23 Questions
Based on the information provided, how many homeless persons did the district court find were in the City when it certified the class?
At least 600
According to the officer's declaration, how many homeless persons did he claim to be aware of in the City?
Less than 50
What is the general understanding about the accuracy of PIT counts in counting homeless persons?
They routinely undercount homeless persons
According to the text, what is the definition of 'bedding' as given by the Oxford English Dictionary?
A collective term for the articles which compose a bed
What did the district court conclude about the anti-camping ordinances in relation to homeless persons?
They were unconstitutional as they prohibited homeless persons from taking necessary measures to keep themselves warm and dry while sleeping
According to the text, what does the Cruel and Unusual Punishment clause prohibit?
Criminalizing sitting, sleeping, or lying outside on public property for homeless individuals
What is the City's argument regarding the enforcement of the anti-camping ordinances?
Sleeping is voluntary conduct for a homeless person
What was the reasoning behind the Fourth Circuit's decision in Manning v. Caldwell for City of Roanoke?
The Virginia law provided punishment based on the plaintiffs' status
According to the dissent, what is the central holding of Martin?
Local governments may not criminalize involuntary conduct
What does the City's revised anti-camping ordinance allow homeless persons to do?
Sleep in City parks without using stoves or lighting fires
Why do the anti-camping ordinances in the text violate the Eighth Amendment?
They prohibit homeless individuals from engaging in activity they cannot avoid
According to the text, what is the commonality requirement for a class to satisfy Rule 23?
There must be at least one question of fact or law common to the class
What is the correlation between physical and mental illness and homelessness according to the text?
Physical and mental illness are more prevalent among homeless people than in the general population
What is the main question and answer common to the class in this case according to the text?
Whether the City's enforcement of anti-camping ordinances violates the Eighth Amendment
Why does the City argue that the commonality requirement was not met according to the text?
Because some class members might have alternative housing options
According to the text, what is a 'fail safe' class?
A class that is defined so narrowly as to preclude membership unless the liability of the defendant is established
According to the text, what is the connection between membership in the class and the success of the underlying claims?
Membership in the class is not affected by the success of the underlying claims
According to the text, what is the requirement for typicality in a class action lawsuit?
The claims or defenses of the representative parties must be typical of the class members
According to the text, what is the difference between class representatives with vehicles and other class members?
Class representatives with vehicles challenge the ordinances in a different manner than other class members
According to the text, what is the City's argument regarding the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause?
The City argues its system of imposing civil fines cannot be challenged as violating the Cruel and Unusual Clause because that clause provides protection only in criminal proceedings, after an individual has been convicted.
What was the City's response to the Martin v. Boise decision?
The City amended its anti-camping ordinance to allow for 'the act of sleeping' in City parks.
According to the text, what did the Ingraham v. Wright decision address?
Whether the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause was implicated by corporal punishment in public schools.
What is the primary support for the City's contention that civil citations are not 'punishment' under the Eighth Amendment?
Ingraham v. Wright
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