General Study Notes Quiz

High fertility rates result in younger populations with rapid growth age structures.

Advanced healthcare systems lead to higher life expectancies, resulting in older populations.

Developed countries typically have older populations due to lower fertility rates and longer life expectancies.

<p>Economic development influences age distribution by providing access to education, employment, and social welfare programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Migration can lead to a predominance of young adults, affecting both sending and receiving countries' age distributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A slow growth age structure indicates that birth rates are typically below the replacement level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aging populations can lead to increased healthcare costs and a higher dependency ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A slow growth age structure balances the workforce and dependency ratios, supporting economic stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates a larger proportion of adults and elderly individuals compared to children and young adults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher life expectancies mean individuals live longer, increasing the proportion of elderly individuals in the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals prioritize education, career advancement, and personal development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urbanization often leads to lower fertility rates as younger individuals migrate to urban centers for opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher levels of economic development are associated with lower fertility rates and longer life expectancies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Population aging can strain healthcare systems, pension programs, and social welfare services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Migration, especially of younger individuals to urban areas, affects fertility rates and contributes to population aging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They typically provide access to education and family planning services, leading individuals to have smaller family sizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lag growth refers to a delay between changes in birth and death rates, leading to rapid population growth. It is significant because it indicates a more conservative use of natural resources due to slower growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of lag growth is the human population historically until the mid-1800s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exponential growth is characterized by a constant rate of increase, resulting in a J-shaped curve on a population graph. Understanding it is important because unchecked exponential growth can lead to unsustainable increases in population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of exponential growth is the human population from the 1800s to the present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delayed marriage in Japan has contributed to lower fertility rates as individuals prioritize education and careers before starting families.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AIDS has led to a loss of the reproductive age group in Kenya, resulting in lower population growth rates and many orphans needing care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors contributing to delayed marriage include economic uncertainty, changing social norms, and increased career aspirations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limited access to contraception in Kenya leads to higher fertility rates and rapid population growth, particularly in rural areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The J curve resembles the letter 'J'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biotic potential refers to the maximum reproductive capacity of a population under ideal conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carrying capacity is the maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental resistance includes factors that limit population growth and prevent it from reaching biotic potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One example is a Russian woman who had 69 children in the 1700s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The J curve is significant because it visually illustrates the concept of exponential growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors include available food, space, and oxygen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Population growth is limited by resource availability once carrying capacity is reached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental resistance regulates population sizes and maintains ecosystem balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Density-dependent limiting factors influence population growth more significantly as population density increases; for example, competition for food among deer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Density-independent limiting factors impact population growth regardless of density, such as natural disasters causing food shortages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Birth rate refers to the number of births per 1,000 individuals in a population; it significantly affects population growth and demographic trends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As competition for food increases, birth rates decrease and overall population growth can slow down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of a density-independent limiting factor is a severe drought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding birth rates is important because it helps in planning for future population trends and resource allocation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Habitat destruction can lead to decreased resources, impacting the survival and reproduction of affected populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anticoagulant rodenticides are substances used to control rat and mouse populations. Examples include Warfarin and brodifacoum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soil fauna decompose organic matter and cycle nutrients, enhancing soil health and regulating plant growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-target species are organisms unintentionally affected by pesticides. Their significance lies in maintaining ecosystem balance and biodiversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soil horizons are distinct layers in the soil profile formed through various soil processes. They are significant as they provide insights into soil properties and affect plant growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No-till farming is an agricultural practice that minimizes soil disturbance before planting. Its main benefit is enhancing soil health by reducing erosion and maintaining soil structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Earthworms are an example of soil fauna that improve soil structure and enhance nutrient cycling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pesticide exposure can harm beneficial organisms, reduce biodiversity, and disrupt ecosystem balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The common soil horizons include the O horizon (organic matter), A horizon (topsoil), B horizon (subsoil), and C horizon (parent material). Each has distinct properties influenced by soil formation processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A population characterized by a high proportion of young people (0-14), a large reproductive-age group (15-44) and a smaller proportion of older people (45+). Often found in developing countries.

A population with birth rates below replacement level, resulting in a smaller proportion of young people relative to older age groups. Typical of developed countries with lower fertility and longer life expectancies

A population with birth rates at the replacement level leading to slow or no overall growth and a high proportion of older people (45+).

The average number of children born to a woman during her reproductive years.

The average number of years a person is expected to live.

Growth in a country's economy reflected in factors like education level, job opportunities and social welfare programs.

The ratio of the non-working age group (under 15 and above 65) to the working-age group (15–64).

The movement of people from one place to another, often for economic or social reasons.

A longer average lifespan for people, due to better healthcare, sanitation and living standards, leading to more older people.

Tendency for people to have children later in life, often due to career or education priorities.

The process of increasing population in urban areas, often seen with people moving to cities for work and education.

Strain on healthcare systems, pensions and social services with a larger elderly population.

A population where the birth rate and death rate are roughly equal, resulting in little change in population size.

The tendency for people to have smaller families, often as a result of economic and social factors.

A delay in population growth, where changes in death rates are faster than changes in birth rates, resulting in a period of rapid growth in the beginning.

Population increases at a constant rate, doubling in a fixed time period, creating a J-shaped curve.

Postponing marriage, leading to lower fertility rates and slower population growth.

More births than deaths, leading to rapid population growth.

Restricted access to birth control methods.

AIDS reduces reproductive-age population and significantly affects population growth through deaths and orphaned children.

Social disapproval towards certain behaviors or practices.

Population growth that maintains a stable ecosystem and resources for future generations

A graph showing rapid population growth, resembling the letter 'J'. This occurs when resources are abundant and mortality is low.

The maximum reproductive rate of a population under ideal conditions. It's the theoretical limit of how fast a population can grow.

The maximum population size an environment can sustain indefinitely, given available resources and conditions.

Factors that limit population growth and prevent reaching biotic potential, such as resource scarcity, disease, or predation.

Biotic potential is the theoretical maximum growth rate, while carrying capacity is the actual limit set by the environment. Environmental resistance influences the difference between these two.

The J curve illustrates exponential growth, which can lead to exceeding carrying capacity. Once resources become scarce, growth slows, and the population may stabilize or decline.

Understanding carrying capacity helps manage natural resources, prevent overexploitation, and maintain ecosystem stability.

Environmental resistance ensures populations don't grow unchecked and reduces the risk of exceeding carrying capacity, leading to resource depletion and ecological imbalance.

Factors that limit population growth more strongly as the population becomes denser. Examples: Competition, predation, disease.

Factors that limit population growth regardless of density. Examples: Natural disasters, climate change.

The number of births per 1,000 individuals in a population within a certain period.

Another word for birth rate.

Birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration.

It directly influences population growth rates and how the population is structured (young vs. old).

Understanding birth rates helps policymakers plan for future population trends and how to allocate resources.

The diverse community of organisms living in the soil, including earthworms, nematodes, insects, and microbes.

Organisms unintentionally affected by pesticides or control measures, such as pollinators and beneficial insects.

Distinct layers in a soil profile formed by weathering and organic matter accumulation.

An agricultural practice that minimizes or eliminates soil tillage before planting.

Earthworms improve soil structure by burrowing, aerate the soil, and enhance nutrient cycling by breaking down organic matter.

Pollinators, such as bees and butterflies, are vital for plant reproduction and food production.

Soil horizons provide information about soil properties, characteristics, and formation history, influencing soil fertility and productivity.

No-till farming conserves soil health, reduces erosion, and conserves water compared to conventional tillage methods.