Cosmology: Origin of the Universe and Solar System

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Questions and Answers

What is the estimated time of the origin of the universe?

10 to 20 billion years ago (correct)
Unknown
100 billion years ago
5 billion years ago

What is the most widely accepted theory of the origin of the universe?

Big Bang Theory (correct)
Encounter Hypothesis
Nebular Hypothesis
Steady State Theory

What is NOT a component of the solar system?

Dwarf planets
Asteroids
Moon
Galaxies (correct)

What is the unknown aspect of the Big Bang theory?

The cause of the explosion (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the earliest theory for the formation of the planets?

Encounter Hypothesis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the universe developed?

Expansion (C) Signup and view all the answers

How many planets are in the solar system?

8 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun?

Asteroids (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate radius of the Earth in kilometers?

1,220 km (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Activity 1.1?

To reflect on the video about the universe (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is required in Activity 1.2?

To list down new discoveries about the solar system from 2019-2021 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Activity 1.3?

To describe the uniqueness of the Earth (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the format of the required output in Activity 1.3?

Brief description (C) Signup and view all the answers

How many points is Activity 1.1 worth?

10 points (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the subject title of the lesson?

Earth and Life Science (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the grade and strand of the lesson?

Not specified (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main flaw in the theory of planetary formation?

The mechanism of planet formation from the solar disk (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Sun in the Earth's ecosystem?

Providing energy to the growth of plants (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique feature of the Earth's use of the Sun's light?

It's used to convert elements into a usable form (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical factor in the Earth's climate that supports life?

Moderate amount of carbon dioxide (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of water on Earth?

It's essential for the existence of life (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the NASA rover that landed on Mars in 2021?

Perseverance (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the nickname of the new Earth-sized planet discovered orbiting a dim red star?

Pi Earth (A) Signup and view all the answers

How many days does it take for the planet K2-315b to orbit its star?

3.14 days (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the material from the Sun and the rogue star in the tidal stripping scenario?

It fragments into smaller lumps which form the planets. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why do the inner worlds tend to be denser than the outer worlds in the tidal stripping scenario?

Because the material was denser in the inner region. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major problem with the tidal stripping scenario?

Hot gas expands, not contracts. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How often do encounters between stars occur?

Extremely rarely, in the lifetime of the Universe. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial state of the Solar System in the nebular hypothesis?

A large cloud of hot gas. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the angular momentum in the nebular hypothesis?

It is conserved and forms a rotating disk. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the contraction of the gas cloud in the nebular hypothesis?

The Sun and the planets form. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the disk that forms in the nebular hypothesis?

A rotating disk shape. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the black hole image released by scientists?

It shows a shadow in the form of a perfect circle at the center (B) Signup and view all the answers

How far away is the Messier 87 galaxy from Earth?

54 million light-years (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost layer of Earth?

Crust (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the layer that contains life?

Biosphere (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the region that contains water in all its forms?

Hydrosphere (B) Signup and view all the answers

What lies between Earth's core and its crust?

Mantle (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the innermost geologic layer of the planet Earth?

Inner core (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate thickness of the outer core?

2,400 km (B) Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Origin of the Universe

The Big Bang theory is universally accepted as the origin of the universe, occurring between 10-20 billion years ago.
The universe expanded from a hot, dense state, with everything exploding away from each other.
The cause of the Big Bang is still unknown.

Origin of the Solar System

The solar system consists of the Sun, eight planets, their natural satellites, dwarf planets, asteroids, and comets.
The Encounter Hypothesis suggests that a rogue star passing close to the Sun 5 billion years ago led to the formation of the planets through tidally stripped material.
The Nebular Hypothesis proposes that the Solar System started as a large cloud of gas that contracted under self-gravity, forming a rotating disk with planets.

Characteristics of Earth

Distance from the Sun: Earth's distance regulates temperature, weather patterns, and provides energy for plant growth.
Importance of light: Earth uses the Sun's light as a source of energy for converting elements into a usable form.
Atmosphere: essential for life, as it provides a suitable climate and moderate carbon dioxide levels.
Water: a crucial factor for life on Earth.

Current Advancements and Information on the Solar System

NASA's Perseverance rover landed on Mars in 2021, sending back images of the Martian surface.
A new Earth-sized planet, K2-315b or "Pi Earth," was discovered, orbiting a dim red star every 3.14 days.
The first-ever photo of a black hole was taken, showing the supermassive black hole at the center of the Messier 87 galaxy.

Earth's 4 Subsystems and Layers

Lithosphere: the rigid outer part of Earth, comprising the surface, crust, and upper mantle.
Biosphere: the regions containing life.
Hydrosphere: the regions containing water (solid, liquid, and gas).
Atmosphere: the sphere containing all of Earth's air, extending from below sea level to 10,000 km.
Layers of the Earth:
- Crust: the outermost shell of a terrestrial planet.
- Mantle: the mostly-solid bulk of Earth's interior, between the core and crust.
- Outer core: a fluid layer about 2,400 km thick, composed of iron and nickel.
- Inner core: a solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 km, at the center of the Earth.

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