Hepatitis B Virus Structure and Clinical Manifestations
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Questions and Answers

What is the percentage of patients with meningitis who have a positive latex test for cryptococcal capsular antigen?

  • 70%
  • 80%
  • 100%
  • 90% (correct)

Which of the following yeast species is associated with meningitis and has a positive capsule?

  • C.parasilosis
  • C.albicans
  • C.neoformans (correct)
  • C.tropicalis

What is the treatment for localized pulmonary disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans?

  • Fluconazole (correct)
  • Flucytosine
  • Amphotericin B
  • Voriconazole

Which of the following yeast species produces arthroconidia?

<p>Geotrichum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of partnering RF testing with the latex test for cryptococcal capsular antigen?

<p>To rule out false-positive results due to rheumatoid factor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of C.albicans?

<p>Forms chlamydospores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for meningitis or other severe infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans?

<p>Amphotericin B with flucytosine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of T.beigelii?

<p>Has a positive capsule and produces blastoconidia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of cell seeding in a 6-well plate?

<p>To ensure cells reach a confluency of 90-100% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of virus dilution in cell culture?

<p>To create 10x serial dilutions of the virus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the nucleic acid in DNA viruses?

<p>It is always double-stranded (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the capsid of the majority of DNA viruses?

<p>Icosahedral (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following DNA viruses is enveloped and has double-stranded DNA?

<p>Hepadnavirus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range of viruses in nanometers?

<p>10-300 nm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Parvovirus?

<p>It is a naked single-stranded DNA virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tropism of Parvovirus B19?

<p>It infects only erythroid progenitor cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of in vivo viral cultivation?

<p>Identificaiton and diagnosis of pathogenic viruses in clinical specimens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using 0.7% soft agar in bacteriophage culture media?

<p>To create clear zones of lysed bacterial cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of low-passage cell lines?

<p>They remain virus-sensitive through 20-50 passages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using continuous cell lines?

<p>They can be passed and remain sensitive to virus infection indefinitely (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using trypsin in enzymatic method for cell extraction?

<p>To inhibit cells from sticking together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of primary cell lines?

<p>Identification and diagnosis of pathogenic viruses in clinical specimens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 100% confluence in cell culture?

<p>It results in apoptosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) in cell culture?

<p>To nourish cells with bovine serum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of adding antimicrobials to viral transport media?

<p>To inhibit contaminants such as bacteria and fungi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the structures that are not supposed to be inside tissues or host cells?

<p>Inclusions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of microscopy that allows visualization of the external structure of the virus?

<p>Scanning Electron Microscope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the giant cell made up of different cells infected by viruses?

<p>Syncytium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of collecting convalescent serum in viral serology?

<p>To evaluate immune status (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the microscopic method that detects and visualizes viral proteins expressed in cells via Ag-Ab reactions?

<p>Immunofluorescence Assay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of enzyme immunoassay (ELISA)?

<p>To measure the quantity of antigen or antibody (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of collecting and transporting specimens for viral culture?

<p>Specimen transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of rinsing the microtiter plate well after immobilizing the antibody?

<p>To remove unbound antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the enzyme-linked antibody in ELISA?

<p>To catalyze a color-changing reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In indirect ELISA, what is the purpose of the enzyme-linked secondary antibody?

<p>To react with the constant region of other antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when the antigen is present in the sample in ELISA?

<p>A color change occurs, indicating the presence of the antigen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between ELISA and indirect ELISA?

<p>ELISA detects the presence of antigens, while indirect ELISA detects the presence of antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the colorless substrate in ELISA?

<p>To catalyze a color-changing reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What binds to the immobilized antigen in indirect ELISA?

<p>The antibodies in the serum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is immobilized on the surface of the microtiter plate well in indirect ELISA?

<p>The antigen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the hepatitis C virus causes cell necrosis?

<p>Immune mediated cytolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is at an increased risk of hepatitis C infection?

<p>People who have been infected with HIV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of tests used to diagnose hepatitis C?

<p>EIA → RIBA → PCR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of hepatitis C from an infected mother to her child?

<p>Through birth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the occupation of individuals who are at an increased risk of hepatitis C infection due to constant exposure to needles?

<p>Medtechs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of hepatitis C virus that makes it a non-cytopathic virus?

<p>It enters the liver cell and undergoes replication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of hepatitis C that is not mentioned in the text?

<p>Through contaminated food and water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Hepatitis D virus that makes it a satellite virus?

<p>It borrows structures from HBsAg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for the production and transmission of HDV?

<p>HBV to provide HBsAg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of the incubation period of Hepatitis D?

<p>3-7 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the genetic material of Hepatitis D virus?

<p>Negative-sense RNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical outcome of Hepatitis D infection in people with chronic HBV?

<p>Severe chronic symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the delta antigen produced in the early stages of Hepatitis D infection?

<p>Small delta antigen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical mode of transmission of Hepatitis D virus?

<p>Horizontal transmission through contact with infected blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the Hepatitis B viral capsid?

<p>Icosahedral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of the Hepatitis B virus?

<p>Triangular (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the antigen that appears first in the serum during Hepatitis B infection?

<p>Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are at increased risk of Hepatitis B infection?

<p>Infants born from mothers with Hepatitis B and MSM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the antibody that means the virus is actively multiplying in the liver?

<p>Total hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) be detected?

<p>Through a liver biopsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range of the Hepatitis B virus?

<p>22-200 nanometers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of rubulavirus replication after silent entry into the respiratory tract?

<p>Local lymph nodes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common complication of mumps in adults?

<p>Orchitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the incubation period of rubulavirus?

<p>It is variable, ranging from 2-4 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission of rubulavirus?

<p>Inhaled respiratory droplets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the virus in the bloodstream during mumps?

<p>It has a particular affinity for the salivary glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of salivary gland swelling in mumps?

<p>It is non-suppurative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the period during which the virus is shed in the saliva after the onset of salivary gland swelling?

<p>3-9 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of rubulavirus infection of the testicles?

<p>It causes orchitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of rubulavirus infection of the ovaries?

<p>It causes oophoritis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the generalized spread of rubulavirus in the body?

<p>It affects salivary glands and other body sites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of Enterovirus?

<p>Via ingestion of contaminated food and water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genomic structure of Poliovirus?

<p>Positive-sense ssRNA genome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of VP4 protein in Poliovirus?

<p>Internal protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the protein capsid of Poliovirus?

<p>Icosahedral symmetry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of Poliovirus replication?

<p>Local lymphoid tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of Poliovirus infection in the CNS?

<p>Destruction of motor neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the paralysis caused by Poliovirus?

<p>Destruction of motor neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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