Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)
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Questions and Answers

What is the main cause of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)?

  • Maternal infection
  • Genetic mutation
  • Deficiency of surfactant (correct)
  • Lung malformation

    • When does the respiratory distress typically start in Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)?

  • During third trimester
  • 2nd to 7th day after birth (correct)
  • After one month of life
  • A few hours after birth

    • What is the mortality rate in infants weighing less than 1kg with Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)?

  • 25%
  • 50% (correct)
  • 75%
  • 100%

    • Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the incidence and severity of NRDS vary with gestational age?

    <p>It decreases with increasing gestational age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the causes and contributing factors of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can lead to Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS) due to suppressed surfactant production?

    <p>Maternal diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the genetic disorders associated with Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)?

    <p>Abnormalities in proteins B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS) by inhibiting surfactant production?

    <p>excessive sedation of the mother during birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS) as a result of cold exposure?

    <p>Cold stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)?

    <p>Inflammation of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS) is primarily caused by:

    <p>Immature and damaged Type II pneumocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type II pneumocytes are responsible for:

    <p>Synthesising alveolar surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is low surfactant in the airways/lungs?

    <p>The airways/lungs collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of lung collapse in NRDS?

    <p>Hypoxia (reduction of O2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hypoxia in NRDS?

    <p>Pulmonary vasoconstriction and alveolar epithelial damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of pulmonary vasoconstriction in NRDS?

    <p>Shunting of blood (blood bypassing the lungs without oxygenation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens as a result of alveolar epithelial damage in NRDS?

    <p>Fibrinous exudate entering the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final outcome of fibrinous exudate entering the alveoli in NRDS?

    <p>Fibrin hyalin membrane formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the collapse of lung tissue in NRDS?

    <p>Atelectasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following occurs as a result of NRDS leading to a ventilation-perfusion mismatch?

    <p>Arterial hypoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can occur as a complication of NRDS?

    <p>Hypoxic-related brain damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the proteinaceous material that lines the alveoli in NRDS?

    <p>Hyaline membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of NRDS on lung fluid absorption?

    <p>Decreased fluid absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can NRDS potentially cause in terms of the heart?

    <p>Failure to close the ductus arteriosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from NRDS in terms of lung tissue?

    <p>Fibrosis due to fibrin exudation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a treatment option for Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)?

    <p>Synthetic surfactant therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the supportive care measures for babies with NRDS?

    <p>Fluid management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what gestational age is betamethasone administered to pre-term mothers?

    <p>26-28 weeks gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the recovery phase of NRDS in larger premature infants manifest?

    <p>Regeneration of alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does endogenous surfactant synthesis begin in larger premature infants?

    <p>36-72 hours after birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Causes and Contributing Factors of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)

    • Deficiency of surfactant in the lungs is the main cause of NRDS
    • Premature birth, especially before 34 weeks, is a significant contributing factor
    • Other contributing factors include maternal diabetes, hypertension, and fetal distress
    • Genetic disorders, such as ABCA3 mutations, can also contribute to NRDS

    Symptoms and Characteristics of NRDS

    • Respiratory distress typically starts immediately after birth or within the first 6 hours
    • Mortality rate is high in infants weighing less than 1kg, with a mortality rate of around 50%
    • Symptoms of NRDS include tachypnea, grunting, and cyanosis
    • Lung collapse and ventilation-perfusion mismatch are common consequences of NRDS
    • Hypoxia can lead to pulmonary vasoconstriction, further exacerbating the condition

    Pathophysiology of NRDS

    • Surfactant deficiency leads to increased surface tension in the lungs, causing alveolar collapse
    • Type II pneumocytes are responsible for producing surfactant
    • Low surfactant levels in the airways/lungs cause alveolar collapse and atelectasis
    • Fibrinous exudate entering the alveoli can lead to the formation of hyaline membranes
    • Alveolar epithelial damage can cause further inflammation and damage

    Treatment and Supportive Care

    • Exogenous surfactant administration is a common treatment option for NRDS
    • Supportive care measures include oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and antibiotics
    • Betamethasone is administered to pre-term mothers at 28-34 weeks of gestation to stimulate fetal surfactant production
    • In larger premature infants, the recovery phase of NRDS often manifests as a gradual improvement in respiratory function
    • Endogenous surfactant synthesis begins in larger premature infants around 34 weeks of gestation

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about the consequences of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS) by answering questions about proteinaceous material in alveoli, complications, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, fibrinous exudate, and alveolar epithelial damage.

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