Questions and Answers
What is the primary gas found in Earth's atmosphere?
Which layer of the atmosphere is known as the zone of weather?
What is the function of the ozone layer located in the stratosphere?
At which atmospheric layer do meteorites typically burn up before reaching the Earth's surface?
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Which characteristic is true about the thermosphere?
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What does the hydrosphere include?
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Which component of Earth comprises all living things and their interactions?
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What term describes the solid part of Earth, including landforms and minerals?
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What is the primary hypothesis explaining the formation of the solar system based on gas and dust?
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Which hypothesis suggests that a star stripping matter from the early sun contributed to planet formation?
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What unique feature of Earth allows it to maintain liquid water at its surface?
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Which factor significantly impacts the ability of Earth to host life?
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What is the primary focus of cosmology?
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What major concept did Nicolaus Copernicus introduce?
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What is the role of Earth's atmosphere in supporting life?
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How does Jupiter contribute to Earth's habitability?
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Which of the following universally accepted theories proposes that the universe began with a colossal explosion?
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What percentage of Earth's surface is covered by water, facilitating life?
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What did Galileo Galilei contribute to astronomy?
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Which two parts did Aristotle divide the universe into?
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What characteristic of the Earth contributes to the stability of its planetary rotation?
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Which theory suggests the universe experiences cycles of expansion and destruction?
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What does the Big Crunch theory propose about the universe's fate?
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Which of the following statements is characteristic of the Geocentric model?
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What is a mineral?
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Which property is used to determine the hardness of a mineral?
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What does luster describe in a mineral?
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Which of the following is a non-metallic mineral resource found in the Philippines?
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Where in the Philippines are the most prolific copper and gold deposits located?
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What type of fracture is characterized by smooth, shell-shaped breakage?
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Why is the Philippines rich in mineral resources?
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What is the relationship between rocks and minerals?
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What is the primary method by which saline water is converted into fresh water?
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Which body of water is classified as saline and cannot be used for drinking or irrigation due to its high salinity?
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Where does the majority of the Earth's freshwater reside?
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What is the largest volume of water contained on Earth?
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Which type of fossil fuel is described as a solid, black rock-like substance?
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Which element is NOT commonly found in coal?
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What is the process called that refers to the flow of water through the atmosphere to distribute freshwater?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of fossil fuel?
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Study Notes
Universe and Cosmology
- The Universe comprises all galaxies, stars, and planets, including our solar system in the Milky Way galaxy.
- Cosmology studies the universe's origin, evolution, and fate.
- Aristotle advocated for an eternal universe divided into imperfect Earth and perfect heavens, supporting the Geocentric model.
- The Geocentric model failed to account for observable parallax in Earth's movement.
Key Astronomical Figures
- Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model, placing the Sun at the center of the universe.
- Galileo Galilei revolutionized science by emphasizing observation over faith, using telescopes to gather evidence supporting Copernicus's theories.
- Major discoveries by Galileo include the four Galilean moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and the phases of Venus.
Theories of the Universe's Origin
- Big Bang theory posits the universe began from high-energy states, leading to energy and matter separation.
- Steady State theory suggests the universe has always existed without a beginning or end, maintaining constant density.
- Pulsating Universe theory combines aspects of the Big Bang and Big Crunch, suggesting cyclic expansion and contraction.
- The Big Crunch theory proposes a future collapse of the universe into a single black hole.
Formation of the Solar System
- Originated approximately 4.6 billion years ago, driven by multiple hypotheses:
- Nebular Hypothesis: Gas and dust coalescing around the early Sun to form planetesimals.
- Planetismal Hypothesis: Close star encounters causing material to be ejected from the Sun.
- Protoplanet Hypothesis: Integrating Laplace's concepts with modern understandings of matter.
- Cometary Collision Hypothesis: The idea that a comet collision led to planetary formation.
Earth's Unique Characteristics
- Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only known celestial body to support life.
- Key conditions for habitability include:
- Liquid water availability at the surface, optimal proximity to the Sun, and a stable atmosphere.
- Effective plate tectonics facilitating essential biogeochemical cycles.
- Protective gravitational influence from Jupiter, which shields Earth from space debris.
Atmospheric Layers
- The atmosphere comprises various layers, each with distinctive functions:
- Troposphere: The lowest layer where weather occurs, extending 8 to 16 km above Earth's surface.
- Stratosphere: Above the troposphere, containing the ozone layer that shields against UV rays.
- Mesosphere: The coldest layer where meteoroids burn up.
- Thermosphere: Contains high temperatures and hosts satellite orbits.
- Exosphere: The uppermost layer, gradually transitioning into space.
Earth's Spheres
- Hydrosphere: All water on Earth, including oceans, lakes, and glaciers; essential for life.
- Geosphere: Solid components, including rocks, minerals, and landforms.
- Biosphere: Zones where all living organisms interact with land, water, and atmosphere.
- Environment and Ecosystems: Encompass the interconnections of living organisms within their physical surroundings.
Minerals and Rocks
- Minerals: Natural, inorganic substances with a defined chemical composition, forming crystals.
- Key properties for identification:
- Hardness: Measured on the Mohs scale based on scratch resistance.
- Color, Streak, Luster, Cleavage, and Fracture characteristics help in mineral identification.
Philippines' Mineral Wealth
- Located on the circum-Pacific Ring of Fire, rich in metallic and non-metallic minerals due to geological processes.
- Abundant metallic minerals include gold, copper, and nickel; non-metallic resources include limestone and clay.
- Major nickel producers are in Palawan and Surigao, with gold and copper concentration in Benguet.
Water Body Types
- Lakes: Large freshwater areas vital for irrigation and industry; saline lakes exist but are less usable.
- Rivers: Flowing bodies of water, essential for the ecosystem.
- Groundwater: Freshwater stored in soil and rocks, vital for resources.
- Oceans: Cover more than 97% of Earth's water; significant for environmental balance.
Fossil Fuels
- Nonrenewable energy sources formed from decomposed organic matter under heat and pressure.
- Types of fossil fuels:
- Solid: Coal, the most abundant fuel.
- Liquid: Petroleum.
- Gas: The most prevalent fossil fuel globally, providing significant energy resources.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of the universe and cosmology, including the origins, evolution, and significant astronomical figures like Copernicus and Galileo. This quiz covers various models such as the Geocentric and Heliocentric theories, as well as key theories about the universe's beginnings like the Big Bang and Steady State theory.
