Milling & printing
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Questions and Answers

Which 3D printing type uses a scanning laser to build parts one layer at a time in light-cured photopolymer resin vats?

  • Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
  • Photopolymer Jetting (PPJ)
  • Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)
  • Steriolithography (SLA, SL) (correct)

    • What was the purpose of the first computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) machine created in the 1960s?

  • To create dental implants
  • To develop dental imaging technology
  • To produce dental restorations
  • To build parts of the automobile, the Renault (correct)

    • What is a characteristic of Powder Binder Printers (PBP)?

  • It produces high-resolution models.
  • It uses liquid droplets that infiltrate a layer of powder. (correct)
  • It uses a scanning laser to build parts one layer at a time.
  • It is commonly used for producing dental implants.

    • Which of the following 3D printing types is commonly used for producing dental models?

    <p>Powder Binder Printers (PBP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced CAD/CAM concepts into dental applications in 1973?

    <p>Dr. Francois Duret</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of Powder Binder Printers (PBP)?

    <p>The models produced are fragile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of chair-side production?

    <p>Time-saving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of 3D printing?

    <p>Milling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of scanner cannot accurately obtain the characteristics of teeth gaps?

    <p>Desktop scanner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)?

    <p>The materials used are biodegradable polymers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of digital models acquired by intraoral scanners?

    <p>Less accuracy due to accumulated discrepancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following 3D printing types is commonly used for producing partial dentures and prosthetic frameworks?

    <p>Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of manufacturing process is used in milling machining?

    <p>Subtractive manufacturing process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common application of Steriolithography (SLA, SL)?

    <p>Producing 3D printed implant drill guides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of 3-axis devices over 4 or 5-axis devices?

    <p>Short milling time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between milling and 3D printing?

    <p>Milling carves a material to a desired object shape, while 3D printing builds an object via layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique characteristic of 4-axis milling devices?

    <p>Tension bridge that can be turned infinitely variably</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of dry processing?

    <p>Lower degree of pre-sintering resulting in higher shrinkage values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of wet milling?

    <p>To avoid damage through heat development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of 5-axis milling devices?

    <p>Rotation of the milling spindle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is wet milling recommended for zirconium oxide ceramic with a higher degree of pre-sintering?

    <p>To reduce sinter distortion and shrinkage factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of dry processing?

    <p>Minimization of investment costs for the milling device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of mill path points?

    <p>Defined by X, Y, and Z values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a difference between dry and wet milling?

    <p>Wet milling uses a spray of cool liquid, while dry milling does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of laser milling that contributes to its high accuracy?

    <p>Fine laser beam diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of material can be milled using laser milling?

    <p>Hybrid ceramics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of laser milling compared to regular milling?

    <p>It has a longer milling time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of guiding 3D printing?

    <p>Computer-aided design (CAD) software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an application of 3D printing in orthodontics?

    <p>Planning treatment and creating appliances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of 3D printing?

    <p>The health and safety requirements of various materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data can be used to guide 3D printing?

    <p>Computed tomography (CT) images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an application of 3D printing in implant dentistry?

    <p>Creating drilling guides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of milling in terms of production?

    <p>Production of a single part at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of milling in terms of geometry?

    <p>Limited to block dimensions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of milling in terms of surface quality?

    <p>Produces a superior surface quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of milling in terms of model accuracy?

    <p>Superior model accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of milling in terms of cost?

    <p>Less expensive than 3D printing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of milling in terms of post-processing?

    <p>Easy post-processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    3D Printing and Post-Processing

    • Support materials include cutting, break away clean, oven, solution, and combination
    • Types of 3D printing include Steriolithography (SLA), Photopolymer Jetting (PPJ), Powder Binder Printers (PBP), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)

    Steriolithography (SLA)

    • Uses a scanning laser to build parts one layer at a time in light-cured photopolymer resin vats
    • Produces 3D printed implant drill guides

    Photopolymer Jetting (PPJ)

    • Uses light-cured resin materials and print heads to lay down layers of photopolymer
    • Can print various materials, including resins, waxes, and silicone-like rubber
    • Allows simultaneous printing of different materials and graduated mixtures of materials

    Powder Binder Printers (PBP)

    • Uses liquid droplets to infiltrate a layer of powder with new powder applied to each surface
    • Produces models useful as study models, but accuracy is limited and post-processing makes them fragile

    Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

    • Uses a scanning laser to fuse fine material powder to build up structures in layers
    • Produces high-resolution models with no supporting material needed
    • Uses polymers with high melting points and excellent material properties for study models, cutting and drilling guides, dental models, and engineering/design prototypes
    • Can also use polyether ether ketone (PEEK), metals, and metal alloys for partial dentures and prosthetic frameworks, implant bridge frameworks

    Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)

    • Early 3D printing technology
    • Requires thermoplastic materials
    • Materials are biodegradable polymers
    • Requires support structures
    • Produces study models

    Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Processes

    • Comparison of milling and 3D printing
    • Milling is a subtractive manufacturing process, while 3D printing is an additive manufacturing process

    History of CAD/CAM

    • The first computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) machine was created in the 1960s
    • Dr. Francois Duret introduced CAD/CAM concepts into dental applications in 1973
    • The first commercial CAD/CAM system for producing chair-side dental restorations was CEREC in 1987

    Chair-Side Production Advantages

    • Time-saving
    • Low cost
    • High level of predictability of outcomes

    CAImaging CADesign CAMilling

    • Automated optical scanner
    • Lightweight table-top milling
    • Customized CAD/CAM software machine
    • Increases efficiency and productivity of dental laboratories

    Dental 3D Imaging

    • Desktop scanner and intraoral scanner
    • Desktop scanner limitations include institutional constraints and inaccurate gap measurements
    • Intraoral scanner limitations include accumulated discrepancy and multi-patch registration mistakes

    Production Manufacturing

    • Milling machining: computer numerical control (CNC) milling machines
    • Subtractive manufacturing process
    • Types of milling devices include 3-axis, 4-axis, and 5-axis devices

    Milling Variants

    • Dry processing: minimal investment costs, no moisture absorption, but higher shrinkage values
    • Wet milling: necessary for metals and glass ceramic materials, avoids heat damage, and recommended for zirconium oxide ceramic with higher degree of pre-sintering

    Laser Milling

    • Advantages include no tool wear, fine laser beam diameter, high resolution, detail, and accuracy, easy to use, and no need for coolant
    • Indicated for onlays, inlays, crowns, laminates, and short-span bridges
    • Disadvantage: longer milling time than regular milling

    3D Printing

    • Introduced in 1984, but didn't take off until the 2000s
    • Guided by computer-aided design (CAD) software
    • Uses data from computed tomography (CT) images, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), or intraoral or laboratory optical surface scans
    • Applications include precise virtual models, wax patterns, removable partial frameworks, provisional restorations, physical models of the scanned jaw, and implant abutments

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