Factors that influence schizophrenia

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Questions and Answers

What does the study suggest as a risk factor for later development of schizophrenia?

Brain injury early in the developmental period

Prenatal exposure to viruses

Neurodevelopmental injury in the womb resulting from birth complications (correct)

Nutritional deficiencies

After an influenza outbreak in Finland, which trimester of pregnancy was associated with increased likelihood of having a child with schizophrenia after maternal flu exposure?

No specific trimester

3rd trimester

2nd trimester (correct)

1st trimester

What is one possible explanation for the increased rate of schizophrenia in individuals born in winter and early spring?

Higher exposure to pollution

Lower socioeconomic status

Season specific risk factors, such as viral outbreaks (correct)

Higher genetic risk

Where are increased rates of schizophrenia observed?

Urban environments Signup and view all the answers

What season of birth is associated with an increased rate of schizophrenia, and what is one suggested explanation for this phenomenon?

Winter and early spring, attributed to season-specific risk factors like viral outbreaks Signup and view all the answers

What is the current state of evidence regarding the link between viral exposure and developmental brain injury in relation to schizophrenia?

It is inconsistent and inconclusive. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study doesn't provide information about the role of genetic and environmental influences in the development of schizophrenia?

Case-control studies Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of developing schizophrenia if both parents have the disease?

41% Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of developing schizophrenia if a sibling has the disease?

7% Signup and view all the answers

In adoption studies, what aspect of genetic and environmental overlap is altered when individuals are adopted and raised separately?

Genetic overlap remains, but environmental overlap is reduced. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided information, which relative has the highest risk of developing schizophrenia if a family member has the disease?

Identical twin Signup and view all the answers

According to adoption studies, when a child's biological mother has schizophrenia but they are adopted by nonschizophrenic parents, what is the risk of the child developing schizophrenia?

5% Signup and view all the answers

Based on the Tienari study (1991, 2003, 2006), what does it reveal about the risk of developing schizophrenia-spectrum disorders when the biological mother has one of these disorders?

22% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common structural abnormality found in the brains of some individuals with schizophrenia?

Enlarged ventricles Signup and view all the answers

According to functional neuroimaging, which part of the brain is often associated with abnormal activity levels in individuals with schizophrenia?

Prefrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the dopamine hypothesis in the context of schizophrenia?

The dopamine hypothesis suggests that an imbalance in dopamine activity in the brain contributes to the development of schizophrenia. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters, besides dopamine, are also of interest in relation to schizophrenia?

Serotonin and glutamate Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of antipsychotic medications on dopamine?

They decrease dopamine activity Signup and view all the answers

Which dopamine receptor subtype is associated with dopaminergic overactivity in schizophrenia, resulting in positive symptoms?

D2 Signup and view all the answers

Which dopamine receptor subtype is associated with dopaminergic underactivity in schizophrenia, resulting in negative symptoms?

D1 Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the parenting style characterized by a cold, domineering, and rejecting mother that was once thought to be related to schizophrenia?

Schizophrenic parenting Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Double bind' communication pattern involve?

Telling the child one thing but behaving in the opposite way. Signup and view all the answers

What have empirical studies shown about the relationship between parenting styles and schizophrenia?

They have not provided evidence that specific parenting styles cause schizophrenia. Signup and view all the answers

What impact can some family interactions have on individuals with schizophrenia?

Certain family interactions can be a source of stress, potentially affecting the course and increasing the risk of relapse. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible impact of acute stressful incidents on individuals with schizophrenia?

Acute stressful incidents may trigger the initial onset of schizophrenia and lead to relapses. Signup and view all the answers

Expression Emotion (EE) is characterized by which emotional communication style?

High levels of criticism, expressed hostility, and emotional over-involvement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of high Expression Emotion (EE) in families on individuals with schizophrenia?

Those with families characterized by high EE are more likely to develop schizophrenia. Signup and view all the answers

According to the diathesis-stress model, what does the diathesis refer to?

The level of genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main explanation provided by the diathesis-stress model for the development of schizophrenia?

It suggests that a combination of stressors (psychological or biological) leads to schizophrenia. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the diathesis-stress model in the context of schizophrenia?

The model involves an individual's vulnerability (diathesis) and the role of stress in the development of schizophrenia. Signup and view all the answers

Which two groups are antipsychotic medications sometimes categorized into?

First Generation/Typical vs. Second Generation/atypical Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of first-generation 'Typical' antipsychotic medications used to treat schizophrenia?

B. Haldol, Thorazine, and Navane Signup and view all the answers

First-generation antipsychotic medications are often most effective for which type of symptoms in schizophrenia?

Positive symptoms and not negative symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What are some common side effects associated with first-generation antipsychotic medications?

Parkinsonian side effects, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia Signup and view all the answers

Which group of medications is most commonly associated with the development of tardive dyskinesia?

First-generation 'Typical' antipsychotics Signup and view all the answers

What is tardive dyskinesia?

A movement disorder characterized by involuntary and repetitive movements of the face, tongue and lips Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes akathisia as a side effect of antipsychotic medications?

It involves an intense feeling of restlessness and an irresistible urge to move. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common side effect of atypical antipsychotic medications?

Weight gain Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms are atypical antipsychotic medications more helpful for?

Negative symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which generation of antipsychotic medications are atypical antipsychotics considered to be?

Second generation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an essential factor for antipsychotic medication to be effective in treating schizophrenia?

Medication must be taken regularly and properly Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common reason for problems with medication compliance in individuals with schizophrenia?

Strong desire to increase medication dosage Signup and view all the answers

Which form of medication administration can be used to improve compliance in patients with schizophrenia?

Injectable forms Signup and view all the answers

Which type of program helps individuals with schizophrenia develop and improve their work-related skills and find employment opportunities?

Vocational rehabilitation Signup and view all the answers

Which psychosocial intervention focuses on helping individuals with schizophrenia recognize signs of relapse and effectively communicate with healthcare providers?

Symptom management training Signup and view all the answers

What type of program involves structured daily activities and often operates as a club for individuals with schizophrenia to engage in purposeful and meaningful tasks?

A. Day treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a psychosocial intervention commonly used in the treatment of schizophrenia to help individuals develop and improve their social skills?

Token economy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of program involves structured daily activities and often operates as a club for individuals with schizophrenia to engage in purposeful and meaningful tasks?

Day treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which form of psychotherapy for schizophrenia focuses on addressing communication skills and interaction patterns within families?

Behavioral Family Therapy Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Risk Factors for Schizophrenia

Maternal flu exposure during the second trimester of pregnancy is associated with increased likelihood of developing schizophrenia.
Winter and early spring births are associated with an increased rate of schizophrenia, possibly due to maternal viral infections during pregnancy.

Genetic and Environmental Influences

Adoption studies show that genetic and environmental factors both play a role in the development of schizophrenia.
When a biological mother has schizophrenia, the adopted child has a higher risk of developing the disease.
The risk of developing schizophrenia increases if both parents or a sibling have the disease.

Brain Abnormalities

Structural abnormalities, such as ventricular enlargement, are commonly found in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia.
Functional neuroimaging shows abnormal activity levels in the prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia.

Dopamine Hypothesis

The dopamine hypothesis suggests that an imbalance of dopamine is involved in the development of schizophrenia.
Antipsychotic medications affect dopamine levels, and dopamine receptor subtypes D1 and D2 are associated with positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Family Interactions and Schizophrenia

A cold, domineering, and rejecting parenting style was once thought to be related to schizophrenia.
The 'Double bind' communication pattern involves contradictory messages, which can contribute to the development of schizophrenia.
High Expression Emotion (EE) in families, characterized by critical or emotional communication, can negatively impact individuals with schizophrenia.

Diathesis-Stress Model

The diathesis-stress model suggests that a genetic predisposition (diathesis) combined with environmental stressors can trigger the development of schizophrenia.

Antipsychotic Medications

Antipsychotic medications can be categorized into first-generation (typical) and second-generation (atypical) medications.
First-generation medications are effective for treating positive symptoms, but have side effects like tardive dyskinesia.
Atypical antipsychotic medications are more effective for treating negative symptoms and have fewer side effects.

Psychosocial Interventions

Programs like supported employment and social skills training can help individuals with schizophrenia develop work-related skills and improve social interactions.
Family-focused therapy, such as communication skills training, can help individuals with schizophrenia and their families cope with the disease.

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Description

Discover the potential link between early brain injury and the development of schizophrenia in this informative quiz. Explore the findings of a study on identical twins and their birth complications to gain insights into this fascinating topic.