Unmasking the Sleeping Brain
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Questions and Answers

During which stage of sleep do sleep spindles and K-Complexes occur?

  • Stage 1
  • Stage 4
  • Stage 3
  • Stage 2 (correct)

    • Which stage of sleep is characterized by slower brain waves with higher peaks and lower valleys?

  • Stage 4
  • Stage 1
  • Stage 2
  • Stage 3 (correct)

    • Which stages of sleep are known as non-REM sleep?

  • Stages 2-3
  • Stages 1-4 (correct)
  • Stages 3-4
  • Stages 1-2

    • During which stage of sleep do Delta Waves occur?

    <p>Stage 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of sleep are dreams most vivid and easily remembered?

    <p>REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults' sleeping time is occupied by REM sleep?

    <p>Around 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of sleep from an evolutionary perspective?

    <p>To protect from night-time predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain controls circadian rhythms?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which machine is used to measure electrical activity in the brain during sleep?

    <p>EEG machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

    <p>To control circadian rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the world's population cannot be hypnotized?

    <p>Around 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During sleep, the brain produces electrical discharges with wavelike patterns that change in height and speed. What are these patterns called?

    <p>Brain waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many distinct stages of sleep do people progress through during the night?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the phase of pre-sleep consciousness?

    <p>Hypnagogic state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are vivid images experienced during the hypnagogic state called?

    <p>Hypnagogic images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of sleep is characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves?

    <p>Stage 1 sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of stage 1 sleep?

    <p>To transition between wakefulness and sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of sleep makes up about half of the total sleep of those in their early twenties?

    <p>Stage 2 sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of sleep do images sometimes appear, as if viewing still photos?

    <p>Stage 1 sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a feeling of falling or uncontrolled muscle spasm during the hypnagogic state?

    <p>Hypnic jerk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population is left in the grey area of possibility?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Ernest Hilgard, what evidence supports the idea that hypnosis is a different state of consciousness?

    <p>Increased ability to recall and construct images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one practical use of hypnosis mentioned in the text?

    <p>Controlling pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key to the procedure of meditation?

    <p>Concentrating to the point of unawareness of outside stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people often report feeling after meditation?

    <p>Relaxed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some biological changes that can occur as a result of long-term meditation practice?

    <p>Increased oxygen, decreased heart rate and blood pressure, and changes in brain wave patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meditation typically focused on?

    <p>Repetition of a mantra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of meditation in different religious traditions?

    <p>Refocusing attention and achieving an altered state of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Ernest Hilgard argue about hypnosis?

    <p>It represents a state of consciousness that differs significantly from other states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one area where hypnosis has been used successfully?

    <p>Law enforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that converts a sensory signal to an electrical signal, to be processed in a specialized area in the brain?

    <p>Transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sensory system concerned with the conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration?

    <p>Somatosensory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is responsible for detecting black, white, and gray in soft or low light conditions?

    <p>Rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that cones in the eye are organized into three classes: red/green, blue/yellow, and black/white?

    <p>Opponent-Process Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sense that lets us perceive the location, movement, and action of parts of the body?

    <p>Proprioception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the occipital lobe in the brain?

    <p>Processing visual information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe our brain's interpretation of the signals sent from the sensory organs, and the attribution of meaning to them?

    <p>Perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sense contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture?

    <p>Vestibular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of information processing requires attention?

    <p>Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that limits perception according to the Information Processing Model?

    <p>Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which direction influences information processing according to the Information Processing Model?

    <p>Both bottom-up and top-down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for perception to occur?

    <p>Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between sensation and perception according to the Information Processing Model?

    <p>Sensation is unlimited, while perception is limited by attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What draws our attention to salient items?

    <p>Sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects what we perceive according to the Information Processing Model?

    <p>Interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between attention and perception?

    <p>Attention is required for perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences information processing from our senses according to the Information Processing Model?

    <p>Bottom-up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is responsible for holding memories from your immediate past and dispatching them to the cortex?

    <p>Long-Term Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region plays a role in the storage of emotional memories?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the deciding factor of whether sensory memory is transferred to short-term memory?

    <p>Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for working memory?

    <p>Short-Term Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does working memory process information used in?

    <p>Planning, problem solving, and perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory receives information from both sensory memory and long-term memory?

    <p>Working Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory holds memories in long-term, permanent storage?

    <p>Long-Term Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the capacity of sensory memory?

    <p>Very large</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the brain is heavily involved in working memory, which is an executive function connected to planning and attention?

    <p>Frontal Lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is responsible for holding our stored knowledge and immediate sensory experience?

    <p>Working Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is automatic and consists of unconscious skills that we have learned?

    <p>Implicit Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for our memory of facts, concepts, words, and knowledge about the world?

    <p>Semantic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is our memory of specific events that we have experienced?

    <p>Episodic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of turning sensory memory into working memory called?

    <p>Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of turning working memory into long-term memory called?

    <p>Consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability to remember information, typically due to physiological trauma?

    <p>Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of amnesia refers to the loss of memory for events and experiences that happened before the amnesia-causing event?

    <p>Retrograde Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of amnesia refers to the loss of memory for events and experiences that occurred after the amnesia-causing event?

    <p>Anterograde Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the initial experience of perceiving and learning information?

    <p>Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for taking information from our prestored knowledge (long-term memory) and using it to complete complex tasks?

    <p>Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct definition of sensation?

    <p>The reaction of sensory organs to sensory information they are sensitive to</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the occipital lobe in the brain?

    <p>Processing visual information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following senses is NOT one of the five traditional senses?

    <p>Proprioception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are rods located in the retina?

    <p>In the peripheral retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory explains how cones in the eye are organized into three classes?

    <p>Opponent-Process Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the somatosensory system?

    <p>To process touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the conversion of sensory signals to electrical signals in the brain?

    <p>Transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the occipital lobe communicate with to interpret visual information?

    <p>The rest of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Information Processing Model, which stage requires attention in order for perception to occur?

    <p>Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that limits perception according to the Information Processing Model?

    <p>Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which direction influences information processing according to the Information Processing Model?

    <p>Both bottom-up and top-down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of stage 1 sleep?

    <p>To restore energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the occipital lobe in the brain?

    <p>To process visual information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between attention and perception?

    <p>Attention is necessary for perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What draws our attention to salient items?

    <p>Selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that converts a sensory signal to an electrical signal, to be processed in a specialized area in the brain?

    <p>Sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of sleep from an evolutionary perspective?

    <p>To restore energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

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