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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of osteoporosis?
What is the role of osteoclasts in bone health?
What is the effect of calcitonin on osteoclasts?
What is the normal rate of bone loss per year after peak bone mass in the 20s?
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What is the rate of bone loss per year during the first 5 years after menopause?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis that cannot be changed?
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What is a common site of fracture in osteoporosis?
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What is the percentage of women who will suffer a vertebral fracture by age 65?
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Study Notes
What is Osteoporosis?
- Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a reduction in bone mass density with micro-architectural alteration, leading to increased bone fragility.
- It involves an imbalance between osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity, resulting in defective bone remodeling.
- Osteoporosis is marked by a loss of total mineralized bone and a disruption of the normal balance between bone breakdown and buildup.
Bone Remodeling Process
- Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption, which is stimulated by Parathyroid Hormone (PTH).
- Calcitonin inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption.
Mechanisms of Osteoporosis
- Slowdown of bone buildup: osteoporosis is commonly seen in older women.
- Accelerated bone breakdown: postmenopausal women experience a rapid loss of bone density, with a normal loss of 0.5% per year after peak bone mass in the 20s and up to 5% loss per year during the first 5 years after menopause.
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
- Unchangeable risk factors:
- Gender
- Heredity
- Age
- Fracture history
- Medical conditions (e.g., hyperthyroidism, parathyroidism)
- Medications for chronic diseases (e.g., steroids)
- Modifiable risk factors:
- Calcium consumption
- Vitamin D intake
- Smoking or vaping
- Alcohol consumption
- Physical activity
- Posture
- Low body weight (BMI < 20)
- Certain medications
Complications of Osteoporosis
- Fractures are a common complication of osteoporosis, with the most common sites being the vertebrae, femur neck, and distal radius.
- One-third of women will suffer a vertebral fracture after the age of 65 and a hip fracture by the age of 90.
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