24 Questions
What is the potential long-term consequence of language choice for minority languages?
Language shift or language death
What can be a constraint on language choice for individuals in a multilingual community?
Economic and political factors
Why did Maniben initially use Gujerati at work?
Because many of her coworkers also spoke Gujerati
What led to Maniben's shift in language use at work?
She was promoted to a new role
What is an example of a language maintenance effort?
Reversing language shift through language revival efforts
What is a reason why language maintenance may be difficult for minority language speakers?
They are pressured to use a dominant language
What is a consequence of language shift for individuals?
Loss of cultural identity
What is a factor that influences language choice for migrant minorities?
Economic opportunities
Why do communities often lose their ethnic language?
Because they do not perceive any threat to its survival
What is a prerequisite for success in a society where knowledge of the second language is important?
Knowledge of the majority language
Who tends to lead the shift to another language depending on the society?
Women or men depending on the society
What is the result of rapid shift to the majority language?
The minority language disappears in a few generations
What is the role of women in maintaining the minority language in some societies?
They are the ones who maintain the minority language
Why do young upwardly mobile people shift to the majority language quickly?
Because they are anxious to 'get on' in a society where knowledge of the second language is a prerequisite for success
What is the outcome of language shift without active language maintenance?
The minority language disappears in a few generations
What is the reason for the shift to German led by young women in Oberwart?
They are taking advantage of the new jobs offered by the industrial changes
What is the term used to describe the process by which one language replaces another in a community?
Language shift
What is the role of the H language in many immigrant communities?
It displaces the minority language
Why is Cantonese not likely to suffer language death?
Because it is spoken by millions of native speakers in China and South-East Asia
What happens when a language is no longer spoken naturally anywhere in the world?
Language death
What is the result of language shift in the domains where the minority language serves L functions?
The H language displaces the minority language
What is an example of a language that expanded its functions into H domains and became a national language?
Indonesian
What is a possible outcome when a vigorous L variety expands its functions into H domains?
The L variety takes over the functions of H
What is the status of the H variety in many language shift cases?
High status
Study Notes
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Language Maintenance and Shift
- In a multilingual community, social, economic, and political factors influence language choices, which can lead to language shift or language death.
Language Shift in Different Communities
- Migrant minorities, such as Maniben's family, may shift from their ethnic language to the dominant language of the community, leading to language loss.
Factors Influencing Language Shift
- Economic goals and social success can lead to rapid language shift, especially among young, upwardly mobile individuals.
- Women and men may lead language shift depending on new job opportunities and gender roles in the society.
Language Shift and Language Death
- Language shift refers to the process of one language displacing another in a community's linguistic repertoire.
- Language death occurs when a language is no longer spoken naturally anywhere in the world.
Examples of Language Shift
- English may displace ethnic languages in immigrant communities, such as Cantonese in New Zealand or Britain.
- In Oberwart, German (H variety) is displacing Hungarian (L variety).
- In Sauris, Italian (H variety) displaced the German dialect (L variety).
Language Maintenance and Revival
- Active language maintenance is necessary to prevent language shift and death.
- It is possible for a vigorous L variety to expand its functions and take over H domains, as seen in the example of Indonesian.
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