Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium falciparum ʹ The queens and warlords of Plasmodium

Plasmodium Location and Diagnosis

• Plasmodium is found in the African wilderness.
• A blood smear with Giemsa stain is used for diagnosis.

Plasmodium Species

• There are four warlords, representing different Plasmodium species.
• Bad smelling warlord represents Plasmodium malariae.

Plasmodium Malariae

• Plasmodium malariae causes quartan fever, with the highest fever on days 1 and 4.

Plasmodium Vivax and Ovale

• Warlord with shield and axe represents Plasmodium vivax and ovale.
• These species produce dormant hypnozoites in the liver.

Fever Patterns

• Swinging balls represent the fever cycle, with tertian fever having every other circle on the balls.
• Torn shirt represents an irregular fever pattern.

Plasmodium Falciparum

• False mask represents Plasmodium falciparum.
• Red headdress, gold chest plate, and belt represent neurologic symptoms, as parasitized RBCs occlude the brain, kidney, and lungs.

Microscopy

• Headdress looks like bananas, representing the banana-shaped form of Plasmodium under microscopy.

Antimalarial Drugs

• Color queen represents chloroquine, which blocks Plasmodium heme polymerase.
• Primal queen represents primaquin with chloroquine, used for hypnozoites in the liver, with caution for G6PD deficiency.
• Me fly queen in palanquin represents mefloquine, used for Caribbean travelers.
• Top of palanquin with backpacks represents prophylaxis for Caribbean travelers.
• Ato-vampire queen in palanquin and iguana, with backpacks represents atovoquone with proguanil for travelers in the Caribbean.
• Artist painting a picture of ato-vampire queen represents artimesians used to treat P.falciparum with atovaquone.
• Sickle cells in the artist's hand represent the use of these drugs to treat sickle cell anemia patients.
• IV artesonate represents the treatment for severe malaria infections.
• Dining queen with tin cans represents quinidine for resistant P.falciparum, which can cause cinchonism.
• Ivy wrapped around the arm represents IV delivery.

Life Cycle of Plasmodium

• Cow with liver spot, mushrooms represents the life cycle of Plasmodium, where Anopholes mosquito carry sporozoites in saliva, which mature to trophozoites in the liver, then divide into merozoites that burst from hepatocyte and infect RBCs.
• Ring shape represents the immature form of Plasmodium, which has a ring form. Merozoite can also form a gametocyte.

Plasmodium Location and Diagnosis

• Plasmodium is found in the African wilderness.
• A blood smear with Giemsa stain is used for diagnosis.

Plasmodium Species

• There are four warlords, representing different Plasmodium species.
• Bad smelling warlord represents Plasmodium malariae.

Plasmodium Malariae

• Plasmodium malariae causes quartan fever, with the highest fever on days 1 and 4.

Plasmodium Vivax and Ovale

• Warlord with shield and axe represents Plasmodium vivax and ovale.
• These species produce dormant hypnozoites in the liver.

Fever Patterns

• Swinging balls represent the fever cycle, with tertian fever having every other circle on the balls.
• Torn shirt represents an irregular fever pattern.

Plasmodium Falciparum

• False mask represents Plasmodium falciparum.
• Red headdress, gold chest plate, and belt represent neurologic symptoms, as parasitized RBCs occlude the brain, kidney, and lungs.

Microscopy

• Headdress looks like bananas, representing the banana-shaped form of Plasmodium under microscopy.

Antimalarial Drugs

• Color queen represents chloroquine, which blocks Plasmodium heme polymerase.
• Primal queen represents primaquin with chloroquine, used for hypnozoites in the liver, with caution for G6PD deficiency.
• Me fly queen in palanquin represents mefloquine, used for Caribbean travelers.
• Top of palanquin with backpacks represents prophylaxis for Caribbean travelers.
• Ato-vampire queen in palanquin and iguana, with backpacks represents atovoquone with proguanil for travelers in the Caribbean.
• Artist painting a picture of ato-vampire queen represents artimesians used to treat P.falciparum with atovaquone.
• Sickle cells in the artist's hand represent the use of these drugs to treat sickle cell anemia patients.
• IV artesonate represents the treatment for severe malaria infections.
• Dining queen with tin cans represents quinidine for resistant P.falciparum, which can cause cinchonism.
• Ivy wrapped around the arm represents IV delivery.

Life Cycle of Plasmodium

• Cow with liver spot, mushrooms represents the life cycle of Plasmodium, where Anopholes mosquito carry sporozoites in saliva, which mature to trophozoites in the liver, then divide into merozoites that burst from hepatocyte and infect RBCs.
• Ring shape represents the immature form of Plasmodium, which has a ring form. Merozoite can also form a gametocyte.

Plasmodium Location and Diagnosis

• Plasmodium is found in the African wilderness.
• A blood smear with Giemsa stain is used for diagnosis.

Plasmodium Species

• There are four warlords, representing different Plasmodium species.
• Bad smelling warlord represents Plasmodium malariae.

Plasmodium Malariae

• Plasmodium malariae causes quartan fever, with the highest fever on days 1 and 4.

Plasmodium Vivax and Ovale

• Warlord with shield and axe represents Plasmodium vivax and ovale.
• These species produce dormant hypnozoites in the liver.

Fever Patterns

• Swinging balls represent the fever cycle, with tertian fever having every other circle on the balls.
• Torn shirt represents an irregular fever pattern.

Plasmodium Falciparum

• False mask represents Plasmodium falciparum.
• Red headdress, gold chest plate, and belt represent neurologic symptoms, as parasitized RBCs occlude the brain, kidney, and lungs.

Microscopy

• Headdress looks like bananas, representing the banana-shaped form of Plasmodium under microscopy.

Antimalarial Drugs

• Color queen represents chloroquine, which blocks Plasmodium heme polymerase.
• Primal queen represents primaquin with chloroquine, used for hypnozoites in the liver, with caution for G6PD deficiency.
• Me fly queen in palanquin represents mefloquine, used for Caribbean travelers.
• Top of palanquin with backpacks represents prophylaxis for Caribbean travelers.
• Ato-vampire queen in palanquin and iguana, with backpacks represents atovoquone with proguanil for travelers in the Caribbean.
• Artist painting a picture of ato-vampire queen represents artimesians used to treat P.falciparum with atovaquone.
• Sickle cells in the artist's hand represent the use of these drugs to treat sickle cell anemia patients.
• IV artesonate represents the treatment for severe malaria infections.
• Dining queen with tin cans represents quinidine for resistant P.falciparum, which can cause cinchonism.
• Ivy wrapped around the arm represents IV delivery.

Life Cycle of Plasmodium

• Cow with liver spot, mushrooms represents the life cycle of Plasmodium, where Anopholes mosquito carry sporozoites in saliva, which mature to trophozoites in the liver, then divide into merozoites that burst from hepatocyte and infect RBCs.
• Ring shape represents the immature form of Plasmodium, which has a ring form. Merozoite can also form a gametocyte.