Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?
What is the main difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?
- A proto-oncogene can induce transformation of cells, while an oncogene cannot.
- A proto-oncogene is a gene that can induce transformation of cells, while an oncogene is a gene that suppresses cell growth.
- A proto-oncogene is a normal cellular gene, while an oncogene is a viral gene product. (correct)
- A proto-oncogene is a viral gene product, while an oncogene is a normal cellular gene.
What is the main function of oncogenic viruses in cancer development?
What is the main function of oncogenic viruses in cancer development?
- They induce transformation of cells through their gene products. (correct)
- They induce apoptosis in cancer cells.
- They repair DNA mutations in cancer cells.
- They stimulate the immune system to fight cancer.
What is genome instability and mutation in the context of cancer?
What is genome instability and mutation in the context of cancer?
- A phenomenon where cancer cells become resistant to chemotherapy.
- A process that induces apoptosis in cancer cells.
- A hallmark of cancer, characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. (correct)
- A process that repairs DNA mutations in cancer cells.
How do cancer cells avoid the immune system?
How do cancer cells avoid the immune system?
What is the term for a gene that can induce transformation of cells?
What is the term for a gene that can induce transformation of cells?
What is the main characteristic of the fourth stage of cancer (Stage IV)?
What is the main characteristic of the fourth stage of cancer (Stage IV)?
What is the term for the process of overcoming senescence and crisis, allowing indefinite cell division?
What is the term for the process of overcoming senescence and crisis, allowing indefinite cell division?
What is the term for the adoption of a fully cancerous phenotype?
What is the term for the adoption of a fully cancerous phenotype?
What is the main function of the hallmarks of cancer framework?
What is the main function of the hallmarks of cancer framework?
Who discovered the Rous sarcoma virus, a retrovirus that can cause cancer in chickens?
Who discovered the Rous sarcoma virus, a retrovirus that can cause cancer in chickens?
What is the primary function of p53 and pRB in cells?
What is the primary function of p53 and pRB in cells?
How do most oncogenic viruses stimulate proliferative signaling?
How do most oncogenic viruses stimulate proliferative signaling?
What is the role of apoptosis in tissue homeostasis?
What is the role of apoptosis in tissue homeostasis?
Why do oncogenic viruses block apoptosis?
Why do oncogenic viruses block apoptosis?
How do oncogenic viruses evade immune destruction of infected cells?
How do oncogenic viruses evade immune destruction of infected cells?
What is the result of genome instability and mutation in host cells?
What is the result of genome instability and mutation in host cells?
How do some oncogenic viruses alter the expression of host genes?
How do some oncogenic viruses alter the expression of host genes?
What is the result of chronic infection by some viruses such as HBV and HCV?
What is the result of chronic infection by some viruses such as HBV and HCV?
What is the role of p53 in cancer development?
What is the role of p53 in cancer development?
What is the hallmark of cancer that is enabled by the integration of viral genomes into the host cell genome?
What is the hallmark of cancer that is enabled by the integration of viral genomes into the host cell genome?
What percentage of human cancers are caused by viral infections?
What percentage of human cancers are caused by viral infections?
What is a characteristic of oncogenic viruses?
What is a characteristic of oncogenic viruses?
What is a hallmark of cancer?
What is a hallmark of cancer?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cancer?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cancer?
What is the primary mechanism by which oncogenic viruses promote cancer?
What is the primary mechanism by which oncogenic viruses promote cancer?
Which of the following viruses is NOT an oncogenic virus?
Which of the following viruses is NOT an oncogenic virus?
What is a common property of oncogenic viruses?
What is a common property of oncogenic viruses?
What is the primary reason why cancer is deadly?
What is the primary reason why cancer is deadly?
Which of the following is a type of infectious disease associated with cancer?
Which of the following is a type of infectious disease associated with cancer?
What is the name of the process by which cancer cells evade the immune system?
What is the name of the process by which cancer cells evade the immune system?
Study Notes
Hallmarks of Cancer
- There are eight hallmarks of cancer, which are common traits of most cancers
- These hallmarks include:
- Sustained proliferative signaling
- Evading growth suppressors
- Resisting cell death
- Enabling replicative immortality
- Inducing angiogenesis
- Activating invasion and metastasis
- Deregulating cellular energetics
- Evading immune destruction
- Tumor-promoting inflammation
- Most oncogenic viruses induce at least four of these hallmarks through their gene products
Oncogenic Viruses
- Seven oncogenic viruses of humans have been identified
- These viruses are from different families:
- Herpesviridae (EBV and KSHV)
- Papillomaviridae (HPV)
- Polyomaviridae (MCPyV)
- Hepadenaviridae (HBV)
- Flaviviridae (HCV)
- Retroviridae (HTLV-1)
Characteristics of Oncogenic Viruses
- Not a lot in common among the seven oncogenic viruses
- However, they are all transmitted between humans (not zoonotic) and can establish persistent infections
- Cancer is not necessary for replication, and viruses have not evolved to cause cancer
- Cancer is a by-product of viral proteins acting on cells to promote replication and transmission
Types of Cancer
- Cancers can be classified by their primary site of origin (e.g., breast, liver, lung)
- Cancers can also be classified by tissue type:
- Carcinomas (epithelial origin, most common type)
- Sarcomas (supportive or connective tissue)
- Myelomas (plasma cells of bone marrow)
- Leukemias (bone marrow, site of blood cell production)
- Lymphomas (glands or nodes of the lymphatic system)
Burden of Cancer
- Every sixth death in the world is from cancer
- About 40% of people will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their lives
- 15-17% of all human cancers are caused by viral infections
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Description
Explore the key characteristics of cancer, including sustained proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, and resisting cell death. Delve into the role of genome instability and tumor-promoting inflammation.
