Factors that influence schizophrenia
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Questions and Answers

What does the study suggest as a risk factor for later development of schizophrenia?

  • Brain injury early in the developmental period
  • Prenatal exposure to viruses
  • Neurodevelopmental injury in the womb resulting from birth complications (correct)
  • Nutritional deficiencies

    • After an influenza outbreak in Finland, which trimester of pregnancy was associated with increased likelihood of having a child with schizophrenia after maternal flu exposure?

  • No specific trimester
  • 3rd trimester
  • 2nd trimester (correct)
  • 1st trimester

    • What is one possible explanation for the increased rate of schizophrenia in individuals born in winter and early spring?

  • Higher exposure to pollution
  • Lower socioeconomic status
  • Season specific risk factors, such as viral outbreaks (correct)
  • Higher genetic risk

    • Where are increased rates of schizophrenia observed?

    <p>Urban environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What season of birth is associated with an increased rate of schizophrenia, and what is one suggested explanation for this phenomenon?

    <p>Winter and early spring, attributed to season-specific risk factors like viral outbreaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current state of evidence regarding the link between viral exposure and developmental brain injury in relation to schizophrenia?

    <p>It is inconsistent and inconclusive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study doesn't provide information about the role of genetic and environmental influences in the development of schizophrenia?

    <p>Case-control studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of developing schizophrenia if both parents have the disease?

    <p>41%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of developing schizophrenia if a sibling has the disease?

    <p>7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In adoption studies, what aspect of genetic and environmental overlap is altered when individuals are adopted and raised separately?

    <p>Genetic overlap remains, but environmental overlap is reduced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided information, which relative has the highest risk of developing schizophrenia if a family member has the disease?

    <p>Identical twin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to adoption studies, when a child's biological mother has schizophrenia but they are adopted by nonschizophrenic parents, what is the risk of the child developing schizophrenia?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the Tienari study (1991, 2003, 2006), what does it reveal about the risk of developing schizophrenia-spectrum disorders when the biological mother has one of these disorders?

    <p>22%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common structural abnormality found in the brains of some individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Enlarged ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to functional neuroimaging, which part of the brain is often associated with abnormal activity levels in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the dopamine hypothesis in the context of schizophrenia?

    <p>The dopamine hypothesis suggests that an imbalance in dopamine activity in the brain contributes to the development of schizophrenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters, besides dopamine, are also of interest in relation to schizophrenia?

    <p>Serotonin and glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antipsychotic medications on dopamine?

    <p>They decrease dopamine activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dopamine receptor subtype is associated with dopaminergic overactivity in schizophrenia, resulting in positive symptoms?

    <p>D2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dopamine receptor subtype is associated with dopaminergic underactivity in schizophrenia, resulting in negative symptoms?

    <p>D1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the parenting style characterized by a cold, domineering, and rejecting mother that was once thought to be related to schizophrenia?

    <p>Schizophrenic parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Double bind' communication pattern involve?

    <p>Telling the child one thing but behaving in the opposite way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What have empirical studies shown about the relationship between parenting styles and schizophrenia?

    <p>They have not provided evidence that specific parenting styles cause schizophrenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact can some family interactions have on individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Certain family interactions can be a source of stress, potentially affecting the course and increasing the risk of relapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible impact of acute stressful incidents on individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Acute stressful incidents may trigger the initial onset of schizophrenia and lead to relapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Expression Emotion (EE) is characterized by which emotional communication style?

    <p>High levels of criticism, expressed hostility, and emotional over-involvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of high Expression Emotion (EE) in families on individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Those with families characterized by high EE are more likely to develop schizophrenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the diathesis-stress model, what does the diathesis refer to?

    <p>The level of genetic predisposition to schizophrenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main explanation provided by the diathesis-stress model for the development of schizophrenia?

    <p>It suggests that a combination of stressors (psychological or biological) leads to schizophrenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the diathesis-stress model in the context of schizophrenia?

    <p>The model involves an individual's vulnerability (diathesis) and the role of stress in the development of schizophrenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two groups are antipsychotic medications sometimes categorized into?

    <p>First Generation/Typical vs. Second Generation/atypical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are examples of first-generation 'Typical' antipsychotic medications used to treat schizophrenia?

    <p>B. Haldol, Thorazine, and Navane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    First-generation antipsychotic medications are often most effective for which type of symptoms in schizophrenia?

    <p>Positive symptoms and not negative symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common side effects associated with first-generation antipsychotic medications?

    <p>Parkinsonian side effects, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of medications is most commonly associated with the development of tardive dyskinesia?

    <p>First-generation 'Typical' antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tardive dyskinesia?

    <p>A movement disorder characterized by involuntary and repetitive movements of the face, tongue and lips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes akathisia as a side effect of antipsychotic medications?

    <p>It involves an intense feeling of restlessness and an irresistible urge to move.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of atypical antipsychotic medications?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms are atypical antipsychotic medications more helpful for?

    <p>Negative symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which generation of antipsychotic medications are atypical antipsychotics considered to be?

    <p>Second generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an essential factor for antipsychotic medication to be effective in treating schizophrenia?

    <p>Medication must be taken regularly and properly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common reason for problems with medication compliance in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Strong desire to increase medication dosage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of medication administration can be used to improve compliance in patients with schizophrenia?

    <p>Injectable forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of program helps individuals with schizophrenia develop and improve their work-related skills and find employment opportunities?

    <p>Vocational rehabilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychosocial intervention focuses on helping individuals with schizophrenia recognize signs of relapse and effectively communicate with healthcare providers?

    <p>Symptom management training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of program involves structured daily activities and often operates as a club for individuals with schizophrenia to engage in purposeful and meaningful tasks?

    <p>A. Day treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a psychosocial intervention commonly used in the treatment of schizophrenia to help individuals develop and improve their social skills?

    <p>Token economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of program involves structured daily activities and often operates as a club for individuals with schizophrenia to engage in purposeful and meaningful tasks?

    <p>Day treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of psychotherapy for schizophrenia focuses on addressing communication skills and interaction patterns within families?

    <p>Behavioral Family Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Risk Factors for Schizophrenia

    • Maternal flu exposure during the second trimester of pregnancy is associated with increased likelihood of developing schizophrenia.
    • Winter and early spring births are associated with an increased rate of schizophrenia, possibly due to maternal viral infections during pregnancy.

    Genetic and Environmental Influences

    • Adoption studies show that genetic and environmental factors both play a role in the development of schizophrenia.
    • When a biological mother has schizophrenia, the adopted child has a higher risk of developing the disease.
    • The risk of developing schizophrenia increases if both parents or a sibling have the disease.

    Brain Abnormalities

    • Structural abnormalities, such as ventricular enlargement, are commonly found in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia.
    • Functional neuroimaging shows abnormal activity levels in the prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia.

    Dopamine Hypothesis

    • The dopamine hypothesis suggests that an imbalance of dopamine is involved in the development of schizophrenia.
    • Antipsychotic medications affect dopamine levels, and dopamine receptor subtypes D1 and D2 are associated with positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

    Family Interactions and Schizophrenia

    • A cold, domineering, and rejecting parenting style was once thought to be related to schizophrenia.
    • The 'Double bind' communication pattern involves contradictory messages, which can contribute to the development of schizophrenia.
    • High Expression Emotion (EE) in families, characterized by critical or emotional communication, can negatively impact individuals with schizophrenia.

    Diathesis-Stress Model

    • The diathesis-stress model suggests that a genetic predisposition (diathesis) combined with environmental stressors can trigger the development of schizophrenia.

    Antipsychotic Medications

    • Antipsychotic medications can be categorized into first-generation (typical) and second-generation (atypical) medications.
    • First-generation medications are effective for treating positive symptoms, but have side effects like tardive dyskinesia.
    • Atypical antipsychotic medications are more effective for treating negative symptoms and have fewer side effects.

    Psychosocial Interventions

    • Programs like supported employment and social skills training can help individuals with schizophrenia develop work-related skills and improve social interactions.
    • Family-focused therapy, such as communication skills training, can help individuals with schizophrenia and their families cope with the disease.

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    Description

    Discover the potential link between early brain injury and the development of schizophrenia in this informative quiz. Explore the findings of a study on identical twins and their birth complications to gain insights into this fascinating topic.

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