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Questions and Answers
What is the shape of the male gametocyte of Plasmodium falciparum?
What is the shape of the male gametocyte of Plasmodium falciparum?
- Banana shaped, shorter and fatter (correct)
- Oval and large
- Rectangle and thin
- Round and small
What is a distinctive feature of the female gametocyte of Plasmodium vivax?
What is a distinctive feature of the female gametocyte of Plasmodium vivax?
- It is larger and lighter than the male (correct)
- It is smaller and darker than the male
- It has a compact nucleus
- It has a diffuse cytoplasm
Which of the following is characteristic of the schizont of Plasmodium malariae?
Which of the following is characteristic of the schizont of Plasmodium malariae?
- It is large and irregularly shaped
- It is small and round (correct)
- It is medium-sized and oval
- It is unknown
What is the shape of the female gametocyte of Plasmodium ovale?
What is the shape of the female gametocyte of Plasmodium ovale?
Which of the following is true about Plasmodium falciparum?
Which of the following is true about Plasmodium falciparum?
What is the characteristic of the cytoplasm of the male gametocyte of Plasmodium vivax?
What is the characteristic of the cytoplasm of the male gametocyte of Plasmodium vivax?
Which of the following is true about Plasmodium malariae?
Which of the following is true about Plasmodium malariae?
What is the shape of the male gametocyte of Plasmodium ovale?
What is the shape of the male gametocyte of Plasmodium ovale?
Which of the following is true about Plasmodium vivax?
Which of the following is true about Plasmodium vivax?
What is the characteristic of the trophozoite of Plasmodium falciparum?
What is the characteristic of the trophozoite of Plasmodium falciparum?
What is the distinguishing feature of the RBC in Plasmodium vivax?
What is the distinguishing feature of the RBC in Plasmodium vivax?
What is the number of merozoites in the schizont of Plasmodium malariae?
What is the number of merozoites in the schizont of Plasmodium malariae?
What is the shape of the gametocyte in Plasmodium falciparum?
What is the shape of the gametocyte in Plasmodium falciparum?
What is the result of bradysporozoites in the liver developing into exoerythrocytic and erythrocytic stages?
What is the result of bradysporozoites in the liver developing into exoerythrocytic and erythrocytic stages?
Which type of malaria is more severe than others?
Which type of malaria is more severe than others?
What is the consequence of the rupture of infected RBCs in Plasmodium?
What is the consequence of the rupture of infected RBCs in Plasmodium?
What is the characteristic of the trophozoite of Plasmodium ovale?
What is the characteristic of the trophozoite of Plasmodium ovale?
What is the cause of blackwater fever in malaria?
What is the cause of blackwater fever in malaria?
What is the term for the specific attack that occurs months or even years after the primary attack?
What is the term for the specific attack that occurs months or even years after the primary attack?
What is the stage of the parasite that is responsible for the transmission of malaria?
What is the stage of the parasite that is responsible for the transmission of malaria?
Which of the following is a complication of P.f. malaria?
Which of the following is a complication of P.f. malaria?
What is the result of P.f. malaria involving the brain?
What is the result of P.f. malaria involving the brain?
What is the consequence of the liberation of merozoites and malarial pigment in Plasmodium?
What is the consequence of the liberation of merozoites and malarial pigment in Plasmodium?
Which type of malaria does not involve relapse?
Which type of malaria does not involve relapse?
What is the result of acute hemolysis of RBC in P.f. malaria?
What is the result of acute hemolysis of RBC in P.f. malaria?
What is the final outcome of severe complications of P.f. malaria?
What is the final outcome of severe complications of P.f. malaria?
What is the shape of the infected red blood cell in Plasmodium ovale?
What is the shape of the infected red blood cell in Plasmodium ovale?
How many merozoites are typically present in Plasmodium falciparum?
How many merozoites are typically present in Plasmodium falciparum?
What is characteristic of Plasmodium malariae infected red blood cells?
What is characteristic of Plasmodium malariae infected red blood cells?
What is the appearance of the nucleus in Plasmodium vivax?
What is the appearance of the nucleus in Plasmodium vivax?
In which phase of infection are schizonts typically present?
In which phase of infection are schizonts typically present?
What is the characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites?
What is the characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites?
How many merozoites are typically present in Plasmodium vivax?
How many merozoites are typically present in Plasmodium vivax?
What is the characteristic of Plasmodium malariae infected red blood cells?
What is the characteristic of Plasmodium malariae infected red blood cells?
What is characteristic of Plasmodium ovale trophozoites?
What is characteristic of Plasmodium ovale trophozoites?
Which of the following species of Plasmodium is more tolerant of lower ambient temperatures?
Which of the following species of Plasmodium is more tolerant of lower ambient temperatures?
In which region is the highest transmission of malaria found?
In which region is the highest transmission of malaria found?
What is the natural route of transmission for malaria?
What is the natural route of transmission for malaria?
In which of the following regions is transmission of malaria unlikely to occur?
In which of the following regions is transmission of malaria unlikely to occur?
What is the primary pathogen of malaria?
What is the primary pathogen of malaria?
In which season is transmission of malaria less likely to occur in some areas?
In which season is transmission of malaria less likely to occur in some areas?
Which of the following countries has successful control/elimination programs for malaria?
Which of the following countries has successful control/elimination programs for malaria?
What is the distribution of Plasmodium spp.?
What is the distribution of Plasmodium spp.?
What is the typical transmission pattern of malaria in warmer regions closer to the equator?
What is the typical transmission pattern of malaria in warmer regions closer to the equator?
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Study Notes
Morphology of Plasmodium Species
- There are four species of Plasmodium that cause malaria: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale.
Trophozoite Stage
- P. falciparum: Small ring-shaped, sometimes with two dots, and multiple rings.
- P. vivax: Ring and amoeboid shape, with irregular cytoplasm and large nucleus.
- P. malariae: Ring and amoeboid shape, with compact and less irregular cytoplasm.
- P. ovale: Ring and amoeboid shape, with compact and less irregular cytoplasm.
Schizont Stage
- P. falciparum: Contain 12-24 merozoites, infected RBC is enlarged, and fills the whole RBC.
- P. vivax: Contain 12-24 merozoites, infected RBC is enlarged, and fills the whole RBC.
- P. malariae: Contain 6-12 merozoites, infected RBC is not enlarged.
- P. ovale: Contain 6-12 merozoites, infected RBC is enlarged and oval-shaped.
Gametocyte Stage
- P. falciparum: Banana-shaped, male and female gametocytes have dark blue cytoplasm and compact nucleus.
- P. vivax: Round, male gametocyte is smaller and lighter blue, female gametocyte is larger and darker blue.
- P. malariae: Round, male gametocyte is smaller and lighter blue, female gametocyte is larger and darker blue.
- P. ovale: Round, male gametocyte is smaller and lighter blue, female gametocyte is larger and darker blue.
Pathogenesis of Malaria
- Paroxysm (attack of malaria) occurs due to liberation of merozoites and malarial pigment, leading to RBC destruction and anemia.
- Relapse occurs in P. vivax, where bradysporozoites in the liver remain dormant and then develop into exoerythrocytic stage, causing a new infection.
- Malignant malaria caused by P. falciparum leads to cerebral malaria, massive hemoglobinuria, respiratory distress, and shock, which can cause death.
Epidemiology of Malaria
- Malaria is distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, with peak transmission in Africa south of the Sahara and parts of Oceania.
- Transmission occurs through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
- Transmission is more intense in warmer regions closer to the equator and year-round in tropical regions.
- Transmission will not occur at high altitudes, during colder seasons, or in deserts (excluding oases).
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