84 Questions
During which stage of sleep do sleep spindles and K-Complexes occur?
Stage 2
Which stage of sleep is characterized by slower brain waves with higher peaks and lower valleys?
Stage 3
Which stages of sleep are known as non-REM sleep?
Stages 1-4
During which stage of sleep do Delta Waves occur?
Stage 4
During which stage of sleep are dreams most vivid and easily remembered?
REM sleep
What percentage of adults' sleeping time is occupied by REM sleep?
Around 20%
What is the purpose of sleep from an evolutionary perspective?
To protect from night-time predators
Which part of the brain controls circadian rhythms?
Hypothalamus
Which machine is used to measure electrical activity in the brain during sleep?
EEG machine
What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?
To control circadian rhythms
What percentage of the world's population cannot be hypnotized?
Around 10%
During sleep, the brain produces electrical discharges with wavelike patterns that change in height and speed. What are these patterns called?
Brain waves
How many distinct stages of sleep do people progress through during the night?
5
What is the term used to describe the phase of pre-sleep consciousness?
Hypnagogic state
What are vivid images experienced during the hypnagogic state called?
Hypnagogic images
Which stage of sleep is characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves?
Stage 1 sleep
What is the purpose of stage 1 sleep?
To transition between wakefulness and sleep
Which stage of sleep makes up about half of the total sleep of those in their early twenties?
Stage 2 sleep
During which stage of sleep do images sometimes appear, as if viewing still photos?
Stage 1 sleep
What is the term used to describe a feeling of falling or uncontrolled muscle spasm during the hypnagogic state?
Hypnic jerk
What percentage of the population is left in the grey area of possibility?
65%
According to Ernest Hilgard, what evidence supports the idea that hypnosis is a different state of consciousness?
Increased ability to recall and construct images
What is one practical use of hypnosis mentioned in the text?
Controlling pain
What is the key to the procedure of meditation?
Concentrating to the point of unawareness of outside stimulation
What do people often report feeling after meditation?
Relaxed
What are some biological changes that can occur as a result of long-term meditation practice?
Increased oxygen, decreased heart rate and blood pressure, and changes in brain wave patterns
What is meditation typically focused on?
Repetition of a mantra
What is the purpose of meditation in different religious traditions?
Refocusing attention and achieving an altered state of consciousness
What does Ernest Hilgard argue about hypnosis?
It represents a state of consciousness that differs significantly from other states
What is one area where hypnosis has been used successfully?
Law enforcement
What is the process that converts a sensory signal to an electrical signal, to be processed in a specialized area in the brain?
Transduction
What is the sensory system concerned with the conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration?
Somatosensory system
Which part of the eye is responsible for detecting black, white, and gray in soft or low light conditions?
Rods
Which theory suggests that cones in the eye are organized into three classes: red/green, blue/yellow, and black/white?
Opponent-Process Theory
What is the sense that lets us perceive the location, movement, and action of parts of the body?
Proprioception
What is the function of the occipital lobe in the brain?
Processing visual information
What is the term used to describe our brain's interpretation of the signals sent from the sensory organs, and the attribution of meaning to them?
Perception
Which sense contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture?
Vestibular
Which stage of information processing requires attention?
Attention
What is the main factor that limits perception according to the Information Processing Model?
Attention
Which direction influences information processing according to the Information Processing Model?
Both bottom-up and top-down
What is required for perception to occur?
Attention
What is the difference between sensation and perception according to the Information Processing Model?
Sensation is unlimited, while perception is limited by attention
What draws our attention to salient items?
Sensation
Which factor affects what we perceive according to the Information Processing Model?
Interpretation
What is the relationship between attention and perception?
Attention is required for perception
What influences information processing from our senses according to the Information Processing Model?
Bottom-up
Which type of memory is responsible for holding memories from your immediate past and dispatching them to the cortex?
Long-Term Memory
Which brain region plays a role in the storage of emotional memories?
Amygdala
What is the deciding factor of whether sensory memory is transferred to short-term memory?
Attention
What is another name for working memory?
Short-Term Memory
What does working memory process information used in?
Planning, problem solving, and perception
Which type of memory receives information from both sensory memory and long-term memory?
Working Memory
What type of memory holds memories in long-term, permanent storage?
Long-Term Memory
What is the capacity of sensory memory?
Very large
What part of the brain is heavily involved in working memory, which is an executive function connected to planning and attention?
Frontal Lobes
What type of memory is responsible for holding our stored knowledge and immediate sensory experience?
Working Memory
Which type of memory is automatic and consists of unconscious skills that we have learned?
Implicit Memory
What is the term for our memory of facts, concepts, words, and knowledge about the world?
Semantic Memory
Which type of memory is our memory of specific events that we have experienced?
Episodic Memory
What is the process of turning sensory memory into working memory called?
Encoding
What is the process of turning working memory into long-term memory called?
Consolidation
What is the term for the inability to remember information, typically due to physiological trauma?
Amnesia
Which type of amnesia refers to the loss of memory for events and experiences that happened before the amnesia-causing event?
Retrograde Amnesia
Which type of amnesia refers to the loss of memory for events and experiences that occurred after the amnesia-causing event?
Anterograde Amnesia
What is the term for the initial experience of perceiving and learning information?
Encoding
What is the term for taking information from our prestored knowledge (long-term memory) and using it to complete complex tasks?
Retrieval
Which of the following is the correct definition of sensation?
The reaction of sensory organs to sensory information they are sensitive to
What is the function of the occipital lobe in the brain?
Processing visual information
Which of the following senses is NOT one of the five traditional senses?
Proprioception
Where are rods located in the retina?
In the peripheral retina
Which theory explains how cones in the eye are organized into three classes?
Opponent-Process Theory
What is the purpose of the somatosensory system?
To process touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and movement
What is the term used to describe the conversion of sensory signals to electrical signals in the brain?
Transduction
What does the occipital lobe communicate with to interpret visual information?
The rest of the brain
According to the Information Processing Model, which stage requires attention in order for perception to occur?
Attention
What is the main factor that limits perception according to the Information Processing Model?
Attention
Which direction influences information processing according to the Information Processing Model?
Both bottom-up and top-down
What is the purpose of stage 1 sleep?
To restore energy levels
What is the function of the occipital lobe in the brain?
To process visual information
What is the relationship between attention and perception?
Attention is necessary for perception
What draws our attention to salient items?
Selection
What is the process that converts a sensory signal to an electrical signal, to be processed in a specialized area in the brain?
Sensation
What is the purpose of sleep from an evolutionary perspective?
To restore energy levels
Test your knowledge on measuring brain activity during sleep with this quiz. Learn about the electroencephalogram (EEG) and how it measures electrical activity in the brain. Discover fascinating insights into the brain's activity during sleep.
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