Carbon-Neutral Building and Fire Safety

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Questions and Answers

What is a carbon-neutral building?

A building where net greenhouse gas emissions are equal to zero, meaning all emissions produced are offset by reductions or removals.

What is Energy Use Intensity (EUI)?

The annual energy consumption divided by building floor area (e.g., kBtu/ft²·yr).

What are the four primary fire design intents?

  1. Protection of life, 2) Protection of building, 3) Protection of contents, 4) Continuity of operation.

In fire suppression, how much heat does water remove when vaporizing, and what is its volume increase?

<p>Water removes 970 Btu per pound (2256 kJ/kg) and its volume increases approximately 1,700 times upon vaporization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should Variable Air Volume (VAV) HVAC dampers respond during a fire alarm activation?

<p>All supply valves (dampers) must go to their full-open position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Daylight Factor (DF)?

<p>The ratio, expressed as a percentage (%), of the interior illuminance on a reference plane to the exterior illuminance under an overcast sky.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical sky illuminance in Miami?

<p>Approximately 9,100 lux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does STC stand for, and what is a typical code requirement?

<p>STC stands for Sound Transmission Classification. Building codes typically require an STC rating of 50 or higher for partitions between dwelling units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is STC measured, and what is the STC rating of a standard 2x4 wall with single gypsum board on each side?

<p>STC is measured by comparing transmission-loss values at 16 standard frequencies (125 Hz to 4 kHz) against reference curves. A standard 2×4 wall with single gypsum board on each side typically has an STC rating of 35.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Reverberation Time (RT₆₀), and what is the typical range for classrooms and lecture halls?

<p>RT₆₀ is the time it takes for sound energy in a space to decay by 60 decibels (dB). For classrooms and lecture halls, the recommended range is typically 0.75 to 1.00 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approximate percentages make up the solar spectrum?

<p>Approximately 51% infrared, 45% visible light, and 4% ultraviolet (UV).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary functions of a light shelf?

<ol> <li>To redistribute daylight deeper into the interior space. 2) To provide shading for the lower portion of the window (vision glazing).</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Which ISO standards series relate to environmental assessment and energy management?

<p>The ISO 14000 series (including ISO 14040 for Life Cycle Assessment - LCA) covers environmental management systems and assessments. ISO 50001 specifically addresses energy management systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how much of the polar ice cap has melted since 1979?

<p>Over 20% of the polar ice cap has melted away since 1979.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the projected sea level rise by mid-century (2050) according to NOAA's "interHigh" scenarios?

<p>The projections indicate significant to potentially catastrophic rises in sea level by 2050.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical design-sky illuminance range at the equator?

<p>12,000 - 15,000 lux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical design-sky illuminance range at 60° latitude?

<p>3,000 - 4,000 lux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do closely spaced contour lines on a topographic map indicate?

<p>Closely spaced contour lines indicate steep terrain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unit is used to measure luminous flux?

<p>The lumen (lm).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does luminous intensity quantify?

<p>Luminous intensity quantifies the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unit is used to measure illuminance?

<p>The lux (lx).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the conversion factor between footcandles (fc) and lux (lx)?

<p>1 footcandle (fc) is equal to approximately 10.8 lux (lx).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does luminance measure, and what are its units?

<p>Luminance measures the amount of light reflected off or emitted from a surface in a particular direction. It is typically measured in candela per square meter (cd/m²) or candela per square foot (cd/ft²).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance level for rarely used spaces like storage areas?

<p>50 lux (approximately 5 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance level for detailed electronics assembly?

<p>1,000 lux (approximately 100 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance level for corridors or loading bays?

<p>100-150 lux (approximately 10-15 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance level for tasks like hand tailoring or precision assembly?

<p>1,500-2,000 lux (approximately 150-200 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance level for dining rooms or foyers?

<p>200 lux (approximately 20 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance level for libraries and assembly halls?

<p>300 lux (approximately 30 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activity is recommended to have an illuminance level of 500 lux (50 fc)?

<p>Drawing offices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activity is recommended to have an illuminance level of 750 lux (75 fc)?

<p>Drawing offices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Above what height is daylight glazing typically placed?

<p>Daylight glazing is typically placed above 7 feet 6 inches (approx. 2.3 meters) from the floor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Above what height is vision glazing typically placed?

<p>Vision glazing is typically placed above 2 feet 6 inches (approx. 0.76 meters) from the floor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical Sound Transmission Classification (STC) rating of a standard 2x4 wood stud wall with a single layer of gypsum board on each side?

<p>STC 35.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many STC points can QuietZone framing potentially add compared to standard wall construction?

<p>QuietZone or similar specialized framing systems can add approximately 14 to 28 STC points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What STC rating do building codes typically require for partitions between adjacent dwelling units?

<p>Building codes commonly require STC 50 or higher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What STC rating generally satisfies most occupants regarding noise transmission and is considered relatively easy to achieve in construction?

<p>STC 55.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What frequency range do Noise-Criterion (NC) curves typically cover?

<p>NC curves cover the frequency range from 63 Hz to 8,000 Hz.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal Reverberation Time (RT₆₀) range for small offices?

<p>0.50 - 0.75 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal Reverberation Time (RT₆₀) range for classrooms and lecture halls?

<p>0.75 - 1.00 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal Reverberation Time (RT₆₀) range for general work rooms?

<p>1.00 - 2.00 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal Reverberation Time (RT₆₀) range for music rehearsal rooms?

<p>0.80 - 1.00 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal Reverberation Time (RT₆₀) range for chamber-music spaces?

<p>1.00 - 1.50 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal Reverberation Time (RT₆₀) range for orchestral or choral music spaces?

<p>1.50 - 2.00 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal Reverberation Time (RT₆₀) range for halls intended for large organs or choirs?

<p>2.00 - 2.25 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical frequency range of human hearing?

<p>Approximately 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (or 20 kHz).</p> Signup and view all the answers

A +10 dB increase in sound level corresponds to what change in sound power?

<p>A ten-fold increase in sound power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A +3 dB increase in sound level corresponds to what change in sound power?

<p>A doubling (approximately) of sound power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of homes in Israel utilize solar thermal water heaters?

<p>Approximately 90%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the solar spectrum consists of ultraviolet (UV) radiation?

<p>Approximately 4%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

For approximately how long have passive solar design principles been utilized in buildings?

<p>Approximately 3,500 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the polar ice cap has melted since 1979?

<p>Over 20%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

By approximately how many times does the volume of water increase when it turns to steam during fire suppression?

<p>Approximately 1,700 times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four primary ways water acts to suppress fire?

<p>Water primarily suppresses fire by cooling (absorbing heat), smothering (displacing oxygen via steam), emulsifying (mixing with certain flammable liquids), and diluting (reducing the concentration of fuel).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many classes and types of standpipe and hose systems are defined in fire codes?

<p>There are 3 classes (Class I, II, III) and 5 types (automatic wet, automatic dry, semiautomatic dry, manual wet, manual dry) of standpipe systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the supply-air setting for VAV dampers when a fire detection system is activated?

<p>The system should switch to 100% outside air, and return air dampers should be blocked or closed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under Department of Energy (DOE) milestones, what was the target year for making net-zero energy homes marketable?

<ol start="2020"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the target year for achieving commercial net-zero energy buildings at a low incremental cost?

<ol start="2025"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Under Executive Order 13514, by what year must all new federal buildings be designed to achieve zero-net-energy?

<ol start="2030"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Under Executive Order 13514, what percentage of existing large federal buildings were required to meet high-performance sustainable building goals by 2015?

<p>15%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Energy Use Intensity (EUI) typically expressed?

<p>EUI is expressed as annual energy consumption per unit of floor area, for example, in kilo-British thermal units per square foot per year (kBtu/ft²·yr) or kilowatt-hours per square meter per year (kWh/m²·yr).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the Daylight Factor (DF) calculated?

<p>Daylight Factor (DF) is calculated as the ratio of the interior illuminance at a specific point to the simultaneous exterior horizontal illuminance under a standard CIE overcast sky, expressed as a percentage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does STC stand for, and what property does it rate?

<p>STC stands for Sound Transmission Classification. It rates a partition's (like a wall or floor/ceiling) ability to attenuate or block airborne noise over a specific frequency range (125 Hz to 4 kHz).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much heat is removed per pound (or kilogram) of water when it vaporizes in a sprinkler system, and what is the approximate volume increase?

<p>Water removes 970 Btu per pound (or 2256 kJ per kilogram) of heat upon vaporization. Its volume increases approximately 1,700 times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate typical sky illuminance at Miami's latitude (around 25° North)?

<p>Approximately 9,100 lux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many lux are equivalent to one footcandle?

<p>One footcandle (fc) is equal to approximately 10.8 lux (lx).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What portion of the solar energy spectrum is composed of infrared radiation?

<p>Approximately 51%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a carbon-neutral building?

<p>A building where net greenhouse-gas emissions are equal to zero, meaning all emissions produced are offset by reductions or removals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Energy Use Intensity (EUI)?

<p>Energy Use Intensity (EUI) is the annual energy consumption of a building divided by its floor area, typically expressed in units like kBtu/ft²·yr.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four primary fire design intents?

<ol> <li>Protection of life, 2) Protection of the building structure, 3) Protection of building contents, and 4) Continuity of operation.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How much heat is removed when water vaporizes during fire suppression, and by how much does its volume increase?

<p>Water removes 970 Btu per pound (2256 kJ/kg) of heat when it vaporizes, and its volume increases approximately 1,700 times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to VAV HVAC system dampers during a fire event?

<p>Upon fire detection activation, all supply air valves (dampers) in a VAV system must go to their full-open position, and the system should switch to 100% outside air (blocking return dampers) to pressurize zones and prevent smoke from entering return ducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Daylight Factor (DF)?

<p>The Daylight Factor (DF) is the ratio, expressed as a percentage (%), of the interior illuminance measured on a reference plane to the exterior illuminance available under a standard overcast sky.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate typical sky illuminance at Miami's latitude (25°)?

<p>Approximately 9,100 lux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does STC stand for, and what is a typical code requirement?

<p>STC stands for Sound Transmission Classification. Building codes typically require partition assemblies to have an STC rating of 50 or higher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is STC measured, and what is the STC of a standard 2x4 wall?

<p>STC is measured by comparing the transmission-loss values of a partition at 16 standard frequencies (125 Hz to 4 kHz) against reference curves. A standard 2x4 wood stud wall with a single layer of gypsum board on each side typically has an STC of about 35.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Reverberation Time (RT₆₀), and what is a typical range for classrooms/lecture halls?

<p>Reverberation time (RT₆₀) is the time, in seconds, required for sound levels in a space to decay by 60 decibels (dB) after the sound source has stopped. The ideal RT₆₀ for classrooms and lecture halls is typically between 0.75 and 1.00 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentages of the solar spectrum are infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet (UV)?

<p>The solar spectrum is approximately 51% infrared, 45% visible light, and 4% ultraviolet (UV).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary functions of a light shelf?

<ol> <li>To redistribute daylight deeper into the building's interior space. 2) To provide shading for the lower (vision) portion of the window.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Which ISO standards series relate to environmental assessment and energy management?

<p>The ISO 14000 series covers environmental assessment (e.g., ISO 14040 for Life Cycle Assessment - LCA), and ISO 50001 addresses energy management systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how much of the polar ice cap has melted away since 1979?

<p>Over 20% of the polar ice cap has melted away since 1979.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the projected impact on sea level by mid-century (2050) according to NOAA's "interHigh" map layers?

<p>Significant to catastrophic rises in sea level are projected by 2050.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical design-sky illuminance range at the equator?

<p>12,000 - 15,000 lux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical design-sky illuminance range at 60° latitude?

<p>3,000 - 4,000 lux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do closely spaced contour lines on a topographic map indicate?

<p>Closely spaced contour lines indicate steep terrain or a steep slope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unit is used to measure luminous flux?

<p>Lumen (lm).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does luminous intensity quantify?

<p>Luminous intensity quantifies the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unit is used to measure illuminance?

<p>Lux (lx).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many lux are equivalent to one footcandle (fc)?

<p>One footcandle (fc) is equal to approximately 10.8 lux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does luminance measure?

<p>Luminance measures the amount of light reflected off or emitted from a surface per unit area in a given direction, often expressed in candela per square foot (cd/ft²) or candela per square meter (cd/m²).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance level for rarely used spaces like storage areas?

<p>50 lux (approximately 5 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance level for tasks requiring detailed electronics assembly?

<p>1,000 lux (approximately 100 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance range for corridors or loading bays?

<p>100-150 lux (approximately 10-15 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance range for tasks like hand tailoring or precision assembly?

<p>1,500-2,000 lux (approximately 150-200 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance level for spaces like dining rooms or foyers?

<p>200 lux (approximately 20 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance level for libraries (reading areas) and assembly halls?

<p>300 lux (approximately 30 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of space typically requires a recommended illuminance level of 500 lux (50 fc) or 750 lux (75 fc)?

<p>Drawing offices (or similar spaces requiring detailed drafting or design work).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical height above the finished floor for the bottom edge of daylight glazing?

<p>Daylight glazing is typically placed above 7 ft 6 in (approx. 2.3 meters).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical height above the finished floor for the bottom edge of vision glazing?

<p>Vision glazing is typically placed above 2 ft 6 in (approx. 0.75 meters).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many STC points can using QuietZone framing potentially add compared to standard wall construction?

<p>QuietZone framing can potentially add 14 to 28 STC points over standard wall construction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What STC rating generally satisfies most occupants in terms of sound privacy and is relatively easy to achieve in construction?

<p>STC 55.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What frequency range do Noise-Criterion (NC) curves cover?

<p>Noise-Criterion (NC) curves cover the frequency range from 63 Hz to 8,000 Hz.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal Reverberation Time (RT₆₀) range for small offices?

<p>0.50 - 0.75 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal Reverberation Time (RT₆₀) range for general work rooms?

<p>1.00 - 2.00 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal Reverberation Time (RT₆₀) range for music rehearsal rooms?

<p>0.80 - 1.00 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal Reverberation Time (RT₆₀) range for spaces designed for chamber music?

<p>1.00 - 1.50 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal Reverberation Time (RT₆₀) range for spaces designed for orchestral or choral music?

<p>1.50 - 2.00 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal Reverberation Time (RT₆₀) range for halls intended for large organs or choirs?

<p>2.00 - 2.25 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical frequency range audible to humans?

<p>20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (or 20 kHz).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the change in decibels (dB) corresponding to a ten-fold increase in sound power?

<p>+10 dB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the change in decibels (dB) corresponding to a doubling of sound power?

<p>+3 dB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of homes in Israel are equipped with solar thermal water heaters?

<p>Approximately 90%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

For approximately how long has passive solar design been utilized in buildings?

<p>Approximately 3,500 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary ways water suppresses fire?

<p>Water suppresses fire primarily by cooling the fuel below its ignition temperature. It can also smother the fire by displacing oxygen with steam, emulsify certain liquids, and dilute flammable solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many classes and types of standpipe and hose systems are typically defined in fire codes?

<p>There are 3 classes (Class I, II, III) and 5 types (Automatic-wet, Automatic-dry, Semiautomatic-dry, Manual-dry, Manual-wet) of standpipe systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under the Department of Energy (DOE) milestones, what was the target year for making net-zero energy homes marketable?

<ol start="2020"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the target year for achieving commercial net-zero energy buildings at low incremental cost?

<ol start="2025"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Under Executive Order 13514, by what year must new federal buildings be designed to achieve zero-net-energy?

<ol start="2030"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Under Executive Order 13514, what percentage of existing large federal buildings were targeted to meet high-performance green building goals by 2015?

<p>15%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a carbon-neutral building?

<p>A building where net greenhouse-gas emissions are zero, meaning all emissions produced are offset by reductions or removals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Energy Use Intensity (EUI)?

<p>Energy Use Intensity (EUI) is the annual energy consumption of a building divided by its floor area, typically measured in units like kBtu/ft²·yr or kWh/m²·yr.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary design intents for fire protection in buildings? (Select all that apply)

<p>Continuity of operation (A), Protection of life (C), Protection of building (D), Protection of contents (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much heat is removed per pound of water when it turns to steam during fire suppression, and by how much does its volume increase?

<p>Water removes 970 Btu per pound (2256 kJ/kg) as it vaporizes, and its volume increases approximately 1,700 times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should Variable Air Volume (VAV) HVAC system dampers respond during a fire event to pressurize zones?

<p>All supply dampers should move to their fully open position to pressurize zones, preventing smoke from entering return ducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Daylight Factor (DF).

<p>Daylight Factor (DF) is the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the illuminance at a point inside a building to the simultaneous unobstructed external illuminance under an overcast sky.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate typical sky illuminance value used for design purposes in Miami?

<p>Approximately 9,100 lux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Building codes often require a Sound Transmission Classification (STC) rating of 40 or lower for partitions between dwelling units.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the Sound Transmission Classification (STC) of a partition measured?

<p>STC is determined by measuring the sound transmission loss across 16 standard frequencies (from 125 Hz to 4 kHz) and comparing these values to a standard reference curve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reverberation time (RT₆₀), and what is a typical recommended range for classrooms and lecture halls?

<p>Reverberation time (RT₆₀) is the time it takes for sound pressure levels to decay by 60 decibels after the sound source stops. For classrooms and lecture halls, a typical recommended range is 0.75 to 1.00 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of the solar spectrum consists of infrared radiation?

<p>51% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary functions of a light shelf in building design?

<ol> <li>To reflect and redistribute daylight deeper into the building's interior spaces. 2) To provide shading for the lower portion of the window (vision glazing), reducing glare and direct solar heat gain.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Which ISO standard series relate to environmental assessment and energy management in buildings?

<p>The ISO 14000 series covers environmental management systems and tools like Life Cycle Assessment (LCA, specifically ISO 14040), while ISO 50001 focuses on energy management systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Less than 10% of the polar ice cap has melted since 1979.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to NOAA projections (e.g., "interHigh" scenarios), what is the anticipated trend for sea-level rise by mid-century (around 2050)?

<p>Projections indicate significant to potentially catastrophic rises in sea level by 2050.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical design-sky illuminance range used for locations near the equator?

<p>12,000 - 15,000 lux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical design-sky illuminance range used for locations at approximately 60° latitude?

<p>3,000 - 4,000 lux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do closely spaced contour lines on a topographic map indicate about the terrain?

<p>Closely spaced contour lines indicate steep terrain or a steep slope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard unit used to measure luminous flux?

<p>Lumen (lm).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does luminous intensity measure?

<p>Luminous intensity quantifies the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle. Its unit is the candela (cd).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard SI unit used to measure illuminance?

<p>Lux (lx).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many lux are approximately equal to one footcandle (fc)?

<p>1 footcandle (fc) is approximately equal to 10.8 lux (often rounded to 1 fc ≈ 10 lux for rough estimates).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does luminance measure, and what are its typical units?

<p>Luminance measures the amount of light reflected or emitted from a surface in a given direction per unit area. It represents the perceived brightness of a surface and is typically measured in candela per square meter (cd/m², also called a nit) or candela per square foot (cd/ft²).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance level for rarely used spaces like some storage areas?

<p>50 lux (approximately 5 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance level for tasks requiring high visual detail, such as detailed electronics assembly?

<p>1,000 lux (approximately 100 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance range for circulation spaces like corridors or loading bays?

<p>100-150 lux (approximately 10-15 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance range for very demanding visual tasks like hand tailoring or precision assembly?

<p>1,500-2,000 lux (approximately 150-200 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance level for spaces like dining rooms or foyers?

<p>200 lux (approximately 20 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended illuminance level for spaces like libraries (reading areas) and assembly halls?

<p>300 lux (approximately 30 footcandles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What task area typically requires a recommended illuminance level of 500 lux (50 fc)?

<p>Drawing offices or general office spaces often require around 500 lux for comfortable task performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What task area might require a higher illuminance level of 750 lux (75 fc)?

<p>Areas within drawing offices dedicated to detailed drawing or technical work might require 750 lux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Above what height is daylight glazing (clerestory windows) typically placed?

<p>Daylight glazing is typically placed above 7 feet 6 inches (approx. 2.3 meters) from the finished floor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Above what height is vision glazing (standard windows for view) typically placed?

<p>The sill of vision glazing is typically placed above 2 feet 6 inches (approx. 0.76 meters) from the finished floor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical Sound Transmission Classification (STC) rating for a standard 2x4 wood stud wall with a single layer of gypsum board on each side?

<p>STC 35.</p> Signup and view all the answers

By how many points can specialized framing techniques, like Owens Corning's QuietZone framing, typically improve the STC rating compared to standard wall construction?

<p>These techniques can add approximately 14 to 28 STC points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical minimum Sound Transmission Classification (STC) rating required by building codes for partitions between dwellings or other critical adjacencies?

<p>Building codes typically require STC 50 or higher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What STC rating is generally considered sufficient to satisfy most occupants regarding sound insulation and is relatively achievable in construction?

<p>STC 55.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What frequency range is typically covered by Noise Criterion (NC) curves used for evaluating background noise levels?

<p>63 Hz to 8,000 Hz (corresponding to octave band center frequencies).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal reverberation time (RT₆₀) range for small offices to ensure good speech clarity?

<p>0.50 - 0.75 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal reverberation time (RT₆₀) range for classrooms and lecture halls?

<p>0.75 - 1.00 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal reverberation time (RT₆₀) range for general work rooms?

<p>1.00 - 2.00 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal reverberation time (RT₆₀) range for music rehearsal rooms?

<p>0.80 - 1.00 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal reverberation time (RT₆₀) range for spaces designed for chamber music?

<p>1.00 - 1.50 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal reverberation time (RT₆₀) range for concert halls intended for orchestral or choral music?

<p>1.50 - 2.00 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal reverberation time (RT₆₀) range for large halls featuring pipe organs or large choirs?

<p>2.00 - 2.25 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical frequency range of human hearing?

<p>20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (or 20 kHz).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many decibels (dB) represent a ten-fold increase in sound power or intensity?

<p>A ten-fold increase in sound power corresponds to an increase of 10 dB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many decibels (dB) represent a doubling of sound power or intensity?

<p>A doubling of sound power corresponds to an increase of approximately 3 dB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of homes in Israel utilize solar thermal water heaters?

<p>Approximately 90%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of the solar spectrum consists of ultraviolet (UV) radiation?

<p>Approximately 4%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

For approximately how long have humans utilized principles of passive solar design in building?

<p>Approximately 3,500 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of the polar ice cap has melted since 1979?

<p>Over 20%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

By approximately how many times does the volume of water increase when it turns into steam during fire suppression?

<p>Approximately 1,700 times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are ways water helps suppress fires? (Select all that apply)

<p>Smothering (displacing oxygen) (A), Emulsifying certain fuels (B), Diluting liquid fuels (D), Cooling the fuel (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many classes and types of standpipe and hose systems are typically defined in fire protection standards?

<p>There are 3 classes and 5 types of standpipe and hose systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In some fire/smoke control strategies, what setting should VAV system supply air dampers go to upon activation, and what happens to return dampers?

<p>The system may be designed to switch to 100% outside air supply, with return air dampers simultaneously blocked or closed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the target year set by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for achieving marketable net-zero energy homes?

<ol start="2020"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the target year set by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for achieving commercial net-zero energy buildings at low incremental cost?

<ol start="2025"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

According to Executive Order 13514, by what year must all new U.S. federal buildings be designed to achieve zero-net-energy?

<ol start="2030"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Under Executive Order 13514, what percentage of existing large U.S. federal buildings (by square footage) were required to meet specified high-performance sustainable building goals by 2015?

<p>15%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Energy Use Intensity (EUI) and provide a typical unit.

<p>Energy Use Intensity (EUI) is a building's total annual energy consumption divided by its total floor area. A typical unit is kilo-British thermal units per square foot per year (kBtu/ft²·yr).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the Daylight Factor (DF) calculated?

<p>Daylight Factor (DF) is calculated as the ratio of the illuminance at a point inside a building to the simultaneous unobstructed external illuminance under a standard overcast sky condition, expressed as a percentage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym STC stand for in acoustics, and what does it measure?

<p>STC stands for Sound Transmission Classification. It rates how well a building partition (like a wall or floor/ceiling assembly) attenuates or reduces airborne sound, measured over a frequency range of 125 Hz to 4 kHz.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When water from a sprinkler system vaporizes, it removes approximately _____ Btu per pound (_____ kJ/kg) of heat and its volume increases about _____ times.

<p>970 | 2256 | 1,700</p> Signup and view all the answers

The typical design sky illuminance at Miami's latitude (approximately 25° N) is around _____ lux.

<p>9,100</p> Signup and view all the answers

One footcandle (fc) is equal to approximately _____ lux.

<p>10.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately _____ % of the sun's electromagnetic spectrum reaching the Earth's surface is infrared radiation.

<p>51</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Carbon-neutral building

Net-zero greenhouse gas emissions through offsets.

Energy Use Intensity (EUI)

Annual energy use divided by building floor area.

Fire design intents

Protect life, building, contents, and operation.

Heat removal in fire suppression

Water-to-steam at 970 Btu/lb, expands ~1,700x.

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VAV HVAC dampers response during fire

Supply dampers fully open, pressurizing zones.

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Daylight Factor (DF)

Ratio of interior to exterior illuminance under overcast sky.

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Typical sky illuminance at Miami

Approximately 9,100 lux.

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STC

Sound Transmission Classification; rating for airborne noise reduction.

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Measurement of STC

Based on transmission-loss at 16 frequencies (125 Hz-4 kHz).

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Reverberation time (RT₆₀)

Time for sound to decay 60 dB.

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Percentage of solar spectrum that is infrared

~51% infrared, 45% visible, 4% UV.

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Functions of a light shelf

Redistribute daylight, shade lower windows.

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ISO standards for environmental assessment

ISO 14000 (LCA), ISO 50001 (energy mgt).

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Ice-cap loss since 1979

Over 20% of the polar ice cap.

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Projected rise in sea level by mid-century

Significant/catastrophic rises by 2050 (NOAA).

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Design-sky illuminance range at the equator

12,000 - 15,000 lux.

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Design-sky illuminance range at 60° latitude

3,000 - 4,000 lux.

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Closely spaced contour lines on a topographic map

Indicate steep terrain.

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Unit measuring luminous flux

Lumen (lm).

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Luminous intensity

Wavelength-weighted power emitted per solid angle.

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Unit used for illuminance

Lux (lx).

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Conversion of footcandle to lux

1 fc = 10.8 lux.

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Luminance

Light reflected off a surface, in candela/ft².

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Recommended illuminance for rarely used spaces

50 lux (5 fc).

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Recommended illuminance for detailed electronics assembly

1,000 lux (100 fc).

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Recommended illuminance for corridors or loading bays

100-150 lux (10-15 fc).

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Recommended illuminance for hand tailoring or precision assembly

1,500-2,000 lux (150-200 fc).

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Recommended illuminance for dining rooms or foyers

200 lux (20 fc).

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Recommended illuminance for libraries and assembly halls

300 lux (30 fc).

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500 lux (50 fc)

Recommended illuminance for drawing offices.

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750 lux (75 fc)

Recommended illuminance for drawing offices.

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Daylight glazing height

Typically placed above 7 ft 6 in.

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Vision glazing height

Typically placed above 2 ft 6 in.

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STC rating of a standard 2×4 wall

STC 35.

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QuietZone framing STC points

Can add 14 to 28 points over standard wall construction.

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Building codes STC requirement

Typically require STC 50 or higher.

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Occupant satisfaction STC rating

STC 55 generally satisfies most occupants and is easy to achieve.

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Noise-Criterion (NC) curves frequency range

Cover 63 Hz - 8,000 Hz.

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Ideal RT₆₀ for small offices

0.50 - 0.75 s.

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Ideal RT₆₀ for classrooms and lecture halls

0.75 - 1.00 s.

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Ideal RT₆₀ for general work rooms

1.00 - 2.00 s.

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Ideal RT₆₀ for music rehearsal rooms

0.80 - 1.00 s.

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Ideal RT₆₀ for chamber-music spaces

1.00 - 1.50 s.

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Ideal RT₆₀ for orchestral or choral music spaces

1.50 - 2.00 s.

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Ideal RT₆₀ for large-organ or choir halls

2.00 - 2.25 s.

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Typical human audible frequency range

20 Hz - 20,000 Hz.

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Ten-fold increase in sound power

+10 dB.

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Doubling of sound power

+3 dB.

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Percentage of Israeli homes with solar thermal water heaters

90 %.

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Percentage of solar spectrum that is ultraviolet (UV)

4 %.

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Duration of passive solar design use

Approximately 3,500 years.

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Polar ice cap melting since 1979

Over 20 %.

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Volume increase of water when vaporizing in fire suppression

1,700 times.

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Ways water suppresses fire

Cools, smothers, emulsifies, dilutes.

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Classes and types of standpipe and hose systems

3 classes and 5 types.

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VAV dampers supply-air setting during fire detection activation

100 % outside air (return dampers blocked).

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Target year for marketable net-zero energy homes under DOE milestones

2020

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Target year for commercial net-zero energy buildings at low incremental cost

2025

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Year new federal buildings must achieve zero-net-energy under EO 13514

2030

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Percentage of existing large federal buildings meeting high-performance goals by 2015 under EO 13514

15 %.

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Energy Use Intensity (EUI)

Annual energy consumption per unit floor area (e.g., kBtu/ft²·yr).

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Daylight Factor (DF)

Interior illuminance ÷ exterior illuminance under overcast sky, expressed as a percentage.

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What does STC stand for?

Sound Transmission Classification; it rates a partition's ability to attenuate airborne noise (125 Hz-4 kHz).

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Heat removed by water when vaporizing in a sprinkler system

970 Btu/lb (2256 kJ/kg), with volume increasing ~1,700 ×.

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Typical sky illuminance at Miami's latitude (25°)

~9,100 lux.

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How many lux are in one footcandle?

1 fc = 10.8 lux.

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Portion of the solar spectrum that is infrared

~51 %.

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Study Notes

Carbon-Neutral Building

  • A carbon-neutral building has net greenhouse gas emissions equal to zero.
  • All emissions produced are offset by reductions or removals.

Energy Use Intensity (EUI)

  • EUI is the annual energy consumption divided by the building floor area.
  • It is expressed in units such as kBtu/ft²yr.

Fire Design Intents

  • Fire design intents include the protection of life, building, and contents, as well as the continuity of operation.

Heat Removal in Fire Suppression

  • Water removes 970 Btu per pound (2256 kJ/kg) when vaporizing.
  • The volume of water increases approximately 1,700 times during vaporization.

VAV HVAC Dampers Response During Fire

  • All supply valves (dampers) in VAV HVAC systems must fully open during a fire.
  • This pressurizes zones and prevents smoke from entering return ducts.

Daylight Factor (DF)

  • Daylight Factor (DF) is the ratio of interior illuminance on a reference plane to exterior illuminance under an overcast sky, expressed as a percentage.

Typical Sky Illuminance at Miami

  • The typical sky illuminance at Miami is approximately 9,100 lux.

STC

  • STC stands for Sound Transmission Classification.
  • Codes typically require an STC of 50 or higher.

Measurement of STC

  • STC is measured by comparing transmission-loss values at 16 frequencies (125 Hz - 4 kHz) against reference curves.
  • For example, a 2x4 wall with a single layer of gypsum on each side has an STC of 35.

Reverberation Time (RT₆₀)

  • Reverberation time (RT₆₀) is the time it takes for sound to decay by 60 dB.
  • The ideal RT₆₀ for classrooms and lecture halls is 0.75-1.00 s.

Percentage of Solar Spectrum That Is Infrared

  • Approximately 51% of the solar spectrum is infrared.
  • 45% of the spectrum is visible light.
  • 4% is ultraviolet (UV).

Functions of a Light Shelf

  • Light shelves redistribute daylight deeper into the interior.
  • They provide shading to lower windows.

ISO Standards for Environmental Assessment

  • The ISO 14000 series (e.g., 14040 for LCA) and ISO 50001 are standards for environmental assessment and energy management.

Ice-Cap Loss Since 1979

  • Over 20% of the polar ice cap has melted since 1979.

Projected Rise in Sea Level by Mid-Century

  • Significant to catastrophic rises in sea level are projected by 2050.

Design-Sky Illuminance Range at the Equator

  • The design-sky illuminance range at the equator is 12,000 - 15,000 lux.

Design-Sky Illuminance Range at 60° Latitude

  • The design-sky illuminance range at 60° latitude is 3,000 - 4,000 lux.

Closely Spaced Contour Lines on a Topographic Map

  • Closely spaced contour lines on a topographic map indicate steep terrain.

Unit Measuring Luminous Flux

  • The unit measuring luminous flux is the lumen (lm).

Luminous Intensity

  • Luminous intensity quantifies wavelength-weighted power emitted per solid angle.

Unit Used for Illuminance

  • The unit used for illuminance is the lux (lx).

Conversion of Footcandle to Lux

  • 1 footcandle (fc) is equal to 10.8 lux.

Luminance

  • Luminance measures light reflected off a surface.
  • It is measured in candela per square foot (cd/f²).
  • The recommended illuminance for rarely used spaces is 50 lux (5 fc).
  • The recommended illuminance for detailed electronics assembly is 1,000 lux (100 fc).
  • The recommended illuminance for corridors or loading bays is 100-150 lux (10-15 fc).
  • The recommended illuminance for hand tailoring or precision assembly is 1,500-2,000 lux (150-200 fc).
  • The recommended illuminance for dining rooms or foyers is 200 lux (20 fc).
  • The recommended illuminance for libraries and assembly halls is 300 lux (30 fc).
  • The recommended illuminance for drawing offices is 500 lux (50 fc).

Daylight Glazing Height

  • Daylight glazing is typically placed above 7 ft 6 in.

Vision Glazing Height

  • Vision glazing is typically placed above 2 ft 6 in.

STC Rating of a Standard 2×4 Wall

  • A standard 2×4 wall has an STC rating of 35.

QuietZone Framing STC Points

  • QuietZone framing can add 14 to 28 STC points over standard wall construction.

Building Codes STC Requirement

  • Building codes typically require an STC of 50 or higher.

Occupant Satisfaction STC Rating

  • An STC of 55 generally satisfies most occupants and is easy to achieve.

Noise-Criterion (NC) Curves Frequency Range

  • Noise-Criterion (NC) curves cover a frequency range of 63 Hz - 8,000 Hz.

Ideal RT₆₀ for Small Offices

  • The ideal RT₆₀ for small offices is 0.50 - 0.75 s.

Ideal RT₆₀ for Classrooms and Lecture Halls

  • The ideal RT₆₀ for classrooms and lecture halls is 0.75 - 1.00 s.

Ideal RT₆₀ for General Work Rooms

  • The ideal RT₆₀ for general work rooms is 1.00 - 2.00 s.

Ideal RT₆₀ for Music Rehearsal Rooms

  • The ideal RT₆₀ for music rehearsal rooms is 0.80 - 1.00 s.

Ideal RT₆₀ for Chamber-Music Spaces

  • The ideal RT₆₀ for chamber-music spaces is 1.00 - 1.50 s.

Ideal RT₆₀ for Orchestral or Choral Music Spaces

  • The ideal RT₆₀ for orchestral or choral music spaces is 1.50 - 2.00 s.

Ideal RT₆₀ for Large-Organ or Choir Halls

  • The ideal RT₆₀ for large-organ or choir halls is 2.00 - 2.25 s.

Typical Human Audible Frequency Range

  • The typical human audible frequency range is 20 Hz - 20,000 Hz.

Ten-Fold Increase in Sound Power

  • A ten-fold increase in sound power corresponds to +10 dB.

Doubling of Sound Power

  • Doubling of sound power corresponds to +3 dB.

Percentage of Israeli Homes with Solar Thermal Water Heaters

  • 90% of Israeli homes have solar thermal water heaters.

Percentage of Solar Spectrum That Is Ultraviolet (UV)

  • 4% of the solar spectrum is ultraviolet (UV).

Duration of Passive Solar Design Use

  • Passive solar design has been used for approximately 3,500 years.

Polar Ice Cap Melting Since 1979

  • Over 20% of the polar ice cap has melted since 1979.

Volume Increase of Water When Vaporizing in Fire Suppression

  • The volume of water increases 1,700 times when vaporizing in fire suppression.

Ways Water Suppresses Fire

  • Water suppresses fire by cooling, smothering, emulsifying, and diluting.

Classes and Types of Standpipe and Hose Systems

  • There are 3 classes and 5 types of standpipe and hose systems.

VAV Dampers Supply-Air Setting During Fire Detection Activation

  • VAV dampers supply 100% outside air, and return dampers are blocked when fire detection is activated.

Target Year for Marketable Net-Zero Energy Homes Under DOE Milestones

  • The target year for marketable net-zero energy homes under DOE milestones was 2020.

Target Year for Commercial Net-Zero Energy Buildings at Low Incremental Cost

  • The target year for commercial net-zero energy buildings at low incremental cost is 2025.

Year New Federal Buildings Must Achieve Zero-Net-Energy Under EO 13514

  • New federal buildings must achieve zero-net-energy by 2030 under EO 13514.

Percentage of Existing Large Federal Buildings Meeting High-Performance Goals by 2015 Under EO 13514

  • 15% of existing large federal buildings were to meet high-performance goals by 2015 under EO 13514.

What Does STC Stand For?

  • STC stands for Sound Transmission Classification.
  • It rates a partition's ability to attenuate airborne noise (125 Hz-4 kHz).

Heat Removed by Water When Vaporizing in a Sprinkler System

  • Water removes 970 Btu/lb (2256 kJ/kg) when vaporizing in a sprinkler system.
  • The volume of water increases approximately 1,700 times.

How Many Lux Are in One Footcandle?

  • 1 fc = 10.8 lux.

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