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Questions and Answers

At what age does Mahler's Normal Symbiotic Phase typically end?

5 months (correct)

24 months

1 month

12 months

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Normal Autistic Phase?

Focus on self

Little social engagement

Lacking understanding that needs satisfaction may come from external sources

Interest in external stimuli (correct)

In which phase does the child acknowledge the mother's existence as the main source of need-satisfaction?

Psychological Birth Phase

Normal Autistic Phase

Separation-Individuation Phase

Normal Symbiotic Phase (correct)

When does the process of separation from the mother typically begin according to Mahler's theory?

5-24 months Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the child's development of self-concept in Mahler's theory?

Individuation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary goal of the Normal Autistic Phase?

Achieve a state of equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

What could disruptions in the usual developmental trajectory potentially lead to according to Mahler’s theory?

Maladaptive behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is characterized by the infant being unaware of their surroundings and only cognizant of themselves as one with their mothers?

Normal Symbiotic Phase Signup and view all the answers

In which stage does an infant first develop an understanding that they are separate from their mother?

Differentiation Signup and view all the answers

Which identity status is characterized by crisis leading to commitment?

Identity Achievement Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of the Practicing stage in a child's development?

Development of motor skills allowing independent exploration Signup and view all the answers

Which identity status according to Marcia is characterized by commitment without going through a crisis?

Foreclosure Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does a child develop an internalized mental model of the mother that provides support when they are separated?

Object Constancy Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the Moratorium identity status from other statuses?

Crisis without commitment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Behaviorism as a learning theory?

Observed behavior as a predictable response to experience Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of identity development involves no serious consideration of options and avoidance of commitments?

Identity Diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes 'Extinguished' behavior in operant conditioning?

Behavior returns to its original level when no longer reinforced. Signup and view all the answers

In Social Learning Theory, which term explains the primary process through which individuals learn social behaviors?

Observational Learning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of self-efficacy according to Bandura?

Intrinsic Motivation Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains the bidirectional influence between an individual and their environment in Bandura's theory?

Reciprocal Determinism Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the central to learning according to Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory?

Learning by Doing Signup and view all the answers

Which of these does NOT represent a key idea in Operant Conditioning as proposed by Skinner?

Punishment increases the likelihood of behavior repetition. Signup and view all the answers

In Social Cognitive Theory, what cognitive activities are involved in learning behaviors?

Observing models and assembling behavior chunks Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided content, how is knowledge created in Kolb's theory?

Through transformation of experience Signup and view all the answers

Which learning style is characterized by a preference for reading, lectures, and exploring abstract concepts?

Assimilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the converging learning style and the accommodating learning style?

Converging focuses on practical uses for theories, while accommodating focuses on carrying out plans. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Wilson's evolutionary theory explains the application of animal behavior studies to human behavior?

Genetic evolution Signup and view all the answers

According to Wilson, what is the role of natural selection in evolutionary processes?

To shape evolutionary processes through differential survival Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the learning style known for enjoying challenging experiences and testing different approaches?

Accommodating Signup and view all the answers

In evolutionary theory by Wilson, which field is NOT mentioned as a source of findings?

Geology Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is most likely to involve a balance between dependency and exploration?

Secure attachment Signup and view all the answers

What parenting style is associated with avoidant attachment?

Inconsistent and often unresponsive Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with which attachment style are likely to be dismissing and devalue attachment?

Avoidant attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by heightened anxiety even before a caregiver leaves?

Ambivalent attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style involves a lack of cohesive strategy to deal with stress and a tendency towards psychopathological behaviors?

Disorganized-disoriented attachment Signup and view all the answers

What do individuals with ambivalent attachment typically do when seeking care from their caregivers?

They cling to the caregiver, then push them away when comforted Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the crying behavior when a caregiver leaves?

Separation protest Signup and view all the answers

According to Bowlby, how do attachment styles develop in children?

As a result of repeated interactions with a caregiver Signup and view all the answers

Which learning style involves reflecting on new experiences in light of existing knowledge and understanding inconsistencies?

Reflective Observation Signup and view all the answers

Which learning style is characterized by using theories, logic, and ideas to adapt thinking or construct new ideas based on experience?

Abstract Conceptualization Signup and view all the answers

Which learning style prefers to listen with an open mind and receive personalized feedback?

Diverging Signup and view all the answers

Which learning style is associated with applying new ideas to the real world through experimentation?

Active Experimentation Signup and view all the answers

Which learning style relies on patience, objectivity, and careful judgment but does not necessarily involve taking action?

Reflective Observation Signup and view all the answers

Which learning style is most effective in generating ideas and viewing situations from different perspectives?

Diverging Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Social Role Theory is correct?

It examines the process of socialization through participation in diverse social roles. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of evolution did Herbert Spencer contribute to?

Principle of survival of the fittest Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental principle suggests that development is influenced by multiple dimensions such as biological, psychological, and social?

Multidimensional Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of development is best described by the notion that many abilities can be improved with training and practice?

Plasticity Signup and view all the answers

According to developmental principles, cultural supports help compensate for the loss of which type of abilities as one ages?

Biological abilities Signup and view all the answers

How does Social Role Theory describe the extension of the self?

By the number of social roles an individual participates in Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental principle emphasizes the need to balance growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss?

Changing resource allocations Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of lifelong development suggest?

Each developmental period is interconnected Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Beta Thalassemia (Cooley's Anemia)?

Frequent blood transfusions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following birth defects involves an absence of brain tissue?

Anencephaly Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with severe anemia and nearly all affected individuals dying soon after birth?

Alpha Thalassemia Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can initially cause poor reflexes, seizures, heart rate irregularities, and breathing difficulties due to oxygen shortage?

Anoxia Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Pre-term Infants?

Born three weeks or more before pregnancy reach full term Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of attachment development is characterized by the child's use of behaviors to influence the caregiver in ways that satisfy needs for safety and closeness?

Stage 5 (12 months and older) Signup and view all the answers

At which stage do infants start forming an internal mental representation of their object of attachment?

Stage 4 (9 to 12 months) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of Bowlby's attachment behavior system when the child feels secure?

Exploratory system is turned on Signup and view all the answers

According to Bowlby, what motivates the child to seek proximity to the mother?

Sense of security Signup and view all the answers

What is the Principle of Monotropy as described by Bowlby?

Need to form a strong attachment to one significant person Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is most likely exhibited by an infant experiencing separation anxiety?

Crying and resisting soothing from others Signup and view all the answers

In the context of mutual regulation, what ability is crucial for both infant and caregiver?

Responding sensitively to each other's mental and emotional states Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the attachment system is activated in Bowlby's Attachment Behavior System?

Child seeks proximity or physical closeness to the mother Signup and view all the answers

Which chromosomal abnormality is characterized by the presence of an extra Y chromosome?

XYY Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which gene-linked abnormality leads to the overproduction of mucus in the lungs and digestive tract?

Cystic Fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for Phenylketonuria?

Special Diet Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome involves a CNS deterioration leading to muscles and mental decline?

Huntington's Signup and view all the answers

Which abnormality is associated with delayed blood clotting?

Hemophilia Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is commonly used for individuals with Turner Syndrome?

Hormone Therapy Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Attachment and Identity Development

Attachment Styles:
- Secure Attachment: develops foundation for psychological development; sensitive and responsive parenting style
- Avoidant Attachment: outwardly unaffected by caregiver leaving or returning; inconsistent and unresponsive parenting style
- Ambivalent Attachment: anxious and clingy; rejecting or inconsistent parenting style
- Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment: lacks cohesive strategy for dealing with stress; frightened and frightening parenting style
Mahler's Separation-Individuation Theory:
- Psychological Birth: focused on independence, growing from dependent to independent (1-3 years old)
- Separation: internal process of mental separation from the mother
- Individuation: developing self-concept, internalizing mother's image
Stages of Development:
1. Differentiation (5-10 months): child becomes aware of separation from mother
2. Practicing (10-16/18 months): child gains motor skills and independence
3. Rapprochement (18-24 months): child becomes anxious about separation from mother and regains closeness
4. Object Constancy (24+ months): development of internalized mental model of the mother

Learning Theories

Behaviorism:
- Focuses on observed behavior as a predictable response to experience
Operant Conditioning (Skinner):
- Consequences of behavior (reinforcement, punishment) influence future behavior
- Reinforcement increases behavior, punishment decreases behavior
Social Learning Theory (Bandura):
- Reciprocal determinism: environment and behavior influence each other
- Observational learning: learning from models
- Self-efficacy: confidence in one's abilities
Experiential Learning Theory (Kolb):
- Focuses on learning through concrete experiences and reflection

Identity Development by Marcia

Identity Achievement: crisis leading to commitment
Foreclosure: commitment without crisis
Moratorium: crisis with no commitment yet
Identity Diffusion: no commitment, no crisis

Evolutionary Theory by Wilson

Draws from anthropology, ecology, genetics, ethology, and evolutionary psychology to explain adaptive and survival value of behavior
Natural selection and genetic evolution influence human behavior and culture
Ethology: study of adaptive behaviors in natural contexts
Evolutionary Psychology: applying Darwinian principles to human behavior

Developmental Principles

Lifelong: each period affects what comes before and after
Multidimensional: development is influenced by multiple interacting dimensions
Multidirectional: growth in one area can lead to loss in another
Multidisciplinary: multiple fields contribute to understanding development
Relative influences of biology and culture shift over the life span: biological abilities weaken with age, but cultural supports can compensate
Involves changing resource allocations: resources are used for growth, maintenance, or dealing with loss
Shows plasticity: abilities can be improved with training and practice
Influenced by historical and cultural context: development is shaped by cultural and historical context

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