Universal Health Coverage Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of Universal Health Coverage?

  • To increase health care costs for better services
  • To restrict health services to low-income individuals
  • To privatize essential health services
  • To ensure access to health services without financial hardship (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT one of the three related objectives of Universal Health Coverage?

  • Increased health expenditures (correct)
  • Equity in access
  • Financial-risk protection
  • Quality of health services

    • How many additional health workers are estimated to be needed by 2030 to meet UHC targets?

  • 32 million
  • 56 million
  • 10 million
  • 18 million (correct)

    • What percentage of health expenditure typically comes from out-of-pocket payments?

    <p>32%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of financial hardship due to health care costs?

    <p>Poverty and financial catastrophe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Universal Health Coverage emphasizes the need for health services to be tailored to community needs?

    <p>Transformation in funding and delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the integrated reproductive health priority area?

    <p>To reduce the Maternal Mortality Ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding global health infrastructure is correct?

    <p>One-third of deaths each year remain unregistered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which service is excluded from the full spectrum of essential health services under Universal Health Coverage?

    <p>Cosmetic surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following priority areas focuses on ensuring the availability of essential drugs and medical supplies?

    <p>Essential drugs and medical supplies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intended outcome of the hygiene, sanitation, and safer water priority area?

    <p>To promote hygiene and access to proper sanitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which priority area is aimed at improving health service delivery through strengthened operational systems?

    <p>Systems strengthening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which priority area seeks to reduce the incidence and mortality related to malaria?

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for improving health service coverage and health outcomes?

    <p>Availability of skilled health workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method best helps spread financial risks of illness across a population?

    <p>Compulsory funding sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of health services is emphasized by UHC beyond service coverage?

    <p>Methods of funding and management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical element necessary for achieving UHC?

    <p>Strong governance and procurement systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major change is needed for health service delivery in the context of UHC?

    <p>Integration of services focused on people’s needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two factors should monitoring progress towards UHC focus on?

    <p>Proportion of population accessing quality care and out-of-pocket health expenditures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often a barrier for the poor in accessing necessary health services?

    <p>Lack of affordable insurance options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can traditional and complementary medicine services be effectively integrated into health systems?

    <p>By aligning them with comprehensive service needs and expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of Universal Health Coverage (UHC)?

    <p>To ensure equitable access to health services addressing causes of disease and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of UHC?

    <p>Strictly individual treatment services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does UHC aim to prevent regarding financial consequences?

    <p>The necessity to sell properties for healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does UHC relate to the Sustainable Development Goals set in 2015?

    <p>Progress on UHC contributes to the achievement of health-related targets and other goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by the statement that UHC is not merely about health financing?

    <p>UHC should incorporate economic development strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does UHC promote beyond health services?

    <p>Equity, development priorities, and social cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does UHC fail to assure based on the provided content?

    <p>Free health services regardless of cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might hinder the progress of countries towards UHC?

    <p>Inadequate governance frameworks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category includes indicators related to reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health?

    <p>Reproductive health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of the framework developed by WHO and the World Bank to track UHC?

    <p>To monitor service coverage and financial protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which health service is NOT included in the infectious diseases category?

    <p>Management of chronic respiratory diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element is included within the noncommunicable diseases category for UHC measurement?

    <p>Cervical cancer screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for countries to develop their own methods of measuring UHC?

    <p>To account for unique national health challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of service capacity and access indicators for UHC?

    <p>Nutrition programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What foundational principle underpins the WHO's approach to UHC?

    <p>Health is a fundamental human right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of using standardized measures in tracking UHC progress globally?

    <p>Facilitates comparison across countries and time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Universal Health Coverage

    • The goal of universal health coverage (UHC) is to ensure that all people obtain the health services they need without financial hardship.
    • UHC aims to provide healthcare and financial protection to everyone in a country with three objectives:
      • Equity in access: everyone who needs healthcare should get it, not just those who can afford it.
      • Quality of services: services should be effective enough to improve the health of those receiving them.
      • Financial risk protection: the cost of healthcare should not put individuals at risk of financial hardship.
    • All UN Member States have agreed to achieve UHC by 2030 as part of the Sustainable Development Goals.
    • UHC provides access to quality essential health services, safe, effective, and affordable medicines, and financial protection.
    • Currently, at least 400 million people globally lack access to one or more essential health services.
    • Each year, 100 million people are pushed into poverty, and 150 million suffer financial catastrophe due to out-of-pocket healthcare expenses.
    • On average, 32% of each country's health expenditure comes from out-of-pocket payments.
    • Achieving UHC requires a transformation in healthcare funding, management, and delivery, focusing on the needs of individuals and communities.
    • More than 18 million additional health workers are needed by 2030 to meet the health workforce requirements of the Sustainable Development Goals and UHC targets.
    • Two-thirds (38 million) of 56 million deaths each year are still not registered globally.

    What UHC Is Not

    • UHC does not mean free coverage for all possible health interventions regardless of cost, as no country can sustainably provide all services free of charge.
    • UHC is not just about health financing. It encompasses all aspects of the health system, such as health service delivery systems, workforce, facilities, technologies, information systems, quality assurance mechanisms, and governance and legislation.
    • UHC is not about ensuring a minimum package of services, but also about progressively expanding coverage and financial protection as more resources become available.
    • UHC is not only about individual treatments, but also includes population-based services like public health campaigns, water fluoridation, and mosquito control.
    • UHC involves more than just health; it is about equity, development priorities, social inclusion, and cohesion.
    • All countries can take steps to move towards UHC or maintain existing gains.
    • Countries where health services have traditionally been accessible and affordable are finding it increasingly difficult to meet the growing healthcare needs of their populations and the escalating costs of services.

    Achieving UHC

    • Moving towards UHC requires strengthening health systems in all countries.
    • Robust financing structures are crucial to ensure access to healthcare for all.
    • When people pay most healthcare costs out-of-pocket, the poor are unable to access services, and even the wealthy may face hardship in the event of severe or long-term illness.
    • Pooling funds from compulsory sources (such as mandatory insurance contributions) can spread the financial risks of illness across the population.
    • Improving health service coverage and outcomes depends on the availability, accessibility, and capacity of healthcare workers to deliver quality, people-centered, integrated care.
    • Investments in the primary healthcare workforce are crucial for achieving equity in access to essential healthcare services.
    • Good governance, sound procurement and supply systems, and well-functioning health information systems are essential elements for successful UHC implementation.
    • UHC emphasizes both what services are covered and how they are funded, managed, and delivered.
    • A fundamental shift in service delivery is necessary, focusing on integrating services and prioritizing the needs of individuals and communities.
    • Health services should be delivered in the most appropriate setting, balancing out- and in-patient care and strengthening care coordination.
    • Integrating traditional and complementary medicine services into overall care can help empower individuals to take an active role in their health and the health system.

    Measuring UHC

    • Monitoring progress towards UHC should focus on:
      • The proportion of the population accessing essential quality health services.
      • The proportion of the population spending a large amount of household income on health.
    • WHO has developed a framework with the World Bank to track UHC progress by monitoring service coverage, financial protection, and equity.
    • WHO uses 16 essential health services in four categories as indicators of UHC level and equity:
      • Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health (e.g., family planning, antenatal and delivery care, childhood immunization)
      • Infectious Disease (e.g., tuberculosis treatment, HIV antiretroviral therapy, malaria prevention)
      • Non-Communicable Diseases (e.g., blood pressure and glucose management, cervical cancer screening, tobacco use)
      • Service Capacity and Access (e.g., basic hospital access, health worker density, access to essential medicines)
    • While each country is unique and may develop its own UHC measurement methods, there is value in using standardized, internationally recognized measures to facilitate comparisons.

    Basic Health Care Package (BHCP) and National Health Priorities

    • Currently, ten priority areas for health services have been identified for inclusion in the BHCP:
      • Child health and nutrition: reducing mortality rate among children under five.
      • Integrated reproductive health: reducing the Maternal Mortality Ratio.
      • HIV and AIDS, TB, and STIs: halting and reducing the spread of these infections through effective interventions.
      • Malaria: reducing incidence and mortality due to malaria.
      • Epidemics: improving public health surveillance and control of epidemics.
      • Hygiene, sanitation, and safer water: promoting and implementing interventions to improve hygiene and access to acceptable sanitation and safer water.
      • Human resources: training, recruiting, and retaining adequate staff at all levels.
      • Essential drugs and medical supplies: ensuring availability of essential drugs and medical supplies at all levels.
      • Infrastructure and equipment: ensuring the availability of appropriate infrastructure and equipment at all levels.
      • Systems strengthening: strengthening operational systems, financing mechanisms, and governance arrangements for effective health service delivery.

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    Universal Health Coverage (UHC) PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of Universal Health Coverage (UHC), including its goals, principles, and the commitments made by UN Member States towards achieving it by 2030. This quiz covers the importance of equitable access to health services and the financial protections needed to prevent healthcare-related poverty.

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