones, including 8 neurocranial bones and 14 facial bones
The thoracic cage, formed by the ribs and sternum, protects organs like the heart and lungs
The sternum is divided into 3 segments: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

Plant Classification

Plants can be classified into 2 groups: vascular and nonvascular
Vascular plants have xylem and phloem, while nonvascular plants do not
Vascular plants can be further classified into gymnosperms (seeds but no flowers) and angiosperms (seeds and flowers)
Angiosperms can be divided into monocots (1 seed leaf, flower petals in threes, parallel veined leaves) and dicots (2 seed leaves, flower petals in fours or fives, complex leaves with veins)

Leaf Structure

Leaves are the primary site of photosynthesis in plants
Leaf structure consists of several layers: cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade layer, spongy layer, and lower epidermis
The palisade layer is where most photosynthesis takes place
The spongy layer stores the products of photosynthesis and contains vascular bundles
The lower epidermis secretes a waxy cuticle layer and has stomata that open and close to facilitate gas exchange and transpiration

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen is an essential element for life, used to make proteins, DNA, and chlorophyll
Atmospheric nitrogen is not bioavailable, but some prokaryotes can fix nitrogen into bioavailable forms like ammonia
Nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes can live in water or soil, or form symbiotic relationships with plants like legumes
The nitrogen cycle describes the perpetual cycling of nitrogen between its gaseous form in the atmosphere and its bioavailable forms in the soil

Flowers and Pollination

The study of plants is called botany, and the study of flowers is a specialty within it
Flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms
The structure of a flower includes four whorls: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium
Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from one flower to another by pollinators and other vectors
Pollination can occur through self-pollination or cross-pollination, and is necessary for the reproduction and survival of plants
Different plants have evolved strategies to support successful reproduction and different pollination methods

Skeletal Muscles

Definition: Muscles with voluntary movement attached to bones through tendons
Structure: Comprised of bundles of muscle fibers, each containing myofibrils made of actin and myosin proteins
Functions: Movement, support, and homeostasis (regulation of body temperature)

Lever Systems

Definition: Formed by muscles and bones to provide a mechanical advantage
Components: Lever (bone), pivot/fulcrum (joint), effort (force generated by muscle contraction), and load (weight moved by the lever)
Types: First-class (effort between pivot and load), second-class (load between effort and pivot), and third-class (pivot between effort and load)
Examples: Atlanto-occipital joint (first-class), standing on tiptoes (second-class), bending elbow (third-class)

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Definition: Minimum amount of calories required for basic functions at rest
Different from RMR (resting metabolic rate)
Equations: Harris-Benedict equation, Mifflin-St. Jeor equation
Factors affecting BMR: Temperature, genetics, age, and gender

Connective Tissue

Definition: Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues
Types: Fibrous connective tissue (ligaments, tendons, fasciae), and others
Functions: Supports, protects, and connects tissues and organs

Glutamine

Definition: Non-essential amino acid produced by the human body and acquired through diet
Functions: Important during pregnancy, lactation, neonatal growth, and recovery from trauma and chronic illness
Structure: Polar, hydrophilic amino acid with a linear structure
Sources: Eggs, legumes, and meat products

Digestion

Definition: Breakdown and absorption of food in the body
Mechanisms: Mechanical digestion (mixing food with saliva) and chemical digestion (enzymes break down food into molecules)
Locations: Mouth, alimentary canal, and salivary glands
Functions: Breaks down food into molecules, absorbs nutrients

Light Transmission

Definition: Process by which light is transmitted to the brain
Mechanisms: Photoreceptors (rods and cones) convert light into electrical signals, which are transmitted to the brain
Functions: Enables vision, allows us to see and interpret light

Hearing

Definition: Process by which sound vibrations are transmitted to the brain
Mechanisms: Sound vibrations are collected by the ear, converted into electrical signals, and transmitted to the brain
Functions: Enables hearing, allows us to interpret sound

Cornea

Definition: Structure present on the anterior surface of the eye
Layers: Epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Dua's layer, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium
Functions: Protects the eye, allows light to enter

Sound Sensitivity

Definition: Increased sensitivity to sound
Causes: Tiredness, stress, anxiety, head trauma, surgery, facial nerve damage, and conditions like Bell's palsy
Effects: Increased perception of sound intensity

Virology

Definition: Scientific study of viruses
Structure: Collection of genetic coding with DNA or RNA surrounded by a protective protein coat
Size: Range from 17 nanometers to 1.5 micrometers
Functions: Reproduce and cause infection in host cells

Infections

Definition: Invasion of the body by external pathogens
Causes: Viruses, bacteria, parasites, and prions
Effects: Illness, disease, and perturbations in bodily functions
Types: Infectious and noninfectious diseases

Disordered Eating

Definition: Pathological and unhealthy pattern of eating
Symptoms: Recurrent binge eating, compensatory behavior, and self-evaluation influenced by body shape and weight
Types: Bulimia nervosa, purging bulimia, and non-purging bulimia
Treatments: Education, cognitive-behavioral therapy

Dyspnea

Definition: Difficult or labored breathing
Causes: Lung and heart disease, allergic reactions, and foreign body aspiration
Treatments: Asthma inhalers, blood thinners, surgery, and oxygen

Anesthesia

Definition: Medicine used to subdue a patient during medical procedures
Types: Local, regional, and general anesthesia
Stages: Stage 1 (loss of consciousness), stage 2 (REM stage), stage 3 (surgical procedure), and stage 4 (overdose)
Side effects: Numbness, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue

Analgesia

Definition: Relief or reduction of pain through the use of analgesics
Types: NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors, and opioids
Mechanisms: Inhibit the release of prostaglandins, block pain messages, and create a blockade in the central nervous system

Osteology

Definition: Scientific study of bones
Functions: Provide structure and protection to the body and its organs
Importance: Implications in medicine, surgery, paleontology, and evolutionary biology### Human Bones
Divided into 2 categories: appendicular bones (found in appendages like arms and legs) and axial bones (found along the central axis of the human body)
Axial bones include bones in the skull and ribs and sternum
The skull is comprised of 22 bones, including 8 neurocranial bones and 14 facial bones
The thoracic cage, formed by the ribs and sternum, protects organs like the heart and lungs
The sternum is divided into 3 segments: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

Plant Classification

Plants can be classified into 2 groups: vascular and nonvascular
Vascular plants have xylem and phloem, while nonvascular plants do not
Vascular plants can be further classified into gymnosperms (seeds but no flowers) and angiosperms (seeds and flowers)
Angiosperms can be divided into monocots (1 seed leaf, flower petals in threes, parallel veined leaves) and dicots (2 seed leaves, flower petals in fours or fives, complex leaves with veins)

Leaf Structure

Leaves are the primary site of photosynthesis in plants
Leaf structure consists of several layers: cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade layer, spongy layer, and lower epidermis
The palisade layer is where most photosynthesis takes place
The spongy layer stores the products of photosynthesis and contains vascular bundles
The lower epidermis secretes a waxy cuticle layer and has stomata that open and close to facilitate gas exchange and transpiration

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen is an essential element for life, used to make proteins, DNA, and chlorophyll
Atmospheric nitrogen is not bioavailable, but some prokaryotes can fix nitrogen into bioavailable forms like ammonia
Nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes can live in water or soil, or form symbiotic relationships with plants like legumes
The nitrogen cycle describes the perpetual cycling of nitrogen between its gaseous form in the atmosphere and its bioavailable forms in the soil

Flowers and Pollination

The study of plants is called botany, and the study of flowers is a specialty within it
Flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms
The structure of a flower includes four whorls: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium
Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from one flower to another by pollinators and other vectors
Pollination can occur through self-pollination or cross-pollination, and is necessary for the reproduction and survival of plants
Different plants have evolved strategies to support successful reproduction and different pollination methods

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Explore the three types of muscles in the human body, including skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, and their functions and structures.

Human Muscular System

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Podcast

Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between skeletal muscles and the other two types of muscles?

What is the purpose of lever systems in the body?

What type of levers occur when the pivot/fulcrum is located between the effort and load?

What is the function of myoglobin in skeletal muscles?

What is the medical term for muscle cramping?

What is the term for the process of transforming atmospheric nitrogen into bioavailable forms?

What is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants?

What is the term for the study of flowers?

What is the term for the beneficial symbiotic relationship between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants?

What is the characteristic that distinguishes monocots from dicots?

Where does digestion begin in the body?

What is the function of photopsin in the eye?

What is the main function of the external ear and ear canal?

What is the cornea composed of?

What could be a cause of a person's increased sensitivity to sound?

What type of lever is the atlanto-occipital joint an example of in the human body?

What is true about BMR in humans?

What is the function of fibrous connective tissue in the body?

What is the role of glutamine in the human body?

What is not a part of the oral cavity?

What could be a possible cause of increased sensitivity to sound?

What is a characteristic of viruses?

What differentiates a disease from an infection?

What is an example of an opportunistic infection?

What is a characteristic of disordered eating?

What is a symptom of bulimia nervosa?

What is the main focus of cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa?

What is the medical term for difficult or labored breathing?

What is the purpose of general anesthesia?

What is the main function of analgesics?

What is the primary function of bones in the human body?

What is the term for the scientific study of bones?

What is the mechanism by which analgesics work to reduce pain?

What is the main difference between analgesia and anesthesia?

What is the characteristic that distinguishes vascular plants from nonvascular plants?

What is the primary function of the androecium in a flower?

What is the term for the process of transferring pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same or another flower?

What is the characteristic of pollen in wind-pollinated plants?

What is the result when pollen reaches the ovary and combines with an ovule?

What is the primary pollinator in most plants?

What is the function of the atlanto-occipital joint in the body?

What is the role of glutamine in the human body?

What is the main characteristic of fibrous connective tissue?

What is the relationship between BMR and temperature in humans?

What are the three types of fibrous connective tissue?

What is the primary function of the alimentary canal?

What is the function of rods in the retina?

What is the main function of the external ear and ear canal?

What is the structure present on the anterior or outer-most surface of the eye?

What is the primary function of skeletal muscles in the body?

What could be a possible cause of increased sensitivity to sound?

What is the term for the contraction of muscles to regulate body temperature?

What is the arrangement of myofibrils in skeletal muscle cells?

What is the result of increasing the distance between the force and the load in a lever system?

What is the term for the layer of connective tissue that covers groups of muscle fibers?

What is the primary characteristics of bulimia nervosa?

What is the term for the medicine used to subdue a patient during medical procedures?

What is the term for the relief or reduction of pain through the use of analgesics?

What is the medical term for difficult or labored breathing?

What is the primary focus of cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa?

What is the primary function of local anesthetics?

What is the term for the scientific study of bones?

What is the primary function of bones in the human body?

What is the characteristic that distinguishes vascular plants from nonvascular plants?

What is the mechanism by which opioids work to reduce pain?

What is the purpose of the cuticle in plant leaves?

What is the primary function of the palisade layer in plant leaves?

What is the term for the process of transforming atmospheric nitrogen into bioavailable forms?

What is the characteristic that distinguishes monocots from dicots?

What is the term for the beneficial symbiotic relationship between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants?

What is the primary function of the calyx in a flower?

What is the result of successful fertilization in plants?

What is the characteristic of pollen in wind-pollinated plants?

What is the primary purpose of pollination in plants?

What type of pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from one flower to another of the same plant?

What is the primary reason why viruses are considered non-living?