120 Questions
Which gland is directly connected to the hypothalamus via the pituitary stalk?
The posterior pituitary
Which hormone is known as the 'love hormone'?
Oxytocin
Which hormone is responsible for triggering the milk letdown reflex in mammary glands?
Oxytocin
Which hormone is released upon skin-to-skin touch between a baby and its mother?
Oxytocin
Which hormone is released during orgasm in both men and women?
Oxytocin
Which hormone is involved in the formation of pair bonds in prairie voles?
Arginine vasopressin
Which hormone increases affiliation for the familiar?
Oxytocin
Which of the following is NOT an example of an endocrine gland?
Salivary gland
What is the main mode of chemical communication for hormones?
Endocrine
Which of the following is NOT a general principle of hormone function?
Hormones act instantaneously
What is the term for hormones used to communicate between individuals of the same species and released into the environment?
Pheromones
Which of the following is NOT a form of chemical communication?
Synaptic
What is the term for a receptor on a neuron that detects neurotransmitters it has released to monitor its own activity?
Autoreceptor
Which of the following is an example of an exocrine gland?
Sweat gland
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production in females and is involved in parental behavior?
Prolactin
Which hormone influences growth, mostly during sleep?
Growth hormone (GH)
Which two hormones are released by the anterior pituitary and act directly on tissue without involving a final gland/hormone?
Which hormone stimulates production of testosterone (T) from Leydig cells in the testes?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Which hormone triggers the rupture of follicles in the ovary, releasing the ovum?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Which hormone promotes the development of female secondary sex characteristics?
Estrogen
Which hormone is known as the 'hormone of pregnancy' and prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy?
Progesterone
During ovulation, which hormone triggers the rupture of follicles and release of the ovum?
LH
When does pregnancy have the highest chance of occurring?
During ovulation
What happens during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
The corpus luteum secretes progesterone
What is the purpose of the uterine wall thickening during the luteal phase?
To support implantation of the ovum
What happens during menstruation?
The uterine lining is shed
Which type of system interaction is involved in ringdove courtship behavior?
Neural to neural
Which system interaction involves the communication between the nervous and endocrine systems?
Neural to endocrine
Which system interaction involves the communication between endocrine glands?
Endocrine to endocrine
Which system interaction involves the communication from endocrine glands to the nervous system?
Endocrine to neural
True or false: Endocrine glands release hormones outside of the body.
False
True or false: Autocrine communication involves a released chemical acting on the releasing cell.
True
True or false: Pheromones are hormones used to communicate between individuals of different species.
False
True or false: Hormones always act instantaneously.
False
True or false: One hormone can only affect one behavior, and one behavior can only be affected by one hormone.
False
True or false: Hormones are only secreted in a continuous pattern.
False
True or false: Chemical communication through diffusion across a synapse is known as autoreceptor communication.
False
True or false: Hormones can only affect cells with a receptor protein for that hormone.
True
True or false: Negative feedback is a feedback control mechanism that stimulates further secretion of hormones.
False
True or false: The posterior pituitary stores and releases multiple hormones.
False
True or false: Oxytocin is primarily involved in reproductive and parenting behavior.
True
True or false: Oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary triggers the milk letdown reflex.
True
True or false: Oxytocin levels increase in both humans and dogs after a petting session.
True
True or false: Oxytocin administration facilitates pair-bond formation in female prairie voles.
True
True or false: OXT nasal spray increases positive attitudes towards those seen as similar.
True
True or false: OXY increases the likelihood of lying when beneficial to in-group members.
True
True or false: OXT levels in women in distressed/insecure relationships are decreased.
False
True or false: The anterior pituitary has a multi-stage hormone release process featuring 3 structures.
True
True or false: Hormone release via the anterior pituitary is less complex than via the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system.
False
True or false: Each endocrine gland has receptors for all 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary.
False
True or false: The Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is an example of an endocrine axis.
True
Estrogen levels increase over time
True
Ovulation can only occur when follicles rupture, releasing an ovum
True
The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is when the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and the uterine wall thickens to support implantation of the ovum
True
Menses/menstruation is when the uterine lining is shed
True
Ringdove courtship behavior shows four types of system interactions
True
Neural to neural system interaction is involved in ringdove courtship behavior
True
Endocrine to endocrine system interaction is involved in ringdove courtship behavior
False
Endocrine to neural system interaction is involved in ringdove courtship behavior
True
Exam 1 covers Topics 1-6, with 2 topics de-emphasized
True
How do hormones change throughout the day?
Hormone levels change through the day controlled by circadian clocks in the brain.
What is the role of feedback control mechanisms in hormone secretion?
Feedback control mechanisms regulate the secretion of hormones. Negative feedback occurs when the system's output inhibits further secretion.
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
The pituitary gland releases important hormones and regulates other glands in the body.
What are the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary?
The posterior pituitary stores and releases oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP).
What is the role of oxytocin in reproductive and parenting behavior?
Oxytocin is important for reproductive and parenting behavior and is often referred to as the 'love hormone'.
How does oxytocin contribute to the formation of pair bonds?
Oxytocin facilitates pair-bond formation, particularly in female prairie voles (PVs).
What is the role of arginine vasopressin in pair-bond functions?
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) plays a role in pair-bond functions, particularly in males.
What are the two main types of glands in the body?
Endocrine glands and exocrine glands.
What is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands release hormones within the body and exocrine glands secrete substances outside the body.
What are the three forms of chemical communication?
Synaptic, endocrine, and paracrine.
What is the purpose of autocrine communication?
Autocrine communication involves a released chemical acting on the releasing cell.
What is the difference between paracrine and autocrine communication?
Paracrine communication involves the released chemical diffusing to nearby target cells, while autocrine communication involves the released chemical acting on the releasing cell.
What are pheromones and allomones used for?
Pheromones are hormones used to communicate between individuals of the same species, while allomones are chemicals released by one species to affect the behavior of another species.
What are the general principles of hormone function?
- Hormones act gradually, not instantaneously. 2. Hormones act by changing the probability or intensity of a behavior. 3. The relationship between behavior and hormones is reciprocal. 4. One hormone may have effect multiple behaviors, and one behavior can be affected by several hormones. 5. Hormones often have a pulsatile secretion pattern.
What are the four types of system interactions involved in ringdove courtship behavior?
Neural to neural, neural to endocrine, endocrine to endocrine, endocrine to neural.
What topics does Exam 1 cover?
Exam 1 covers Topics 1-6, with 2 topics de-emphasized.
What is the purpose of the uterine wall thickening during the luteal phase?
The uterine wall thickens during the luteal phase to support implantation of the ovum.
What happens during menstruation?
During menstruation, the uterine lining is shed.
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production in females and is involved in parental behavior?
Prolactin is responsible for stimulating milk production in females and is involved in parental behavior.
Which hormone is known as the 'love hormone'?
Oxytocin is known as the 'love hormone'.
What hormone triggers the rupture of follicles in the ovary, releasing the ovum?
Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers the rupture of follicles in the ovary, releasing the ovum.
What hormone influences growth, mostly during sleep?
Growth hormone influences growth, mostly during sleep.
Which hormone stimulates production of testosterone (T) from Leydig cells in the testes?
Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates production of testosterone (T) from Leydig cells in the testes.
What are the two main functions of gonadotropins in the gonads?
The two main functions of gonadotropins in the gonads are gamete production (ova or sperm) and sex hormone production and release (androgens, estrogens, progestins).
What are the actions of FSH and LH in the testes?
FSH governs sperm production in Sertoli cells, while LH stimulates production of testosterone (T) from Leydig cells.
What are the actions of FSH and LH in the ovary?
FSH stimulates ova-containing follicles and secretion of estrogens, while LH triggers rupture of follicles, releasing ovum and formation of corpora lutea.
What are the functions of estrogen and progesterone?
Estrogen promotes development of female secondary sex characteristics, while progesterone prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy.
What are the main phases of the menstrual cycle?
The main phases of the menstrual cycle are the follicular phase (growth of follicles) and the luteal phase (corpus luteum secretes progesterone and uterine wall thickens).
What is the purpose of the uterine wall thickening during the luteal phase?
The purpose of the uterine wall thickening during the luteal phase is to support the potential implantation of the ovum.
What is the role of oxytocin in humans?
Oxytocin nasal spray increases positive attitudes towards those seen as similar, but decreases acceptance of 'outsiders'. It also increases the likelihood of lying when beneficial to in-group members.
Match the following glands with their functions:
Endocrine glands = Release hormones within body Exocrine glands = Secrete fluid outside the body
Match the following forms of chemical communication with their definitions:
Synaptic (neurocrine) = Chemical release and diffusion across a synapse Endocrine = A hormone is released into the bloodstream to act on target tissues Autocrine = Released chemical acts on the releasing cell Paracrine = The released chemical diffuses to nearby target cells
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Autoreceptor = Receptor on a neuron that detects NTs it has released to monitor its own activity Volume transmission = Extrasynaptic NT binding/activity caused by 'spillover' Pheromone = Hormones used to communicate between individuals of the same species released into the environment Allomone = Chemicals released by one species to affect the behavior of another species
Match the following principles of hormone function with their descriptions:
Principle 1 = Hormones act gradually, not instantaneously Principle 2 = Hormones act by changing the probability or intensity of a behavior Principle 3 = The relationship between behavior and hormones is reciprocal
Match the following additional principles of hormone function with their descriptions:
Principle 4 = One hormone may have effect multiple behaviors, and one behavior can be affected by several hormones Principle 5 = Hormones often have a pulsatile secretion pattern
Match the glands with their associated hormones:
Posterior Pituitary = Oxytocin, Vasopressin Anterior Pituitary = Growth hormone, Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Match the following types of glands with their secretion locations:
Endocrine glands = Within body Exocrine glands = Outside the body
Match the following hormones to their functions:
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) = Increases thyroid hormone release Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) = Controls production and release of adrenal cortex steroid hormones Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) = Stimulates ova-containing follicles, secretion of estrogens Luteinizing hormone (LH) = Triggers rupture of follicles, releasing ovum
Match the following hormones and their respective glands:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) = Anterior Pituitary Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) = Anterior Pituitary Testosterone (T) = Testis Estrogen = Ovary
Match the following hormones with their primary roles:
Progesterone = "Hormone of pregnancy", prepares and maintains uterus for pregnancy Testosterone = Promotes development of male secondary sex characteristics Estrogen = Promotes development of female secondary sex characteristics Prolactin = Stimulates milk production in females and is involved in parental behavior
Match the hormones with their actions in the testes:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) = Governs sperm production in Sertoli cells Luteinizing hormone (LH) = Stimulates production of testosterone (T) from Leydig cells Testosterone = Promotes development of male secondary sex characteristics
Match the hormones with their actions in the ovaries:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) = Stimulates ova-containing follicles, secretion of estrogens Luteinizing hormone (LH) = Triggers rupture of follicles, releasing ovum Progesterone = Prepares and maintains uterus for pregnancy
Match the following hormones with their role in Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis:
Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) = Released by Hypothalamus into HPPS Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) = Triggered by TRH, released by AnP into bloodstream Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) = Triggered by TSH, released by thyroid gland
Match the following hormones with their role in Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis:
Gonadotropin releasing-hormone (GnRH) = Releasing hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) = Tropic hormone, influences the ovaries Luteinizing hormone (LH) = Tropic hormone, influences the testes
Match the following phases of the menstrual cycle with their descriptions:
Ovulation = Follicles rupture, releasing ovum Luteal phase = Corpus luteum secretes progesterone, uterine wall thickens Menses/menstruation = Uterine lining is shed
Match the following types of system interactions with their descriptions:
Neural to neural = Communication between the nervous systems Neural to endocrine = Communication from the nervous system to the endocrine system Endocrine to endocrine = Communication between endocrine systems Endocrine to neural = Communication from the endocrine system to the nervous system
Match the following exams with their topics:
Exam 1 = Covers Topics 1-6 (2 covered, but de-emphasized) Final make-ups = The last chance to improve grades Neuroanatomy Exam = Grades posted at 5 pm
Match the following hormones with their actions:
Estrogen = Levels increase over time LH = Triggers the rupture of follicles, releasing the ovum Progesterone = Secreted by the corpus luteum, thickens the uterine wall
Match the following dates with their events:
Thursday, 9/28 = Exam 1 Tuesday, 9/26 = T8 – The Motor Hierarchy Thursday, 9/21 = PRA2 due at the start of lab
Match the following events with their dates:
Exam 1 = Thursday, 9/28 T8 – The Motor Hierarchy = Tuesday, 9/26 PRA2 due = Thursday, 9/21
Match the following actions with their descriptions:
Ovulation = Follicles rupture, releasing ovum Uterine wall thickens = Occurs during the luteal phase to support implantation of the ovum Uterine lining is shed = Occurs during menses/menstruation
Match the following hormones with their effects:
Estrogen = Levels increase over time Progesterone = Secreted during the luteal phase, thickens the uterine wall LH = Triggers the rupture of follicles, releasing the ovum
Match the following phases with their associated hormones:
Ovulation = LH Luteal phase = Progesterone Menstrual cycle = Estrogen
Match the following hormones with their primary functions:
Oxytocin (OXT) = Triggers uterine contractions during childbirth and facilitates pair-bond formation Arginine vasopressin (AVP) = Functions in pair-bond formation in males OXT = Triggers the milk letdown reflex in mammary glands in response to suckling AVP = Promotes the development of male secondary sex characteristics
Match the following parts of the pituitary gland with their descriptions:
Posterior pituitary (PP) = Stores and releases only two hormones, OXT and AVP Anterior pituitary (AnP) = Contains many different endocrine cells, each with own hormone PP = Receives input only from supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus AnP = Receives input from several hypothalamic nuclei
Match the following voles with their mating habits and hormone receptor expressions:
Prairie voles (PV) = Monogamous with high OXT receptor expression Meadow voles (MV) = Polygamous with low OXT receptor expression Male PVs = Show more AVP receptors than male MVs Female PVs = Show high OXT receptor expression
Match the following hormones with their effects on pair-bond formation:
OXT = Facilitates pair-bond formation in female PVs OXT antagonist = Prevents pair-bond formation in sexual partners OXT agonist = Promotes formation of pair bond with nearby male AVP = Functions in pair-bond formation in males
Match the following hormones with their effects on behavior:
OXT = Released during orgasm in both men and women, promoting formation of pair bonds AVP = Functions in pair-bond formation in males
Match the following hormones with their effects on reproductive behavior:
OXT = Prevents baby rats from recognizing mother's smell when blocked by OXT antagonists AVP = Functions in pair-bond formation in males
Match the following hormones with their effects on social behavior:
OXT = Facilitates pair-bond formation in female PVs AVP = Functions in pair-bond formation in males
Test your knowledge of the hormone oxytocin and its effects on human behavior. Learn about its impact on social attitudes, likelihood of lying, and its role in distressed relationships. Explore the complex release mechanism of oxytocin in the anterior pituitary.
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