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Questions and Answers

What is the shape of the male gametocyte of Plasmodium falciparum?

  • Banana shaped, shorter and fatter (correct)
  • Oval and large
  • Rectangle and thin
  • Round and small

    • What is a distinctive feature of the female gametocyte of Plasmodium vivax?

  • It is larger and lighter than the male (correct)
  • It is smaller and darker than the male
  • It has a compact nucleus
  • It has a diffuse cytoplasm

    • Which of the following is characteristic of the schizont of Plasmodium malariae?

  • It is large and irregularly shaped
  • It is small and round (correct)
  • It is medium-sized and oval
  • It is unknown

    • What is the shape of the female gametocyte of Plasmodium ovale?

    <p>Round and larger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Plasmodium falciparum?

    <p>It has a banana-shaped male gametocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cytoplasm of the male gametocyte of Plasmodium vivax?

    <p>It is light blue and diffuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Plasmodium malariae?

    <p>It has a small schizont</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the male gametocyte of Plasmodium ovale?

    <p>Round and smaller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Plasmodium vivax?

    <p>It has a round schizont</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the trophozoite of Plasmodium falciparum?

    <p>Small ring with multiple rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of the RBC in Plasmodium vivax?

    <p>Enlarged RBC with stippling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of merozoites in the schizont of Plasmodium malariae?

    <p>Less than 12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the gametocyte in Plasmodium falciparum?

    <p>Banana shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bradysporozoites in the liver developing into exoerythrocytic and erythrocytic stages?

    <p>The patient experiences a relapse with periodic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of malaria is more severe than others?

    <p>Malaria caused by P.f.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the rupture of infected RBCs in Plasmodium?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the trophozoite of Plasmodium ovale?

    <p>Ring and irregular shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of blackwater fever in malaria?

    <p>Acute hemolysis of RBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the specific attack that occurs months or even years after the primary attack?

    <p>Relapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of the parasite that is responsible for the transmission of malaria?

    <p>Gametocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a complication of P.f. malaria?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of P.f. malaria involving the brain?

    <p>Cerebral malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the liberation of merozoites and malarial pigment in Plasmodium?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of malaria does not involve relapse?

    <p>Malaria caused by P.f.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of acute hemolysis of RBC in P.f. malaria?

    <p>Blackwater fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final outcome of severe complications of P.f. malaria?

    <p>Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the infected red blood cell in Plasmodium ovale?

    <p>Oval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many merozoites are typically present in Plasmodium falciparum?

    <p>12-24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of Plasmodium malariae infected red blood cells?

    <p>They are not enlarged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of the nucleus in Plasmodium vivax?

    <p>Large and irregularly distributed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of infection are schizonts typically present?

    <p>Pre-terminal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites?

    <p>Rarely amoeboid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many merozoites are typically present in Plasmodium vivax?

    <p>6-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Plasmodium malariae infected red blood cells?

    <p>They resemble P. vivax infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of Plasmodium ovale trophozoites?

    <p>Compact and less amoeboid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following species of Plasmodium is more tolerant of lower ambient temperatures?

    <p>P.vivax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which region is the highest transmission of malaria found?

    <p>Africa South of the Sahara</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the natural route of transmission for malaria?

    <p>Through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following regions is transmission of malaria unlikely to occur?

    <p>At very high altitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathogen of malaria?

    <p>Plasmodium spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which season is transmission of malaria less likely to occur in some areas?

    <p>Colder seasons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries has successful control/elimination programs for malaria?

    <p>Western Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distribution of Plasmodium spp.?

    <p>Wide distribution in many tropical or subtropical regions of the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical transmission pattern of malaria in warmer regions closer to the equator?

    <p>Transmission is more intense and occurs year-round</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Morphology of Plasmodium Species

    • There are four species of Plasmodium that cause malaria: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale.

    Trophozoite Stage

    • P. falciparum: Small ring-shaped, sometimes with two dots, and multiple rings.
    • P. vivax: Ring and amoeboid shape, with irregular cytoplasm and large nucleus.
    • P. malariae: Ring and amoeboid shape, with compact and less irregular cytoplasm.
    • P. ovale: Ring and amoeboid shape, with compact and less irregular cytoplasm.

    Schizont Stage

    • P. falciparum: Contain 12-24 merozoites, infected RBC is enlarged, and fills the whole RBC.
    • P. vivax: Contain 12-24 merozoites, infected RBC is enlarged, and fills the whole RBC.
    • P. malariae: Contain 6-12 merozoites, infected RBC is not enlarged.
    • P. ovale: Contain 6-12 merozoites, infected RBC is enlarged and oval-shaped.

    Gametocyte Stage

    • P. falciparum: Banana-shaped, male and female gametocytes have dark blue cytoplasm and compact nucleus.
    • P. vivax: Round, male gametocyte is smaller and lighter blue, female gametocyte is larger and darker blue.
    • P. malariae: Round, male gametocyte is smaller and lighter blue, female gametocyte is larger and darker blue.
    • P. ovale: Round, male gametocyte is smaller and lighter blue, female gametocyte is larger and darker blue.

    Pathogenesis of Malaria

    • Paroxysm (attack of malaria) occurs due to liberation of merozoites and malarial pigment, leading to RBC destruction and anemia.
    • Relapse occurs in P. vivax, where bradysporozoites in the liver remain dormant and then develop into exoerythrocytic stage, causing a new infection.
    • Malignant malaria caused by P. falciparum leads to cerebral malaria, massive hemoglobinuria, respiratory distress, and shock, which can cause death.

    Epidemiology of Malaria

    • Malaria is distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, with peak transmission in Africa south of the Sahara and parts of Oceania.
    • Transmission occurs through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
    • Transmission is more intense in warmer regions closer to the equator and year-round in tropical regions.
    • Transmission will not occur at high altitudes, during colder seasons, or in deserts (excluding oases).

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