Kidney

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Questions and Answers

What is the structure that surrounds the kidney?

Pararenal fat

Renal capsule (correct)

Renal fascia

Perirenal pad

What lies between the renal capsule and renal fascia?

Renal sinus

Perirenal pad of fat (correct)

Renal pelvis

Pararenal fat

What is the superior relation of the suprarenal gland?

Upper pole of the kidney (correct)

Lower pole of the kidney

Ureter

Hilum of the kidney

What is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood?

Renal corpuscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that collects urine from the renal pyramids?

Minor calyx Signup and view all the answers

What is the darker, inner region of the kidney?

Renal medulla Signup and view all the answers

What is the apex of the renal pyramid surrounded by?

Minor calyx Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys in filtering the blood?

To remove toxins and metabolic wastes from the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that divides the medulla into triangular areas?

Renal column Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the substance formed by the breakdown of protein in the liver?

Urea Signup and view all the answers

What is the region in which the kidneys are located?

Posterior abdominal wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that presents a slit-like opening in the middle of the medial border of the kidney?

Hilum Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the muscles that the kidneys rest on?

Quadratus lumborum and Psoas Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of the long axis of the kidney?

Downward and laterally Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Regulation of body temperature Signup and view all the answers

Why is the right kidney located at a lower level than the left kidney?

Because the liver is larger on the right side Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the renal columns?

To provide a supportive framework for vessels that enter and exit the cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cup-like cavities that the renal papillae project into?

Minor calyces Signup and view all the answers

How many renal pyramids are present in the medulla of each kidney?

8-10 Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the part of the nephron that consists of a group of capillaries and a glomerular capsule?

Glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

To collect urine from the minor calyces Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vessels that branch off from the abdominal aorta to supply the kidneys?

Renal arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structures that the collecting ducts open into at the apex of the renal pyramid?

Papillary foramina Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the part of the kidney that is divided into renal lobes?

Renal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of urine is composed of water?

95% Signup and view all the answers

How many times does the entire volume of blood get filtered through the kidneys per day?

What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

To produce a simple filtrate that gets captured by the Bowman's capsule Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the capillaries into the renal tubule?

Secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves supply the renal vessels and regulate blood pressure?

Sympathetic nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the radiographic procedure known as IVP?

To visualize the kidneys, ureter, and urinary bladder Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the radiographic procedure known as RP?

To visualize the ureter and collecting system of the kidney Signup and view all the answers

Which spinal cord segments receive afferent pain signals from the kidney?

T12-L2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the afferent arteriole that gives rise to the glomerular capillary?

Interlobular artery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in urine formation?

Excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arteriole?

To produce renin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following veins drains into the inferior vena cava?

Right renal vein Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the filtered ions and water is reabsorbed in the ascending loop of Henle?

25% Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of angiotensin II?

To increase blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of filtrate that is reabsorbed by the renal tubules?

99% Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the formation of angiotensin II?

Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy of Kidneys

Located retroperitoneally in the paravertebral upper lumbar region of the posterior abdominal wall on the quadratus lumborum and psoas muscles, protected by the eleventh and twelfth ribs posteriorly.
Right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the large size of the right lobe of the liver.
Long axis directed downward and laterally, approximately 12 cm x 6 cm x 3 cm in size.

Structure of Kidneys

Consist of two poles (upper and lower), two surfaces (anterior and posterior), and two borders (lateral and medial).
Lateral border is convex, and medial border is concave with a slit-like opening (hilum) for structures to enter or leave.
Hilum contains renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis, nerves, and lymphatics.

Relations of Kidneys

Right kidney is related anteriorly to the liver, duodenum, and right colic flexure.
Left kidney is related anteriorly to the spleen, stomach, left colic flexure, and pancreas.
Posteriorly, the diaphragm rests over the upper third of each kidney with the 12th rib passing posteriorly over the upper pole.

Blood Supply of Kidneys

Renal arteries are branches of the abdominal aorta, with the right renal artery being longer.
Each renal artery gives rise to five segmental arteries, which further subdivide sequentially into interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular arteries.

Urine Formation

Three steps of urine formation: glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Glomerular filtration: the entire volume of blood is filtered through the kidneys about 300 times per day.
Reabsorption: selective process that reclaims material from the tubular fluid and returns it to the bloodstream.
Secretion: waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the capillaries into the renal tubule, combining with the remaining filtrate to become urine.

Nerve Supply of Kidneys

Sympathetic nerve supply through aorticorenal plexus regulates blood pressure by rennin release.
Afferents travel along the sympathetic nerves, and pain sensation reaches T12-L2 segments of the spinal cord.

Clinical Correlates

IVP (intravenous pyelography) is a radiographic procedure that requires injection of radio-contrast medium for visualization of the kidney, ureter, and urinary bladder.
RP (retrograde pyrlogram) is performed to visualize the ureter and collecting system of the kidney to identify tumors, stones, obstruction, or to delineate the anatomy of the kidney prior to surgery.

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