31 Questions
Mention two mechanisms by which the Mg2+ block is removed from the channel.
A change in the transmembrane potential due to Na+ entry and displacement of the Mg2+ ion.
What are the two types of glutamate receptors mentioned in the text?
AMPA receptor and NMDA receptor.
What are the three classes of metabotropic glutamate receptors?
Group I, Group II, and Group III.
What is the main role of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors?
Activation of phospholipase C.
What is the main role of group II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors?
Inhibition of adenylate cyclase.
What is the role of mGluR inhibitors?
They block memory formation at some synapses.
What is the role of NMDA receptor activation in potentiating signalling via mGluRs?
It enhances the signalling through metabotropic glutamate receptors.
What is excitotoxicity?
It is a condition where excessive glutamate release causes over-stimulation of NMDA receptors and leads to cell death.
Name two NMDA receptor antagonists that provide protection in models of ischemia.
D-AP5 and MK801.
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
GABA.
Who was the first scientist to suggest that the message crosses the synaptic cleft via a chemical compound?
Thomas Elliott
What compound did Henry Dale discover was secreted by fungus ergot and produced effects on organs similar to those produced by nerves?
Acetylcholine
Who devised a method to test Elliott's hypothesis and showed that stimulation of nerves attached to a frog's heart caused the release of chemical substances?
Otto Loewi
What did Loewi name the chemical substance he discovered was released by the stimulation of nerves attached to a frog's heart?
Vagusstoffe
What year did Loewi and Dale share the Nobel Prize?
1936
What is the name of the transporter responsible for storing acetylcholine into synaptic vesicles?
Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter (VAChT)
What are the two receptor types that acetylcholine can bind to?
Nicotinic receptor and Muscarinic receptor
How many subunits does the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel have?
5
Which subunits are mostly involved in binding acetylcholine in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel?
α-subunits
What is the term used for a compound that binds to a receptor and mimics the action of the physiological ligand?
Agonist
What is the term used for a compound that binds to a receptor and inhibits the action of the physiological ligand?
Antagonist
What is the physiological ligand blocked by the compound mentioned in the text?
Acetylcholine
Which compound is an agonist of the ACh ionotropic receptor?
Nicotine
Which compound is an antagonist of the ACh ionotropic receptor?
α-bungarotoxin
How many different subtypes of mAChRs can activate different G proteins?
5
Which subtypes of mAChRs activate phospholipase C (PLC) via Go or Gq?
M1, M3, M5
Which subtypes of mAChRs inhibit adenylate cyclase via Gi and stimulate a K+ channel via Gs?
M2, M4
Which compound is a fungal alkaloid that binds with high affinity to Muscarinic AChRs?
Muscarine
Which compound can distinguish different subclasses of mAChR?
Pirenzepine
Which enzyme degrades acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft?
Acetylcholinesterase
What is the name of the autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and a decreased number of functional AChRs?
Myasthenia gravis
Test your knowledge on the discovery and role of acetylcholine and amino acids in neurotransmission. Explore the historical milestones and scientific findings that led to our understanding of these important chemicals in the brain.
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