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Questions and Answers

Which of these is not a vital sign?

  • Pulse rate
  • Respiration rate
  • Blood glucose level (correct)
  • Body temperature

    • Where can vital signs be measured?

  • In a medical setting, at home, at the site of a medical emergency, or elsewhere (correct)
  • Only in hospitals
  • Only at home
  • Only at the site of medical emergencies

    • What is the normal body temperature range for a healthy adult?

  • 98.6°F to 100°F
  • 96.4°F to 97.8°F
  • 97.8°F to 99°F (correct)
  • 95.5°F to 98.3°F

    • Which of these factors can affect normal body temperature?

    <p>Gender and recent activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of vital signs?

    <p>Detecting or monitoring medical problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary deformity seen in clubbing?

    <p>Deformity of the fingernails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic criterion of clubbing?

    <p>Increased skin dryness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a cause of clubbing?

    <p>Nutritional diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines oedema?

    <p>Swelling of tissues due to an increase in interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a type of oedema?

    <p>Familial oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cardinal sign of oedema on examination?

    <p>Pitting of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of measuring body temperature typically shows a reading that is 0.5 degrees C higher than an oral reading?

    <p>Rectally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of measuring body temperature tends to show the lowest readings compared to oral temperatures?

    <p>Axillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the eardrum?

    <p>Special ear thermometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom might indicate rheumatoid arthritis in a joint?

    <p>Swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What devices can be used to take an oral temperature?

    <p>Modern digital thermometer and classic glass thermometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition could cause wasting of the thenar muscle?

    <p>Carpal tunnel syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between axillary and oral temperature readings?

    <p>Axillary readings are usually 0.5 degrees C lower than oral readings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT typically used to examine the thyroid gland?

    <p>Muscle testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes jaundice?

    <p>Increased bilirubin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is jaundice commonly examined?

    <p>Sclera, oral mucous membrane, and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of jaundice?

    <p>Retroperitoneal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of anemia?

    <p>Increased RBC destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can anemia be examined?

    <p>In the conjunctiva of the lower eyelid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pallor often associated with, aside from anemia?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and endocrine disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates central cyanosis?

    <p>Blue coloration of the lips and tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What level of deoxygenated hemoglobin causes cyanosis?

    <p>Above 5 gm/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can cause peripheral cyanosis?

    <p>Peripheral vascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What body temperature (in Fahrenheit) is considered hypothermia?

    <p>95 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal pulse rate for healthy adults ranges from:

    <p>60 to 100 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause the pulse rate to increase?

    <p>Exercise and emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gender tends to have faster heart rates from the age of 12 and older?

    <p>Females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can taking a pulse not indicate?

    <p>Blood group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if you are unsure about your pulse count result?

    <p>Ask another person to count for you</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the systolic pressure measure?

    <p>Pressure in the arteries during heart contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered normal systolic blood pressure?

    <p>Less than 120 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before measuring blood pressure, how long should you rest?

    <p>3-5 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should the bottom edge of the cuff be positioned when measuring blood pressure?

    <p>One inch above the crease in the elbow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for high blood pressure?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the cuff be sized and wrapped?

    <p>Snugly, allowing enough room for one fingertip to slip under it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When measuring blood pressure, what is the phase 1 sound indicative of?

    <p>Systolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measurement has become common in hospitals for assessing gas exchange and oxygen carrying capacity?

    <p>Oxygen saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by hoarseness of voice?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What smell is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Sweetness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gait is associated with parkinsonism?

    <p>Shuffling gait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might cold and sweaty hands indicate?

    <p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition could koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails) suggest?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might large, sweaty hands suggest?

    <p>Acromegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the respiration rate measure?

    <p>The number of breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might respiration rates increase?

    <p>Due to exercise, fever, and medical conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be noted alongside respiration rate?

    <p>Whether the person has any difficulty breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal respiration rate range for an adult at rest?

    <p>12 to 16 breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does blood pressure measure?

    <p>The force of the blood pushing against the artery walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the physical examination?

    <p>To investigate the body for signs of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does JACCOL stand for?

    <p>Jaundice, Anemia, Cyanosis, Clubbing of nails, Oedema, Lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What facial expression might suggest hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Startled expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is part of the general observation of the patient?

    <p>Inspecting facial expressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which facial feature is associated with Cushing syndrome?

    <p>Moon face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition could result in a patient showing apathy, poverty of expression and poor eye contact?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vital Signs

    • Measurements of the body's basic functions
    • Routinely monitored by medical professionals and health care providers
    • Four main vital signs:
      • Body temperature
      • Pulse rate
      • Respiration rate
      • Blood pressure

    Body Temperature

    • Normal body temperature range: 97.8°F (36.5°C) to 99°F (37.2°C) for a healthy adult
    • Can vary depending on gender, recent activity, food and fluid consumption, time of day, and menstrual cycle (for women)

    Clubbing

    • Deformity of the fingernails
    • Characterized by four criteria:
      • Loss of normal angle between nail and nail bed
      • Increased nail bed fluctuation
      • Increased nail curvature (in later stages)
      • Increased bulk of soft tissues over the phalanges
    • Caused by:
      • Cardiac disease
      • Respiratory diseases
      • Gastrointestinal diseases
      • Hepatic diseases
      • Familial clubbing

    Oedema

    • Swelling of tissues due to increased interstitial fluid
    • Types of oedema:
      • Generalized (due to cardiac, renal, gut, or nutritional diseases)
      • Localized (due to venous or lymphatic obstruction, allergy, or inflammation)
      • Postural oedema (relatively common in the lower limbs of inactive patients)
    • Cardinal sign of oedema: pitting of the skin on applying firm pressure with fingers or thumb for a few seconds

    Medical Examination

    Joint

    • Examination for swelling, pain, hotness, and limitation of movement (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis)

    Muscle

    • Examination for wasting of the thenar muscle (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, debilitating diseases, carpal tunnel syndrome)

    Thyroid Gland

    • Examination for goiter (enlarged thyroid):
      • Inspection: from the front of the neck for enlargement, symmetry, cyst, and nodules
      • Palpation: from the back for size, shape, consistency, and nodules
      • Percussion: for retrosternal goiter
      • Auscultation: for thyroid bruit

    Jaundice

    • Yellowing of the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes due to increased bilirubin levels
    • Types of jaundice:
      • Hemolytic
      • Hepatocellular
      • Obstructive
    • Examined in the sclera, oral mucous membrane, and skin

    Anemia

    • Pale color of skin or conjunctiva due to decreased hemoglobin levels
    • Examined in the conjunctiva of the lower eyelid, oral mucosa, gum, nail bed, and palmar creases
    • Pallor may also be due to vasoconstriction, shock, or endocrine diseases

    Cyanosis

    • Blue coloration of lips or extremities due to increased deoxygenated hemoglobin levels
    • Types of cyanosis:
      • Peripheral cyanosis: seen in hands and feet due to peripheral vascular disease or peripheral vasoconstriction
      • Central cyanosis: seen in lips and tongue, usually due to arterial hypoxemia (cardiac or respiratory disease)

    Vital Signs Measurement

    Body Temperature

    • Can be taken orally, rectally, axillary, or by ear
    • Rectal temperatures are usually 0.5°C higher than oral temperatures
    • Axillary temperatures are usually 0.5°C lower than oral temperatures

    Blood Pressure

    • Two numbers are recorded:
      • Systolic pressure (higher number): pressure inside the artery when the heart contracts
      • Diastolic pressure (lower number): pressure inside the artery when the heart is at rest
    • Both pressures are recorded in mmHg (millimeters of mercury)
    • Normal blood pressure:
      • Less than 120 mmHg systolic pressure
      • Less than 80 mmHg diastolic pressure

    Pulse Rate

    • Measurement of the heart rate (number of beats per minute)
    • Normal pulse rate for healthy adults: 60-100 beats per minute
    • Pulse rate can fluctuate with exercise, illness, injury, and emotions
    • Females tend to have faster heart rates than males
    • Athletes may have heart rates near 40 beats per minute

    Respiration Rate

    • Number of breaths per minute
    • Normal respiration rate for an adult at rest: 12-16 breaths per minute
    • Respiration rate can increase with fever, illness, and other medical conditions

    Physical Examination

    • Process by which a physician investigates the body for signs of disease
    • Includes:
      • General observation of the patient
      • Inspection of face and body for evidence of systemic diseases
      • Examination of the thyroid
    • Aids in determining the correct diagnosis and devising the treatment plan

    Physical Examination Includes

    • General observation of the patient
    • JACCOL (Jaundice, Anemia, Cyanosis, Clubbing of nails, Oedema of ankles, and Lymph nodes)
    • Inspection of face and body for evidence of systemic diseases
    • Examination of the thyroid

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