Unraveling Oncogene Activation
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Unraveling Oncogene Activation

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer according to the text?

  • Resisting cell death
  • Sustaining growth signalling
  • Enabling replicative immortality (correct)
  • Evading growth suppressors

    • What is the role of telomeres in cell lifespan according to the text?

  • Telomeres shorten genome instability/apoptosis
  • Telomeres maintain chromosome ends (correct)
  • Telomeres cause cell death
  • Telomeres lead to immortalization phase

    • What is the function of telomerase in normal cells according to the text?

  • Telomerase leads to immortalization phase
  • Telomerase maintains telomere length (correct)
  • Telomerase causes cell death
  • Telomerase shortens telomeres

    • Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer?

    <p>Invasion of local tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an environmental factor that can lead to genetic changes and cause cancer to develop?

    <p>Physical Agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site in the body where the cancer first developed in Australia in 2022?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of carcinogenesis proposes that normal cells are transformed into cancer cells through abnormal cell division?

    <p>Epigenetic Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of carcinogenesis?

    <p>A multi-step process involving genetic and epigenetic changes in cellular division and regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes oncogenes?

    <p>Genes that cause cancer when they are activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis describes the role of tumor suppressor genes in cancer development?

    <p>Knudson's Two-Hit Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of oncogene activation?

    <p>Gene deletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation can lead to uncontrolled continuous activity of an oncogene?

    <p>Point mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene is commonly amplified in small-cell lung cancer, breast/ovarian cancer, and leukemias?

    <p>c-myc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the TAX gene in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma?

    <p>Promotes proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of recurrent rearrangement involves a segment being reversed end to end?

    <p>Inversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of oncogene activation involves the formation of novel hybrid fusion genes?

    <p>Inversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene is involved in G1 to S transition and is activated by chromosomal translocation in mantle cell lymphoma?

    <p>CCND1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT an outcome triggered by tumor suppressor activation?

    <p>Increase cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism of oncogene activation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a growth suppressor?

    <p>To control cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer?

    <p>Enabling replicative immortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can cancer cells resist apoptosis?

    <p>Mutation/loss of TP53</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Tissue Organization Field Theory (TOFT), how do carcinogenic agents contribute to cancer development?

    <p>By disrupting interactions between cells that maintain tissue architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of carcinogenesis involves a multi-step process that requires more than one mutation?

    <p>Somatic Mutation Theory (SMT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are epigenetic modifications in the context of cancer development?

    <p>Non-mutational changes that affect gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cancer-associated genes?

    <p>DNA mismatch-repair genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromosomal rearrangement is often detected in haematological malignancies and some solid tumors?

    <p>Interchromosomal translocations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two mechanisms by which oncogenes can be activated through chromosomal rearrangements?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of abnormality refers to segments within a chromosome that are reversed end to end?

    <p>Intrachromosomal inversions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is commonly used to detect gene amplification in haematological malignancies?

    <p>Interphase FISH</p> Signup and view all the answers

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