Canadian Health Care System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary basis for the provision of health care services in Canada?

Need (correct)

Geographical distribution

Economic status

Age of the individual

Which event marked the introduction of a province-wide universal hospital plan in Canada?

Passage of the Medical Care Act in 1966

Constitution Act of 1867

Universal medical insurance plan in Saskatchewan in 1962

Introduction of Medicare in Saskatchewan in 1947 (correct)

How are most health care services funded in Canada?

By local municipalities

By private insurance companies

By provincial and territorial governments with federal assistance (correct)

Through federal funding alone

What significant change occurred in Canadian health care between 1962 and 1966?

Implementation of Cost-sharing for medical services Signup and view all the answers

What responsibility was established by the Constitution Act of 1867 regarding health care in Canada?

Provincial management of hospitals and care facilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of Canadian health care policy?

To protect, promote, and restore the well-being of residents Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT included in the roles of provincial and territorial governments in health care?

Direct provision of all necessary medications Signup and view all the answers

How many distinct regulated health professions are there in Ontario?

29 Signup and view all the answers

What legislation governs Ontario's regulated health professions?

Regulated Health Professions Act (RHPA) Signup and view all the answers

What type of health services are included in the primary health care category?

Preventive care provided by general practitioners Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement for provinces and territories to receive full federal cash transfers for health services?

Meeting criteria set by the Canada Health Act Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of non-regulated health professions?

Regulated under the Regulated Health Professions Act Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following services does the provincial government NOT handle?

Direct employment of all health professionals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of health regulatory colleges in Ontario?

To govern and regulate the practice of regulated health professions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'controlled acts' in the context of health professions in Ontario?

Activities that require strict oversight due to public safety concerns Signup and view all the answers

What does the Health Professions Regulatory Advisory Council do?

Advise the Minister of Health on regulatory matters Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is NOT part of the Health Professions Procedural Code?

Directly providing healthcare services Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'scope of practice' in the context of health professions?

A description of the specific activities a profession is authorized to undertake Signup and view all the answers

What does the Health Professions Appeal and Review Board do?

Review decisions related to registration and complaints within health regulatory colleges Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Health Professions Procedural Code?

It governs how all regulatory colleges handle member registration and discipline Signup and view all the answers

What role do health regulatory colleges play in addressing complaints against members of the profession?

They must investigate complaints and may impose disciplinary actions when appropriate Signup and view all the answers

Which act involves moving the joints of the spine using a fast, low amplitude thrust?

Spinal joint manipulation Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a controlled act in Ontario related to administering substances?

Prescribing crossover drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which action is specifically related to fitting or dispensing dental appliances?

Fitting a dental prosthesis Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would an individual be engaged in allergy challenge testing?

During a significant allergic response Signup and view all the answers

What does administering a controlled act typically not include?

Communicating a mental health diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

Which act involves procedures performed below the anatomical surface levels?

Performing a below-dermis procedure Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of professional associations concerning their members?

Certify members for practice Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is included within the controlled acts in Ontario regarding maternity?

Managing labor and delivery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of kinesiology as a scientific discipline?

The study of human movement and performance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an area of practice for kinesiologists?

Real estate management Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes clinical practice of kinesiology from non-clinical practice?

Clinical practice provides direct services to clients Signup and view all the answers

Which profession likely uses evidence-based research to prevent injuries and improve performance?

Kinesiologist Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT typically considered by kinesiologists in their practice?

Geopolitics Signup and view all the answers

What essential knowledge is necessary for someone to practice as a kinesiologist?

Understanding of kinesiology competencies Signup and view all the answers

The practice of kinesiology encompasses which of the following definitions?

Evaluating human movement for rehabilitation and performance Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a non-clinical practice of kinesiology?

Creating fitness programs for corporate clients Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Health Care Delivery in Canada

The Canadian health care system provides universal coverage for medically necessary health care services on the basis of need.
It’s an interlocking set of 10 provincial and 3 territorial health systems.
The system is known as “medicare” and provides access to a broad range of health services.
Reforms to the system occur in response to changes within medicine and society.

Funding and Administration of Health Care in Canada

The majority of Canadian health care services are delivered through provincial and territorial health insurance plans.
These plans must meet national principles.
The provincial and territorial governments fund health services, with assistance from federal cash and tax transfers.

Evolution of the Canadian Health Care System

The Constitution Act of 1867 established provincial responsibility for hospitals, asylums, and charities.
The federal government had jurisdiction over marine hospitals and quarantine.
Prior to WWII, health care in Canada was primarily private.
In 1947, Saskatchewan introduced a province-wide universal hospital plan, which other provinces soon adopted.
In 1962, Saskatchewan implemented a universal, provincial medical insurance plan to cover doctors' services.
In 1966, the federal government passed the Medical Care Act, which provided reimbursement and cost-sharing to provinces for doctor services outside of hospitals.
Within six years, all provinces and territories had universal health insurance plans.

Canada Health Act

The Canada Health Act of 1984 establishes criteria for health insurance plans, ensuring that provinces and territories receive full federal cash transfers in support of health.
The Act mandates that these plans provide reasonable access to medically necessary hospital and doctor services.
The primary objective of Canadian health care policy is to protect, promote, and restore the physical and mental well-being of Canadian residents and to facilitate reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers.

Provincial and Territorial Government Roles in Health Care

Provincial and territorial governments are responsible for the following in relation to health care:
- Administration of health insurance plans
- Planning and funding of care in hospitals and facilities
- Services provided by doctors and other health professionals
- Planning and implementation of health promotion and public health initiatives
- Negotiation of fee schedules with health professions

Health Care Service Delivery

Health care services are categorized into primary services, secondary services, and additional/supplementary services.
The Ontario health workforce encompasses both regulated and non-regulated health professions.
Regulated health professionals must be members of a regulatory college.
There are 29 distinct professions regulated by 26 regulatory colleges in Ontario.
Non-regulated health professions may or may not require membership in an association.

Ontario Regulated Health Professions Act (RHPA)

The RHPA governs the regulatory colleges for regulated health professions in Ontario.
It sets out the framework for regulating health professions in the interest of the public.
The RHPA ensures health professionals provide care in a safe, professional, and ethical manner, by:
- Setting standards of practice for the profession
- Investigating complaints about professionals and taking disciplinary action if necessary

Key Features of the RHPA

Scope of practice: Describes the activities of the profession.
Controlled acts: Procedures posing risks to the public if performed by unqualified practitioners.
Health Regulatory Colleges: Government bodies overseeing each regulated health profession, responsible for regulating practice and governing members.
Health Professions Regulatory Advisory Council: An independent advisory body advising the Minister of Health and Long-Term Care on matters related to the regulation of health professions.
Health Professions Appeal and Review Board: An independent body reviewing registration and complaints decisions made by regulatory colleges.

Health Professions Procedural Code

Outlines rules all regulatory colleges must abide by when:
- Registering new members.
- Investigating complaints.
- Disciplining members.
The code is embedded in each health profession Act.
The code ensures regulation is open, transparent, accessible, and fair.

Features of the Health Professions Procedural Code

Registering members
Handling Complaints
Carrying out discipline hearings
Handling fitness to practice hearings
Quality assurance program
Patient relations program
Mandatory reporting
Funding for victims of sexual abuse by members
Appeal processes for registration and complaint decisions

Controlled Acts in Ontario

Activities posing public risk, which are limited to specific professionals:
- Communicating a diagnosis or disorder as the cause of symptoms
- Performing a procedure on tissue below the dermis, the surface of a mucous membrane, in or below the surface of the cornea, or in or below the surfaces of the teeth, including scaling of the teeth
- Setting or casting a fracture of a bone or dislocation of a joint
- Moving the joints of the spine beyond the individuals usual physiological range of motion using a fast, low amplitude thrusts
- Administering a substance by injection or inhalation
- Putting an instrument, hand or finger, beyond the external ear canal, beyond the point in the nasal passages where they normally narrow, beyond the larynx, beyond the opening of the urethra, beyond the labia majora, beyond the anal verge, or into an artificial opening into the body.
- Applying or ordering the application of a form of energy prescribed by the regulations under this Act.
- Prescribing, dispensing, selling or compounding a drug as defined in the Drug and Pharmacies Regulation Act, or supervising the part of a pharmacy where such drugs are kept.
- Prescribing or dispensing, for vision or eye problems, subnormal vision devices, contact lenses or eye glasses other than simple magnifiers.
- Prescribing a hearing aid for a hearing impaired person.
- Fitting or dispensing a dental prosthesis, orthodontic or periodontal appliance or a device used inside the mouth to protect teeth from abnormal functioning.
- Managing labour or conducting the delivery of a baby.
- Allergy challenge testing of a kind in which a positive result of the test is a significant allergic response.
- Treating, by means of psychotherapy technique, delivered through a therapeutic relationship, an individual’s serious disorder of thought, cognition, mood, emotional regulation, perception or memory that may seriously impair the individual’s judgement, insight, behaviour, communication or social functioning.

Professional Associations vs. Regulatory Colleges

Professional associations promote and advocate for the profession and professionals.
They may certify members, for example, the Canadian Society of Exercise Physiology.
Membership fees may apply.
Belonging to a professional association can help build a professional network.

Kinesiologist Roles in Ontario

Members of the College of Kinesiologists of Ontario are permitted to use the following titles:
- Registered Kinesiologist
- Registered Kinesiologist (Inactive)
- R.Kin
- R.Kin (Inactive)

What is a Kinesiologist?

Kinesiology is the scientific study of human movement, performance, and function.
The practice of Kinesiology involves using biomechanics, anatomy, physiology, neuroscience, and psychosocial factors.
Kinesiologists use evidence-based research to treat and prevent injury and disease and to improve movement and performance.
Kinesiologists work with diverse populations to help them achieve their health and wellness goals and improve quality of life.

Areas of Kinesiology Practice

Health promotion
Injury rehabilitation
Chronic disease management
Ergonomics and workplace safety
Fitness and athletics
Return to work planning and disability management
Public health

Scope of Practice for Kinesiologists

“the assessment of human movement and performance and its rehabilitation and management to maintain, rehabilitate or enhance movement and performance.”
Under this broad scope, kinesiologists can practice in many distinct areas, which may be referred to differently, but are considered kinesiology services.

Clinical vs. Non-clinical Practice for Kinesiologists

Clinical practice involves using the essential competencies of kinesiology to provide direct service/care to patients/clients.
Non-clinical practice involves using the essential competencies of kinesiology outside the provision of direct service/care to patients/clients.

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Description

Explore the structure and evolution of the Canadian health care system, known as 'medicare'. This quiz covers the delivery, funding, and administration of health services across provinces and territories, as well as historical aspects like the Constitution Act of 1867. Test your knowledge on how unified health coverage operates in Canada.