Hepatitis B Virus Structure and Clinical Manifestations

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What is the percentage of patients with meningitis who have a positive latex test for cryptococcal capsular antigen?

70%

80%

100%

90% (correct)

Which of the following yeast species is associated with meningitis and has a positive capsule?

C.parasilosis

C.albicans

C.neoformans (correct)

C.tropicalis

What is the treatment for localized pulmonary disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans?

Fluconazole (correct)

Flucytosine

Amphotericin B

Voriconazole

Which of the following yeast species produces arthroconidia?

Geotrichum Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of partnering RF testing with the latex test for cryptococcal capsular antigen?

To rule out false-positive results due to rheumatoid factor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of C.albicans?

Forms chlamydospores Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for meningitis or other severe infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans?

Amphotericin B with flucytosine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of T.beigelii?

Has a positive capsule and produces blastoconidia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of cell seeding in a 6-well plate?

To ensure cells reach a confluency of 90-100% Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of virus dilution in cell culture?

To create 10x serial dilutions of the virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the nucleic acid in DNA viruses?

It is always double-stranded Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the capsid of the majority of DNA viruses?

Icosahedral Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following DNA viruses is enveloped and has double-stranded DNA?

Hepadnavirus Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range of viruses in nanometers?

10-300 nm Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Parvovirus?

It is a naked single-stranded DNA virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the tropism of Parvovirus B19?

It infects only erythroid progenitor cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of in vivo viral cultivation?

Identificaiton and diagnosis of pathogenic viruses in clinical specimens Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using 0.7% soft agar in bacteriophage culture media?

To create clear zones of lysed bacterial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of low-passage cell lines?

They remain virus-sensitive through 20-50 passages Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using continuous cell lines?

They can be passed and remain sensitive to virus infection indefinitely Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using trypsin in enzymatic method for cell extraction?

To inhibit cells from sticking together Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of primary cell lines?

Identification and diagnosis of pathogenic viruses in clinical specimens Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 100% confluence in cell culture?

It results in apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) in cell culture?

To nourish cells with bovine serum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of adding antimicrobials to viral transport media?

To inhibit contaminants such as bacteria and fungi Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the structures that are not supposed to be inside tissues or host cells?

Inclusions Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of microscopy that allows visualization of the external structure of the virus?

Scanning Electron Microscope Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the giant cell made up of different cells infected by viruses?

Syncytium Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of collecting convalescent serum in viral serology?

To evaluate immune status Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the microscopic method that detects and visualizes viral proteins expressed in cells via Ag-Ab reactions?

Immunoﬂuorescence Assay Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of enzyme immunoassay (ELISA)?

To measure the quantity of antigen or antibody Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of collecting and transporting specimens for viral culture?

Specimen transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of rinsing the microtiter plate well after immobilizing the antibody?

To remove unbound antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the enzyme-linked antibody in ELISA?

To catalyze a color-changing reaction Signup and view all the answers

In indirect ELISA, what is the purpose of the enzyme-linked secondary antibody?

To react with the constant region of other antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when the antigen is present in the sample in ELISA?

A color change occurs, indicating the presence of the antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between ELISA and indirect ELISA?

ELISA detects the presence of antigens, while indirect ELISA detects the presence of antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the colorless substrate in ELISA?

To catalyze a color-changing reaction Signup and view all the answers

What binds to the immobilized antigen in indirect ELISA?

The antibodies in the serum Signup and view all the answers

What is immobilized on the surface of the microtiter plate well in indirect ELISA?

The antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the hepatitis C virus causes cell necrosis?

Immune mediated cytolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is at an increased risk of hepatitis C infection?

People who have been infected with HIV Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of tests used to diagnose hepatitis C?

EIA → RIBA → PCR Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of hepatitis C from an infected mother to her child?

Through birth Signup and view all the answers

What is the occupation of individuals who are at an increased risk of hepatitis C infection due to constant exposure to needles?

Medtechs Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of hepatitis C virus that makes it a non-cytopathic virus?

It enters the liver cell and undergoes replication Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of hepatitis C that is not mentioned in the text?

Through contaminated food and water Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Hepatitis D virus that makes it a satellite virus?

It borrows structures from HBsAg Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for the production and transmission of HDV?

HBV to provide HBsAg Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of the incubation period of Hepatitis D?

3-7 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the genetic material of Hepatitis D virus?

Negative-sense RNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical outcome of Hepatitis D infection in people with chronic HBV?

Severe chronic symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the delta antigen produced in the early stages of Hepatitis D infection?

Small delta antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical mode of transmission of Hepatitis D virus?

Horizontal transmission through contact with infected blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the Hepatitis B viral capsid?

Icosahedral Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of the Hepatitis B virus?

Triangular Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the antigen that appears first in the serum during Hepatitis B infection?

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) Signup and view all the answers

Who are at increased risk of Hepatitis B infection?

Infants born from mothers with Hepatitis B and MSM Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the antibody that means the virus is actively multiplying in the liver?

Total hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) Signup and view all the answers

How can Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) be detected?

Through a liver biopsy Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range of the Hepatitis B virus?

22-200 nanometers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of rubulavirus replication after silent entry into the respiratory tract?

Local lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common complication of mumps in adults?

Orchitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the incubation period of rubulavirus?

It is variable, ranging from 2-4 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission of rubulavirus?

Inhaled respiratory droplets Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the virus in the bloodstream during mumps?

It has a particular affinity for the salivary glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of salivary gland swelling in mumps?

It is non-suppurative Signup and view all the answers

What is the period during which the virus is shed in the saliva after the onset of salivary gland swelling?

3-9 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of rubulavirus infection of the testicles?

It causes orchitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of rubulavirus infection of the ovaries?

It causes oophoritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the generalized spread of rubulavirus in the body?

It affects salivary glands and other body sites Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of Enterovirus?

Via ingestion of contaminated food and water Signup and view all the answers