Hallmarks of Cancer
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Hallmarks of Cancer

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?

  • A proto-oncogene can induce transformation of cells, while an oncogene cannot.
  • A proto-oncogene is a gene that can induce transformation of cells, while an oncogene is a gene that suppresses cell growth.
  • A proto-oncogene is a normal cellular gene, while an oncogene is a viral gene product. (correct)
  • A proto-oncogene is a viral gene product, while an oncogene is a normal cellular gene.

    • What is the main function of oncogenic viruses in cancer development?

  • They induce transformation of cells through their gene products. (correct)
  • They induce apoptosis in cancer cells.
  • They repair DNA mutations in cancer cells.
  • They stimulate the immune system to fight cancer.

    • What is genome instability and mutation in the context of cancer?

  • A phenomenon where cancer cells become resistant to chemotherapy.
  • A process that induces apoptosis in cancer cells.
  • A hallmark of cancer, characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. (correct)
  • A process that repairs DNA mutations in cancer cells.

    • How do cancer cells avoid the immune system?

    <p>By evading the immune system through various mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a gene that can induce transformation of cells?

    <p>Oncogene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the fourth stage of cancer (Stage IV)?

    <p>Cancer has spread to other sites in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of overcoming senescence and crisis, allowing indefinite cell division?

    <p>Immortalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the adoption of a fully cancerous phenotype?

    <p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hallmarks of cancer framework?

    <p>To understand the underlying principles of cancer development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the Rous sarcoma virus, a retrovirus that can cause cancer in chickens?

    <p>Peyton Rous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of p53 and pRB in cells?

    <p>To regulate cell cycle progression and induce cell death when damage cannot be repaired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do most oncogenic viruses stimulate proliferative signaling?

    <p>By targeting key canonical pathways such as PI3K-AKT-mTOR, MAPK, Notch, and WNT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of apoptosis in tissue homeostasis?

    <p>To maintain tissue function and prevent cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do oncogenic viruses block apoptosis?

    <p>To prevent cell death due to innate immune signaling and damage responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do oncogenic viruses evade immune destruction of infected cells?

    <p>By blocking innate immune pathways and adaptive immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of genome instability and mutation in host cells?

    <p>The development of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do some oncogenic viruses alter the expression of host genes?

    <p>By integrating their genome into the host cell genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of chronic infection by some viruses such as HBV and HCV?

    <p>The creation of an environment that facilitates cell growth and division as well as mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of p53 in cancer development?

    <p>It is mutated in ~50% of cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark of cancer that is enabled by the integration of viral genomes into the host cell genome?

    <p>Genome instability and mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of human cancers are caused by viral infections?

    <p>15-17%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of oncogenic viruses?

    <p>They can establish persistent infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark of cancer?

    <p>Uncontrollable growth and spread of abnormal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cancer?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which oncogenic viruses promote cancer?

    <p>By promoting the action of viral proteins on the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is NOT an oncogenic virus?

    <p>Influenza virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common property of oncogenic viruses?

    <p>They are all transmitted between humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why cancer is deadly?

    <p>Uncontrollable growth and spread of abnormal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of infectious disease associated with cancer?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which cancer cells evade the immune system?

    <p>Immune system evasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hallmarks of Cancer

    • There are eight hallmarks of cancer, which are common traits of most cancers
    • These hallmarks include:
      • Sustained proliferative signaling
      • Evading growth suppressors
      • Resisting cell death
      • Enabling replicative immortality
      • Inducing angiogenesis
      • Activating invasion and metastasis
      • Deregulating cellular energetics
      • Evading immune destruction
      • Tumor-promoting inflammation
    • Most oncogenic viruses induce at least four of these hallmarks through their gene products

    Oncogenic Viruses

    • Seven oncogenic viruses of humans have been identified
    • These viruses are from different families:
      • Herpesviridae (EBV and KSHV)
      • Papillomaviridae (HPV)
      • Polyomaviridae (MCPyV)
      • Hepadenaviridae (HBV)
      • Flaviviridae (HCV)
      • Retroviridae (HTLV-1)

    Characteristics of Oncogenic Viruses

    • Not a lot in common among the seven oncogenic viruses
    • However, they are all transmitted between humans (not zoonotic) and can establish persistent infections
    • Cancer is not necessary for replication, and viruses have not evolved to cause cancer
    • Cancer is a by-product of viral proteins acting on cells to promote replication and transmission

    Types of Cancer

    • Cancers can be classified by their primary site of origin (e.g., breast, liver, lung)
    • Cancers can also be classified by tissue type:
      • Carcinomas (epithelial origin, most common type)
      • Sarcomas (supportive or connective tissue)
      • Myelomas (plasma cells of bone marrow)
      • Leukemias (bone marrow, site of blood cell production)
      • Lymphomas (glands or nodes of the lymphatic system)

    Burden of Cancer

    • Every sixth death in the world is from cancer
    • About 40% of people will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their lives
    • 15-17% of all human cancers are caused by viral infections

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    Description

    Explore the key characteristics of cancer, including sustained proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, and resisting cell death. Delve into the role of genome instability and tumor-promoting inflammation.

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