14 Questions
What is the primary reason why circular pipes are commonly used?
Structural strength and simplicity
What is the purpose of Reynolds' Number?
To determine the type of flow
What is the characteristic of Pipe Flow?
Flow in a confined or closed conduit carrying fluids under pressure
What is the term for the velocity at which the transition from laminar to turbulent flow starts?
Critical velocity
What is the definition of wetted perimeter?
The line of intersection of the pipe's wetted surface with a cross-sectional plane
What is the characteristic of the most efficient sections in an open channel?
Maximum rate of discharge with minimum wetted perimeter
What is the primary advantage of a circular pipe cross-section?
Least resistance to surface friction
What type of flow occurs when the Reynolds' Number is less than 2100?
Laminar Flow
What is the primary force exerted by a liquid in an open channel?
Pressure due to its own weight and atmospheric pressure
What is the term for the depth at which the discharge is maximum for a given total head?
Critical Depth
What is the characteristic of a pipe flow?
Flow in a closed conduit under pressure
What is the condition for the transition from laminar to turbulent flow?
When the velocity is greater than the critical velocity
What is the primary characteristic of the most efficient sections in an open channel?
Maximum rate of discharge with minimum wetted perimeter
What are the three conditions of flow in an open channel?
Steady, Uniform, and Continuous
Study Notes
Pipe Flow and Open Channel Flow
- Circular pipe is the most commonly used cross-section of pipes due to its structural strength and simplicity.
- Reynolds' Number is the criterion to determine the type of flow.
Flow Types
- Turbulent Flow: Reynolds' Number (Re) > 3000
- Laminar Flow: Reynolds' Number (Re) < 2100
Pipe Flow Characteristics
- Pipe Flow is a flow in a confined or closed conduit carrying fluids under pressure.
- Circular pipes have the least resistance to surface friction, resulting in smaller head losses.
- The transition from laminar to turbulent flow starts when a certain velocity, known as critical velocity, is attained and exceeded.
Open Channel Flow
- The wetted perimeter of any conduit is the line of intersection of its wetted surface with a cross-sectional plane.
- There are three conditions of flow in an open channel: Steady Flow, Uniform Flow, and Continuous Flow.
- Critical depth is the depth at which, for a given total head, the discharge is maximum or conversely, the depth at which a given flow occurs with minimum content of energy.
- Most Efficient sections in an open channel are sections which, for a given slope, channel cross-sectional area, and roughness, the rate of discharge is maximum while the wetted perimeter is minimum.
Hydraulic Jump and Head Loss
- Hydraulic jump is an abrupt rise in water surface which results from retarding water flowing at a lower stage.
- Major Head Loss: friction
- Minor Head Loss: contraction, bends or curves, obstructions, enlargement
- The basic formula for friction head loss is the Chezy Formula.
- The hydraulic radius is the area of cross-section of the stream divided by the wetted perimeter.
This quiz covers the basics of pipe flow and open channel flow, including the types of flow and pipe flow characteristics. Learn about the Reynolds' Number and its role in determining flow types.
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