Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the structure that surrounds the kidney?
What is the structure that surrounds the kidney?
- Pararenal fat
- Renal capsule (correct)
- Renal fascia
- Perirenal pad
What lies between the renal capsule and renal fascia?
What lies between the renal capsule and renal fascia?
- Renal sinus
- Perirenal pad of fat (correct)
- Renal pelvis
- Pararenal fat
What is the superior relation of the suprarenal gland?
What is the superior relation of the suprarenal gland?
- Upper pole of the kidney (correct)
- Lower pole of the kidney
- Ureter
- Hilum of the kidney
What is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood?
What is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood?
What is the structure that collects urine from the renal pyramids?
What is the structure that collects urine from the renal pyramids?
What is the darker, inner region of the kidney?
What is the darker, inner region of the kidney?
What is the apex of the renal pyramid surrounded by?
What is the apex of the renal pyramid surrounded by?
What is the primary function of the kidneys in filtering the blood?
What is the primary function of the kidneys in filtering the blood?
What is the structure that divides the medulla into triangular areas?
What is the structure that divides the medulla into triangular areas?
What is the name of the substance formed by the breakdown of protein in the liver?
What is the name of the substance formed by the breakdown of protein in the liver?
What is the region in which the kidneys are located?
What is the region in which the kidneys are located?
What is the name of the structure that presents a slit-like opening in the middle of the medial border of the kidney?
What is the name of the structure that presents a slit-like opening in the middle of the medial border of the kidney?
What is the name of the muscles that the kidneys rest on?
What is the name of the muscles that the kidneys rest on?
What is the direction of the long axis of the kidney?
What is the direction of the long axis of the kidney?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
Why is the right kidney located at a lower level than the left kidney?
Why is the right kidney located at a lower level than the left kidney?
What is the function of the renal columns?
What is the function of the renal columns?
What is the name of the cup-like cavities that the renal papillae project into?
What is the name of the cup-like cavities that the renal papillae project into?
How many renal pyramids are present in the medulla of each kidney?
How many renal pyramids are present in the medulla of each kidney?
What is the name of the part of the nephron that consists of a group of capillaries and a glomerular capsule?
What is the name of the part of the nephron that consists of a group of capillaries and a glomerular capsule?
What is the function of the renal pelvis?
What is the function of the renal pelvis?
What is the name of the vessels that branch off from the abdominal aorta to supply the kidneys?
What is the name of the vessels that branch off from the abdominal aorta to supply the kidneys?
What is the name of the structures that the collecting ducts open into at the apex of the renal pyramid?
What is the name of the structures that the collecting ducts open into at the apex of the renal pyramid?
What is the name of the part of the kidney that is divided into renal lobes?
What is the name of the part of the kidney that is divided into renal lobes?
What percentage of urine is composed of water?
What percentage of urine is composed of water?
How many times does the entire volume of blood get filtered through the kidneys per day?
How many times does the entire volume of blood get filtered through the kidneys per day?
What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?
What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?
What is the term for the process by which waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the capillaries into the renal tubule?
What is the term for the process by which waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the capillaries into the renal tubule?
Which nerves supply the renal vessels and regulate blood pressure?
Which nerves supply the renal vessels and regulate blood pressure?
What is the purpose of the radiographic procedure known as IVP?
What is the purpose of the radiographic procedure known as IVP?
What is the purpose of the radiographic procedure known as RP?
What is the purpose of the radiographic procedure known as RP?
Which spinal cord segments receive afferent pain signals from the kidney?
Which spinal cord segments receive afferent pain signals from the kidney?
What is the origin of the afferent arteriole that gives rise to the glomerular capillary?
What is the origin of the afferent arteriole that gives rise to the glomerular capillary?
Which of the following is NOT a step in urine formation?
Which of the following is NOT a step in urine formation?
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arteriole?
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arteriole?
Which of the following veins drains into the inferior vena cava?
Which of the following veins drains into the inferior vena cava?
What percentage of the filtered ions and water is reabsorbed in the ascending loop of Henle?
What percentage of the filtered ions and water is reabsorbed in the ascending loop of Henle?
What is the function of angiotensin II?
What is the function of angiotensin II?
What is the percentage of filtrate that is reabsorbed by the renal tubules?
What is the percentage of filtrate that is reabsorbed by the renal tubules?
What is the final step in the formation of angiotensin II?
What is the final step in the formation of angiotensin II?
Study Notes
Anatomy of Kidneys
- Located retroperitoneally in the paravertebral upper lumbar region of the posterior abdominal wall on the quadratus lumborum and psoas muscles, protected by the eleventh and twelfth ribs posteriorly.
- Right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the large size of the right lobe of the liver.
- Long axis directed downward and laterally, approximately 12 cm x 6 cm x 3 cm in size.
Structure of Kidneys
- Consist of two poles (upper and lower), two surfaces (anterior and posterior), and two borders (lateral and medial).
- Lateral border is convex, and medial border is concave with a slit-like opening (hilum) for structures to enter or leave.
- Hilum contains renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis, nerves, and lymphatics.
Relations of Kidneys
- Right kidney is related anteriorly to the liver, duodenum, and right colic flexure.
- Left kidney is related anteriorly to the spleen, stomach, left colic flexure, and pancreas.
- Posteriorly, the diaphragm rests over the upper third of each kidney with the 12th rib passing posteriorly over the upper pole.
Blood Supply of Kidneys
- Renal arteries are branches of the abdominal aorta, with the right renal artery being longer.
- Each renal artery gives rise to five segmental arteries, which further subdivide sequentially into interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular arteries.
Urine Formation
- Three steps of urine formation: glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
- Glomerular filtration: the entire volume of blood is filtered through the kidneys about 300 times per day.
- Reabsorption: selective process that reclaims material from the tubular fluid and returns it to the bloodstream.
- Secretion: waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the capillaries into the renal tubule, combining with the remaining filtrate to become urine.
Nerve Supply of Kidneys
- Sympathetic nerve supply through aorticorenal plexus regulates blood pressure by rennin release.
- Afferents travel along the sympathetic nerves, and pain sensation reaches T12-L2 segments of the spinal cord.
Clinical Correlates
- IVP (intravenous pyelography) is a radiographic procedure that requires injection of radio-contrast medium for visualization of the kidney, ureter, and urinary bladder.
- RP (retrograde pyrlogram) is performed to visualize the ureter and collecting system of the kidney to identify tumors, stones, obstruction, or to delineate the anatomy of the kidney prior to surgery.
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